rd
THE 3 ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON TRANSFORMATIVE EDUCATION
AISTEEL
AND
EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP
Supported and Coordinated by:
Postgraduate School
State University of Medan
North Sumatera, Indonesia
Organized by:
Indexing By :
PROCEEDINGS
Emerald Garden Hotel, Medan - Indonesia
03-04 October 2018
Vol. 3, December 2018
Vol. 3, December 2018
2018
i
Proceedings of The 3
rdAnnual International Seminar on
Transformative
Education
and
Educational
Leadership
(AISTEEL 2018)
“
Education, Learning, and Leadership Innovation
”
Emerald Garden Hotel, Medan City, North Sumatera, Indonesia
October 3-4, 2018
Editorial Board
Editorial-in-Chief
Dr. Juniastel Rajagukguk, M.Si (State University of Medan, Unimed)
Deputy Editor
Dr. Saronom Silaban, M.Pd (State University of Medan, Unimed)
International Advisory Board / Scientific Committee
Prof. Dr. Kala Saravanamuthu (University of Newcastle, Australia)
Prof. Arjen EJ Wals (University of Gothenburg, Sweden)
Prof. Dr. Bornok Sinaga, M.Pd (Unimed, Indonesia)
Prof. Dr. Aytekin Isman (Sakarya University, Turkey)
Prof. Peter Charles Taylor, Ph.D., Med., B.Sc., Dip.Ed (Murdoch University, Australia)
Prof. Dr. Mukhlas Samani, Ph.D (Indonesia)
Prof. Dr. Jailani bin Md. Yunos (University Tun Hussein on Malaysia)
Prof. Dr. Nurahimah Mohd. Yusuf (UTM, Malaysia)
Assoc. Prof. Dr Pedro Isaias (University of Queensland, Australia)
Assoc. Prof. Elisabeth Taylor, Ph.D (Murdoch University, Australia)
Dr. Bambang Sumintono, M.Ed (Universiti Malaya, Malaysia)
Dr. Isma Widyaty, M.Pd (UPI, Indonesia)
Prof. Dr. Syahrul R, M.Pd (UNP, Indonesia)
Prof. Amrin Saragih, MA., Ph.D (Unimed, Indonesia)
Assoc. Prof. Ade Gafar Abdullah, M.Si (Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia)
Eng. Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto (Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia)
Prof. Dr. Hartono, M.Pd (Universitas Negeri Semarang)
Please cite the proceeding as
“
Proceeding of the First Annual International Seminar on
Transformative Education and Educational Leadership Vol. 3
” with the following
ii
Proceedings of the 3
rdAnnual International Seminar on Transformative Education
and Educational Leadership (AISTEEL 2018)
Preface
The 3
rdAnnual International Seminar on Transformative Education and Educational Leadership
(AISTEEL 2018) was held in Emerald Garden Hotel, Medan City-Indonesia on 3-4 October 2018.
This seminar is organized by Postgraduate School, Univesitas Negeri Medan and become a routine
agenda at Postgraduate program of Unimed now.
The AISTEEL is realized this year with various presenters, lecturers, researchers and students from
universities both in and out of Indonesia participating in, the seminar with
theme “Education,
Learning and Leadership Innovation.”
The plenary speakers coming from various provinces in Indonesia have been present topics covering
multi disciplines. They have contributed many inspiring inputs on current trending educational
research topics all over the world. The expectation is that all potential lecturers and students have
shared their research findings for improving their teaching process and quality, and leadership.
The third AISTEEL presents a keynote speaker and 4 distinguised invited speakers from Australia,
Singapore, Taiwan, and Malaysia. In addition, presenters come from various Government and Private
Universities, Institutions, Academy, and Schools. Some of them are those who have sat and will sit in
the oral defence examination.
There are 326 articles submitted to committee, some of which are presented orally in parallel sessions,
and others are presented through posters. The articles have been reviewed by double blind reviewer
and 198 of them were accepted for published by Atlantis Press indexed by International Indexation.
