The Challenges in Transport
Development and Connectivity in
Developing Countries
Junyi ZHANG, Prof. Dr. Eng.
Mobilities and Urban Policy Lab
IDEC,
Hiroshima University
http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~zjy/
Junyi Zhang
My research interests
2
Life-oriented
Approach for
Regional and Urban
Planning
Integrated Regional
and Urban Models
Sustainable
Regional and Urban
Development
Research topics: Interdisciplinary
42%
Junyi Zhang
My views on transport
3
mobilities
capitals
information
things
human
Time
Space
Junyi Zhang
My views on transport
4
Development of life-oriented approach for regional/urban/transport policies
Theory Inter-discipline Single discipline Travel behavior Life choices Transport policy Public policy Cr oss -S ect or Hierarchical scheme Integrated scheme Urban policy Trip-based approach Trip chaining approach
Practice Life-oriented approach Activity-based approach Tour-based approach S in g le S ect or
Junyi Zhang
My views on transport systems
5
Resources
Population
Human
Activities
Transport
Demand
Services
Land Use
Transport
Supply
Junyi Zhang
My views on transport systems
6
Integration of regional/urban/transport developments with diverse sustainabilities
Junyi ZHANG (2013) Systematic and behavior-oriented approaches for sustainable urban and transport policies. In: Akimasa FUJIWARA and Junyi ZHANG (eds.), Sustainable Transport Studies in Asia, Chapter 2. Springer.
Environmental simulation models
Evaluation model
Socio-economic models Land use models
Ecosystem models Air pollution dispersion models Transportation models
Environmental impacts assessment models
Environmental emission models D R R P S I Policy-making module Law & institution Economic
measures Technology Enlightenment Capacity building
C
Lifestyle
R
Means of policies
Low-carbon policy set D: Driving forcesP: Pressures
S: States I: Impacts R: Responses C: Capacity
Capacity indicators Air quality indicators QOL indicators Ecosystem indicators I S C Energy system F ore ca sti
ng Bac
k-ca sti ng S oP S pe cific ati on of poli cies (SoP ) Transportation system Technology
development Urban form ……
Junyi Zhang
Background of Transportation
Development in Asia
•
Urbanization
: rapid growth in general, but decline in Japan
•
A continuing car-dependent trend
: still very strong
•
Problematic development issues
:
unbalanced within-country
development in Asia is serious; urban development is often done in an
unplanned manner; transport-based social exclusion issues
•
Disexternalities
of transportation development:
traffic congestion,
accidents, air pollution, social exclusion,
•
Major issues of transportation infrastructure and services
: lack of
(better, integrated) planning, rapid growth of travel demand, slow
development of transportation networks, bad travel management, …
•
Emerging threats and opportunities
–
Threats: Climate change impacts (extreme weather, sea level rise,
flooding, storm surge,…), selective migration due to globalization, …
–
Opportunities: regional integration/cooperation, IoT, AI, shared
economy…
7
Cross-border transport in Asia
Asian Highway
Trans-Asia Railway Network
Great Mekong Region
Junyi Zhang
Transport Systems in Asia
9
Item Data
Number of countries linked by Asian Highway: 32
Number of countries party to the Asian Highway Agreement:
29
Total length (km): 142,804
Number of routes: 47
The idea of developing
regional road and rail
networks in Asia was
initiated in the 1950s by
the United Nations
Economic Commission
for Asia and the Far East
(ECAFE), the forerunner
of the present United
Nations Economic and
Social Commission for
Asia and the Pacific
(ESCAP).
Asian Highway (AH) Network
A.S.M. Abdul QUIUM (2017) The Asian Highway and Trans-Asian Railway networks: origins, progress of development and prospects in the future. In: Zhang J & Feng C-M (eds), Routledge Handbook of Transport in Asia, Chapter 3.
Junyi Zhang
Transport Systems in Asia
10
Criteria for
including specific
links into AH and
TAR networks
-
Capital-to-capital
links
-
Connections to
main industrial and
agricultural centres
-
Connections to
major sea and
river ports
-
Connections to
major container
terminals and
depots
A.S.M. Abdul QUIUM (2017) The Asian Highway and Trans-Asian Railway networks: origins, progress of development and prospects in the future. In: Zhang J & Feng C-M (eds), Routledge Handbook of Transport in Asia, Chapter 3.
Trans-Asian Railway (TAR) Network
Junyi Zhang
Transport Systems in Asia
11
Linking the AH and TAR Networks
•
Recognizing the value of developing an Asian integrated
intermodal transport system with AH and TAR networks as its
two important building blocks, ESCAP took an initiative in 2010
to develop an intergovernmental agreement on dry ports.
Intermodal
interfaces such
as dry ports
and inland
container
depots
TAR Network
AH Network
Waterways
Junyi Zhang
Trans-Asian Transport Network
Missing: Cross-border waterways
e.g., Mekong River
12
Zhang J & Feng C-M (2017) Introduction: Transport in Asia. In: Zhang J & Feng C-M (eds), Routledge Handbook of Transport in Asia, Chapter 1.