Meanwhile 83 papers were published in online International Proceedings indexed by Google Scholar.
The Committees of AISTEEL invest great efforts in reviewing the papers submitted to the
conference and organizing the sessions to enable the participants to gain maximum benefit.
Grateful thanks to all of members of The 3rd Annual International Seminar on Transformative
Education and Educational Leadership (AISTEEL 2018) for their outstanding contributions. Thanks
also given to Universitas Negeri Medan for published this volume.
The Editors
iii
Table of Contents
Titles and Authors
page
Design of Physical Practicum Tools on Rotational Dynamics Matter with
Scientific Concept
1
Fretty Doharni Ritonga; Nurdin Bukit; Betty M.Turnip...
Analysis of the Leading Sector and Its Effect on the Economy in Pakpak Bharat
Regency
6
Dinar Melani Hutajulu; M. Nasir; Arwansyah
...Analyze the Characteristic and Factors Cause of Bullying Behaviours in Early
Childhood
12
Fadhilah Syam Nasution; Anita Yus; Aman Simaremare...
Play Finger Painting in Creative Art Model to Help Smooth Motoric
Development and Creativity of Group a in Kindergarten at Aek Loba Pekan
Village
18
Lola Wita Harahap; Sri Milfayetty; Rosmala Dewi...
Maintenance of Gayonese Kinship Terms by Gayonese Minority Migrants in
Jabodetabek
22
Desi Purnama Sari; Siti Aisyah Ginting; Berlin Sibarani...
Effect of Functional Training and TRX Suspension Training on Body
Composition member Golden Fitness and Spa
26
Rafliansyah; Nurhayati Simatupang; Albadi Sinulingga...
Interpersonal Metaphor Used in the Boss Baby Movie
29
Khairuni Syafitri; Siti Aisyah Ginting; Anni Holila Pulungan...
Speech Act in Indonesia Lawyers Club: KPK vs Novanto
32
Theresia Fransiska Sidabutar; Zainuddin; Busmin Gurning...
The Effect of Instructional Strategy and Style Ofthinking Secuential on Students
Outcome MAN Medan
36
Siti Aisyah Hanim; Tiur asih siburian; Darwin...
The Effect of Cooperative Learning Models and Self Efficacy on Student
Mathematics Learning Outcomes
39
Sabdo Puji Rahayu; Mukhtar; Keysar Panjaitan...
Ideational Grammatical Metahpor in Reading Texts for Senior High School
English Textbooks
43
Diemam Ferzhawana; Siti Aisyah Ginting; Zainuddin...
Effect of Soft Modification on Student Learning Results PAB 13 Kwala Begumit
Private Vocational School
47
Iskandar Fahmi...
Differences in Metacognitive Ability of Students Through Learning Realistic
Mathematics Education and Problem Based Learning in Pangkalan Susu Senior
High School
51
Chairi Mutia Lubis; Waminton Rajagukguk; Kms.M.Amin Fauzi...
Development of Interactive Learning Media Projection of Working Drawing on
Students of Class X TKR in SMK Markus 2 Medan
56
Irwan Panggabean; R. Mursid; Samsidar Tanjung...
Metaphor of Modality in Donald Trump’s Speech in
United Nation General Assembly 2017
60
Nursyah Handaya; Siti Aisyah Ginting...
Traditional Sport Of Silek Tuo In Minangkabau Community (a study of Silek tuo
iv
Prima Nanda; Sabaruddin Yunis; Agung Sunarn...
Improved Student’s Generic Science Skills With The Application of Cooperative
Learning Models Based on Batak Culture
66
Rika Sari Indah Harahap; Derlina; Rahmatsyah; Sahyar; Bornok...
Management Development Athletes of Shorinji Kempo North Sumatra Region
71
Arti Kurniaty Bangun...
Efforts to Improve Learning Results Free Basketball Shot (Free Throw) Through
The Application of Teaching Style Inclusion
75
Bob Rahmat Manalu... ...
Development of Egosan Engineering Extension Models with Straight Sticking in
Pencak Silat
77
William Filipus; Amir Supriadi; Tarsyad Nugraha...
The Development of Interactive Learning Media of Athletic on Physical
Education in SMP Negeri 15 Medan
81
Akhmad Khaidir; Budi Valianto; Tarsyad Nugraha...
The Effect of Learning Model and Self-Reliance Learning toward Science
Learning Outcomes
84
Rohima; Mukhtar; Samsidar Tanjung...
The Effect of Learning Method and Kinesthetic Perception on The Learning
Outcomes of Lay Up Basketball
88
Saiful Adrian; N
urhayati Simatupang; Suprayitno………....
Analysis Of Physical Education Teacher Management Skills In State Elementary
School Sub-District Medan Tembung
91
Syahrul Effendi Nasution; Amir Supriadi; Albadi Sinulingga...
Innovation Of The Speed Model Using Running With The Ball Techniques In
Football
95
Julio Roberto; Amir Supriadi; Novita... ...
The Development of Penetration Drill Training Technique of Wrestling Sport
99
Ihsan Idris Silalahi; Jan Bobby Nesra Barus...
Speech Function of Anies Baswedan’s
Speech in Approval Ceremony as the
Governor of Jakarta in the Period of 2017-2022
102
Ahmad Rifa’i Ritonga; Sumarsih
... ...
Development of Web-Based Learning Media to Enhance Writing Capability of
Biography Text of Student Class X SMA
105
Rencus B. Sinabariba, Tiur Asi Siburian, Mutsyuhito Solin...
Implementing the Teaching Supervision by Principals in Improving the
Performance of Teachers in Aceh Besar
109
Said Ashlan... ... ...
Female Principal Leadership
115
Hendro Widodo; Hengkang Bara Saputra... ...
The Ways of Rohingya Teenagers in Medan Realized Their Language Attitude
120
I Wayan Dirgayasa; Rahmat Husein; Lonni NurIffah Nasution...
Metaphor in Umpasa of Saurmatua Toba Batak Ceremony
124
Heppy Yersin Digita Purba; Rahmad Husein; Anni Holila Pulungan...
The Influence of Part Method, Whole Method and Determination Exercise
Methods on Improving Exercise in the Sports Branch of Pencak Silat Single Art
Category of College Students SPDKK (Art of Kencana Kwitang Self Defense)
Deli Serdang Year 2018/2019
127
Mawar Sari... ... ...
v
Philosophy
of Rakut Sitelu
Desi Haryati Nianggolan...
Evaluation of Implementation of Sustainable Professional Development (PKB)
for Junior High School Physical Education Teachers to Increase Professionalism
in Tebing Tinggi City
135
Mhd Fazar Afandi...
Development of Innovative PJOK teaching materials on floor gymnastics
materials to improve learning outcomes of Grade Students at Junior Hight School
138
Bangun Saragih...
The Influence of the Discovery Learning Model assisted with Image Media and
Motivation Against Civics Learning Outcomes of Students in Class IV of Public
Elementary Schools 055980 Aman Damai 2017/2018
142
Heryansyah Ginting; Dede Ruslan; Reh Bungana Br.Perangin-angin...
Development of science teaching materials based on Science Technology Society
(STM) and its influence on learning outcomes of fourth grade students of MIN
Medan Tembung
149
Diah Hafizhotul Husna; Nuraini; Ramlan Silaban...
The Improvement of Cooperative Learning Model Application Skill in Numbered
Head Together Through Clinical Supervision of Art Teacher in SDN 060886
Medan Baru
154
Unita Vitta Omas Sianturi; Martua Manullang; Rosmala Dewi...
Gold of North Sumatera Program Coach Performance
159
Suyono; Hariadi; Supryetno...