Junyi Zhang
China’s Belt and Road Initiative
13
Junyi Zhang
Density does matter!
Junyi Zhang
First, density does matter!
Junyi Zhang
Density does matter!
Junyi Zhang
To reduce transfer!
Junyi Zhang
To connect stations/stops!
19
Hiroshima St.
Yokogawa St.
Nishi-Hiroshima St.
Omachi Station
Hakushima New St.
JR Sanyo Main Line
Hakushima New St.
Junyi Zhang
To connect stations/stops!
Relocation of Tram Terminal from Middle of
Road to Station Forecourt
Yokogawa St.
Junyi Zhang
To connect walk to
Skyrail
–
Railway
Junyi Zhang
Mutual use of
transport IC cards in Japan
25
Junyi Zhang
Intermodal Connectivity: Logistics
27
https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=connectivity+in+transport&tbm=isch&tbs=rimg:CbBXGjidbSCVIjjWdLHBf55wc85Aw
UBmGwpG5pzCpAcVmgzXqF9j3ee-uGbhdTv0o-BHvmws2lD2xQ1l8riVJVMELioSCdZ0scF_1nnBzEWPQuPmJC5mbKhIJzkDBQGYbCkYRIVdUsevR21IqEgnmnMKkBx WaDBEWLCWxMt9RuioSCdeoX2Pd5764ESWvEC0P2cxeKhIJZuF1O_1Sj4EcRfjH1g2SSFW0qEgm-bCzaUPbFDRH-
Junyi Zhang
Data issues about the connectivity
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Source: http://www.famous-places.com/hai-phong-city-viet-nam/
Surveyed area: Companies of logistics services in Haiphong city
Time: September 21stto October 20th, 2013
Junyi Zhang
Data issues about the connectivity
Junyi Zhang
Data issues about the connectivity
High-speed Connectivity
Junyi Zhang
To connect regions with
high-speed railways
Junyi Zhang
To connect regions with
high-speed railways
Junyi Zhang
To connect regions with
high-speed railways
34
High-speed railways in Japan
Impacts of Climate Change
on transportation networks
Junyi Zhang
Vulnerable Transport under
Natural Disasters
Junyi Zhang
Vulnerable Transport under
Natural Disasters in Asia
37
Junyi Zhang
Vulnerable Transport under
Natural Disasters
38
Junyi Zhang
Vulnerable Transport under
Natural Disasters
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Dhaka
Chittagong
Cox Bazar
Barisal
Khulna
•
For 2050, 38-year return level with
95% confidence interval: 1.80 meters.
Connectivity: A bigger picture
Junyi Zhang
41
Life-oriented (Behavioral) Approach
A B C D E F G H I J K L M Educati on
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z α β
Leisure/Recreation
A B C D E F G H I
Residence
A B C D E F G
Family Life
A B C D E F G
Health A B C D E F G H I J K Ex p end it u re A B C D E F G Job N eig hbo rho od A B
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z α β
Leisure/Recreation
A B C D E F G H I
Residence
A B C D E F G
Family Life
A B C D E F G
Health A B C D E F G H I J K L M Educati on A B C D E F G H I J K Ex p end it u re A B C D E F G Job N eig hbor hoo d A B ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
X
Y
Junyi Zhang
To connect transport with land
use: EK in Japan
42 Nishifunabashi.St Ueno.St Nippori.St Shinmatuso.St Tokyo.St Shinagawa.St Shibuya.St Shinjuku.St Nishikokubunji.St Urawa.St Kawasaki.St Ikebukuro.St Chuo.line Yamanote.line Musashino.line Soubu.line Joban.line Saikyo.line
During PhaseⅠ（1923～1945）
Rail: basic network completed (both central and suburban) Road: limited improvement
During PhaseⅡ（1955～1970）
Overlapped with rapid motorization.
Change from tram to subway inside from Yamanote.Line
Rail: Rail Improvement ≒capacity expansion → shorten
headway , double tracking, separation of freight / pax train tracks, increasing number of cars per train, etc. Road: began extensive network construction,
Overlapped with rapid motorization
Tram network
Subway network Before PhaseⅠ（～1920）
Outside from Yamanote.Line: Basic rail network were build Inside from Yamanote.Line: Tram network
Purpose: Freight, Pilgrimage (Narita Mountain, etc.)
43
David Perez Barbosa
, Junyi ZHANG, Hajime Seya(2016) Effects of the Residential Environment on Health
in Japan Linked with Travel Behavior. International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13, 190; doi:10.3390/ijerph13020190
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Wife
Husband
Home
Restaurant
Office
Factory
Time
Eating-out
Shopping
In-home activity
Work
Supermarket
Trip
Space
Meeting
Work
In-home
Activity
Activity-based
consumption
Junyi Zhang
Better transport governance:
To connect stakeholders
45
zjy@hiroshima-u.ac.jp
46
Q & A
Lab URL