Transitivity Systems Analysis of Bilingual Civic 3 Education Textbook for Grade
XII
163
Jusup Sitepu; Anni Holila Pulungan; I Wayan Dirgeyasa Tangkas...
The Lecturer Performance Development of the STKIP Bina Bangsa Getsempena
Banda Aceh
169
Saiful Bahri...
The Interference of Batak Mandailing Language to Indonesian (In The Interaction
At The Seventh
Grade Students Of Madrasah Tsanawiyah Swasta Al-Azhar
Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan Padang Sidimpuan)
175
Siti Jahria Sitompul; Abdurrahman Adisaputera; Sumarsi...
The Influence of Microbiology Dictionary and Microbiology Textbook
Utilization in the Contextual Learning Framework on Biology Students Higher
Order Thinking Skills
177
Kiki Rizqi Sahara; Hasruddin; Ashar Hasairin...
The Differences of Learning Style and St
udents’ Creativity to Students’
Achievement in Dribbling the Ball in Playing Football of Seventh Grade Students
of SMP Ar
–
Rahman Percut
180
Muammar Afif Marpaung; Imran Akhmad; Rahma Dewi...
Development of Gobag Sodor Game Model to Increase Interest in Elementary
Students
184
Siska Nova Undari...
The Influence of Research-Based Learning with Portfolio Assessment on Science
Process Skills in Microbiology Course for Biology Program Students
187
Saudah Rahmayanti; Hasruddin; Tumiur Gultom...
The Influence of Teaching Style and Confident Against the Results of a Study of
Shooting in the Game of Football (Experiment Studies the Self Check Style and
vi
Tembung Sabilina)
Muhammad Syaiful; Ramadhan Harahap...
Development of Mirror Writing Teaching Materials Based on Class XI Media
Literation of Lolomatua 1 State High School
195
Yanida Bu'ulolo; Biner Ambarita; Marice...
The Development of Teaching Materials for Technology- Assisted Procedure
Text in Vocational High School
197
Nova Andarini; Biner Ambarita; Malan Lubis...
Development of Adobe Flash Based Floor Gymnastics Media Learning on Health
Sport Education Lesson
201
Hardiansyah...
The Effect of Learning Approach and Linguistic Competence Capability Reading
The English Narative Text of Student SMA Negeri 6 Padangsidimpuan.
206
Sukriyah Batubara; Keysar Panjaitan...
……….
Analysis Effect of Household Consumption, Investment and Labor to Economy
Growth In Sumatera Utara
209
Richna Handriyani; Arwansyah; Sahyar...
Idioms Translation Strategies in Pasung Jiwa Novel English Version
213
Hariyanto; Amrin Saragih; Sumarsih...
Code Mixing in Novel: A Case of Indonesian Literary Work
216
Nurul Hidayanti Hasibuan; Amrin Saragih; Sumarsih...
Logico-Semantic Relation in Presidential Debate Between Hillary Clinton and
Donald Trump
221
Annisa Risma Khairani Lubis; Della Fransiska Ginting; Jumino Suhadi...
Semiotic Meanings in Cigarette Advertisement Texts
227
Rodearta Purba; Zainuddin; Amrin Saragih...
Modality as Hedging Device in the US Presidential Election Debate
232
Roobby Hamdanur; Anni Holila Pulungan; Zainuddiin...
The Improving Mathematical Communication Ability Through Realistic
Mathematical Approach Based on Toba Batak Culture
235
Aman Sanusi Siregar...
Speech Functions of Doctors and Patients on Medical Consultation Process
239
Resti Citra Dewi; Anni Holila Pulungan, Sumarsih...
The Development of Venturimeter Instrumentation in Dynamic Fluid
243
Zahrani Dalimunthe; Rahmatsyah; Derlina...
Lexical Metaphors in Onang-onang of Bobby and Kahiyang Tortor Dance
246
Siti Rahma Ritonga; Anni Holila Pulungan; Didik Santoso...
The Discourse Markers in President Joko Widodo’s Speeches in KTT APEC
China in 2015
249
Syahbuddin Nasution1; Busmin Gurning; I Wayan Dirgayasa Tangkas...
Preparation of Papers in Two-Column Format for AISTEEL Conference
Proceedings
Translator’s Strategies in Transferring Cultural Values in Ratatouille
Film
254
Femy Septiani; Anni Holila Pulungan...
Lexical Metaphor In Printed Car Advertisements
258
Misdiana; Siti Aisyah Ginting; Amrin Saragih...
Political Discourse Analysis of Donald Trump Political Speech
263
Elisa Silviani Siregar; Prof. Dr.Zainuddin, M.Hum; Prof.Dr. Sri MindaMurni,
MS... ...
vii
Nurliana Harahap; Mahendra Ginting Manik; Indah Listiana...
Appraisal of Healthy Product Advertisement on Television
274
Nurun Nazipah Harahap; Siti Aisyah Ginting; Rahmad Husein Napitupuluh...
Lexical Metaphor in Andrea Hirata’s “The Dreamer” Novel
277
Nurul Sa’adah; I Wy. Dirgeyasa; Siti Aisyah Ginting
...
Impoliteness Strategies Used by Governor Candidates of DKI Jakarta in Governor
Election Debate 2017
281
Sri Minda Murni; Busmin Gurning
……
...
Intertextuality in Travel Umroh Advertisement
287
Afifah Nurul Khoirot Nasution; Anni Holila Pulungan; Eddy Setia...
Intertextuality on Oral Discourse in Sari Matua Batak Toba Ceremony
290
Dyan Yosephin Hutagalung; Anni Holila Pulungan; Rahmad Husein...
The Effect of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Peel to Creatine Kinase
Serum in Male Rats (Rattus norvegicus) with Fatigue from Swimming
293
Rika Nailuvar Sinaga; Jumadin IP; Zulaini...
Analysis of Technology Utilization to Measure The Throw Distance of The Ball
on Hammer Throw
296
Riki Prastian; Agung Sunarno; Sabaruddin Yunis Bangun...
The Interactions of Social Stratification and Karonese Register in Giving Pedah
Pedah Perjabun
300
Elkana Putra Tarigan; Amrin Saragih; Siti Aisyah Ginting...
Implementation Management Training Volleyball Club of Pertamina Year 2017
305
Reza Wibowo; Sanusi Hasibuan; Budi Valianto...
Lexical Metaphor in Printed Car Advertisements
308
Misdiana; Siti Aisyah Ginting; Amrin Saragih...
Improving Students’ Reading Comprehension
Ability In Descriptive Text
Through Flashcard
309
Aisya Hartati...
The Role of Teacher’s Training Model and Technological Approach to the
Improvement of Teachers’ Professionalis
312
Intan Sufiah Batubara...
The Difficulties of Students at the Second Year of St.Thomas 3 Senior High
School Medan in Translating English Idioms into Indonesian
315
Fitri Susi Sinurat...
The Effect Of Applying The Great Wind Blows Strategy On The Students’
Vocabulary Mastery
321
Gisca Irdayana Lubis...
Attitude of Examiners in Thesis Convocation
325
Mara Sutan Siregar...
Politeness Strategies in Mandailing Wedding Ceremony
329
239
Speech Functions of Doctors and Patients on Medical
Consultation Process
Abstract---This study was aimed to analyzed is course structures which focus on speech functions and reason forthe use of speech functions between doctors and patient sin a clinic. This study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative research. The data was words, phrases, and sentences which uttered by doctors and patients and writing all non verbal linguistic that doctors and patients do on medical consultation process. The data was analyzed based on Fairclough theory (2004). The result of analysis found that there were 4 speech functions used by doctor- patient interactions on medical consultation namely statement(S)
,question(Q) ,offer(O) ,and demand(D). It is realized
linguistically intermof speech function in response statement to question followed by question. In this case, question does not replied by answer, but question replied by question. The researc her found the different case of conversation and it does not ful fill the system or conversation structure theory. It was because the social context and situation of medical consultation that include to language style of doctors and patients. The factors of the discourse structures realized by doctors patients were age, social class and education, and time pressure. Even the patients have
high education butit does not mean the patient active to do the
conversation with the doctor.
Keywords: Speech Functions, Doctor and Patient
I. INTRODUCTION
In this study the researcher will focus on doctor (general practitioner) and patient interaction on medical consultation. According to Hambley [1] the most important thing to patients is the quality of their conversations with their doctors, specifically patients care about:
• Being listened to, and having their expectationsmet;
• Being involved indecisions about their healthcare;
• Receiving clear explanations about their medical status and treatment; and
• Being treated courteously and respectfully.
This is good because they are all factors that the physician can do to a large extent control. In other words, the patients want to have quality interactions with a health care provider who cares about them. Taking the time to communicate clearly, to listen intently, to understand each patient's individuality, and to respond compassionately goes along way to ward not only improving patient satisfaction, but also improving outcomes. Patients are much more likely to listen
to and understand medical advice when they them selves feel listened to and cared about.
One of the causes of the most frequent incidence of malpractice according Sudary at moist he lack of communication between physicians and patients. Though communication between doctors and patients actually felt as the main key of doctors in finding the problems and appropriate treatment. Levinson concludes that the malpractice demands can be prevented by a dequate physician- patient communication [2]. Thus, it can be concluded that the rampant demands of malpractice insociety is a mirror of a condition of poor communication between the community and the health profession, more specifically between patients with doctors.
The general practitioners is the first rank in cases of all eged malpractice during 2006 to 2015. There are 317 cases of malpractice all egedly reported to the Indonesian Medical Council (KKI), 114 cases were general practitioners, followed by surgeons 76 cases, obgyn doctors (obstetricians) 56 cases and pediatricians 27 cases. According to Bambang the most reported malpratic cases by the community reached 297 cases, there are 11 cases of health personnel and 9 cases of instances, and the city with the highest complaint is Jakarta.
Sarbandi, Taki, Yousefian, & Farangi conduct the research in Iran and find that physicians controlled and dominated the medical consultations by questioning, interruptions, directive statements and tag questions [3].
The research question to guide this study is:
1. What are the structures of doctors and patients on medical concultation process?
2. How are the discourse structures linguistically realized by doctors- patients?
3. Why are the discourse structures realized by doctors-patients?
A. Speech Functions
240 exchanged and orientation taken by interlocutors in the
interaction[4]
Speech function can be defined as the function of language in communication. This function comes from the human need sin exchanging information and good sand service. To this point, a model has been outlined in which speech function (discourse semantic) has been statified with respect to mood (lexico grammar) on the content plane. This immediately raises two questions: (i) the determination of speech function on the absence of one to one correlation between general speech function categories and those of mood; and (ii) the nature of the units to which the speech function is assigned.
The primary speech functions is distingui shing are: Demand, Offer, Question, Statement–Acknowledgement is a relatively secondary one [5].
Speech function is related to grammatic almood, to the distinction between the main ‘sentence types’ (declarative, interrogative, imperative), though the relationship is not a straight forward one(see below). sunique individuals who have their own understanding, experience, and knowledge, all of which will have an influence on how they enter the medical consultation. It is one of the doctor’s roles to manage the consultation appropriately, so that both doctor and patient can understand each other, share their knowledge, apply it to a common problem, which is the one that the patient has brought, and then come up with a common solution. The technique for managing a consultation, known as consultation analysis, has been developed and become an integrated part of a doctor’s training. It aims to emphasise how the mutual understanding of the doctor-patient relationship can be brought about in the consultation[6].
A doctor’s consultation style has been developed a long side consultation analysis, resulting in most medical training a dopting a patient centred approach. This consultation style is less authoritarian, asiten courages the patient to express their own feelings and concerns by using open-ended questions. This enables to doctor to discover more information on the psycho-social a spects of the patient’s illness. Thus, an integrated approach to information gathering, seeking to identify physical psychological and social factors, is likely to produce a better outcome[6]
Body language is an important skill in the patient centred consultation style a sit helps to establish rapport and empathy, which is crucial to forming a doctor-patient relationship based
on mutual understanding. Even how the doctors its affect show he projects himself. If the patient is a cross the desk, and the doctors its like a headmaster, then the consultation becomes more authoritarian, while if a desk does not separate the patient and doctor, then the consultation is held on a more equal footing[6].
Pilgram says that in medical consultation, it is the doctor’s task to advise patients about health related problems. Such advice or there a sons foritmight not immediately be acceptable to the patient: the patient might have to drastically change his behaviour, he might be diagnosed with a life-threatening disease, or his symptoms might be medically unexplainable. An important way in which the doctor can none the less attempt to make his recommendations acceptable is by means of argumentation. A doctor could, for example, recommend a change of diet by arguing that the patient’s cells do not properly respond to insulin and, hence, the level of glucosein his blood has to bestea died by controlling food in take [7].
II. METHODOLOGY
Qualitative descriptive design was used in this study. Because this study investigated the doctor-patient interactions on medical consultation in clinic Medan Indonesia. The data was collected in the form of words, phrases, and sentences which uttered by doctors and patients and writing all non verb a llinguistic that doctors and patients did on medical consultation process in clinic. The source of the data in this study consisted of doctor and patient in Pratama Aksara Clinic Medan. The researcher used the mast he subjects because the purpose of this study was to analyze the utterances of doctor and patient. The general practitioner was chosen as the source of data. The total number of general practitioners in the clinic were three doctors, so in this study the researcher used all population as the source of data, those were three general practitioners. The doctors were graduated from majoring general practitioner. They were three female general practitioners. They were between 26-35 years old. Then, the patients consisted of male and female patients are between 17-50 years old.
The data were collected by obcervation, interview, transcripts, field notes, video recordings, personal documents, memos, and other official records to know the utterance suttered by the doctors and the patient sin the room while medical consultation process and classified the min to speech function.
The data were analyzed based on Interactive Model proposed by Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014:33). Miles, Huberman, and Saldana elaborate several steps of analyzing data, they are (1) data condensation (2) data display and (3) data verification/conclusion.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
241 conversation are statement(S), question(Q), offer(O), and
Demand(D). Statement is the most dominant used in the doctor-patient interactions, because the first one is doctor wants to give direction, suggestion, recommendation, treatment, related to the patient’s problem. Then the patients also deliver what they feel to the doctor by giving information, so that is why this speech function is dominantly used intheinteraction. Question is speech function which uttered to search for information. In speech function terminology, question is derived from the combination a skingand confirmation. It is related with the questions in doctors and patients conversation and some others were uttered by the doctors when the medical concultation process. There was an exception of this case. In the dialogue of doctors and patients, it was found that some questions were not there presentative of asking for justification. When the speaker raised the question, it was not for asking information but for asking justification. When the speaker raised the question, it was not for asking information but for asking justification. -for instance
The conversation above shows that when the doctor asked information from the patient about how often the patient visit the clinic. The patient also gave the conversation that she has visited the clinic for about 5 years. So the patient replied or gave there sponse of doctor’s question or confirmation by coded question(Q) which refers to justification. Where as the patient response was not asking for information but confirm that something is true or not, or to encourage a reply from the person we are speaking to or for asking justification.
It was very interested that the question was replied by the question. From the dialogue between doctors and patients, this result can be seen in the following dialogue.
From the piece of conversation, based on the finding of research from Bukit the researcher found the question replied by question too. The first utterance shows that the patient gives statement and need the response from the doctor. Based on the structure off inite and subject, both of sentences above were question. But meaning fully it can be classified as the statement. It can be seen that when the doctor asked about the glucose, the patient did not give the answer, because although the patient didn’t answer there al information, automatically the doctor has known that the patient came to the clinic with the intention to consult the disease. So the patientonly asked back about how normal level of the glucose. Base dont he conversation that was investigated by the researcher, it was found that there are some questions replied by question too.
Based on data analysis, it was found that there is a huge difference level between question and response statement to question. There were not balanced number of question and response statement to question. It was not balanced to the initiating of question. This is to say that was found the different case of conversation. Because in normal conversation, it should be a balance between statement or response statement to question with question. Because the typically question will be responded with the statement. This is to say that question and answer conversation is often found in daily conversation, but it is different with the doctor-patient
interactions especially when the doctor asked about the patient’s condition. It can be seen that there was one demand in the conversation. It means that response statement to question, and demand has a very closely level rate. It happened because the patient gave demand to the doctor while the doctor asked to get information. In other words, when the doctor asked about the patient’s condition, the patient gave demand to the doctor, where as the doctor does not diagnose the patient first. It is shown in the following dialogue between doctor and patient in Pratama Aksara Clinic Medan.
-for instance
Text
Doctor : Udah sering kemari ya buk ya? ( Do you often visit here?)
Patient 1: Udah berapa taun ya, 5 taun ada ya? (look at her son) (It’s been already five years, hasn’t it?)
Doctor : Emm..sering rutin kemari. (It means you often visit here.)
Patient 1: Tapi ibu gak pernah terlambat bayar, tiap bulan Patient :Suntik tetanus dok.(I want to get vaccine Doctor.)
Doctor :Kalo kita serumnya gak ada lho kak.(We don’t have the exchange structure realized linguistically interm of speech function in question followed by demand and then replied by statement. In this case, question was not replied by the answer, but question was replied by demand. It was found the different case of conversation and it doesn’t ful fill the system or conversation structure theory. Because ink 1 that should give information, but in this case the patient asking for good sand services. It means that the patient’s answer is not congruent to the doctor’s question.
Text Speech function
242 It was also found of feron the term of speech function in
doctor-patient interaction, as the data below the interaction between doctor and aretired.
Based on the data above it was found that speech function that used by the participants were offer. In this case, offer was not followed by response. This called by offer because offer include threatening[5].
After analyzing the term of speech function in the data, it was found that the statement was dominantly used by doctor and patient in medical conversation, because the doctor more give the information about the health and patient’s condition, and the other hand the patients also more described what the patients felt about their condition and health.
After analyzing the data, it was found that the speech function in question followed by demand and then replied by statement. In this case, question was not replied by the answer, but question was replied by demand. It was found the different case of conversation and it does not ful fill the system or conversation structure theory. It means that the patient’s answer is not congruent to the doctor’s question.
And the nall of speech functions are congruently expressed mood which build conversational structure. In other words, with reference to these miotic system of the speech function is an alogous meaning and the mood is expression. Declarative was an important clause mood while medical concultation process in the clinic because doctor gives information of the health related to patient’s condition. Then doctors and patients lack to use imperative, because the doctor more gave the information about the health.
The research results found that there are some conversations did not follow the theory. In this case age, social class and education affect communication between doctor and patient. Patients of higher social class and better educational background spent more time in the consultation and received alarger quantity of information. It has also been shown that educated people tend to challenge the doctor’s authority more often. In addition, younger patients were more likely to confront their doctors than olderones. The finding showed that the high education and background does not always mean that the patient of higher social class and better educational background spent more time in the consultation and received alarger quantity of information. Then it is not always shown that educated people tend to challenge the doctor’s authority more often.
As regards gender, some women feel that asking questionsis considered in appropriate behaviour ,it is precisely the greater number of questions that women ask that allows physicians to give more information to females than to males. Roterand Hall (1992) found that physicians used more medical jargon with their female patients, which prompted the
women to ask more questions to clarify those terms. Roterand Hall (1992:43) indicate that female patients also gave more information of a medical nature to the doctor than male patients did perhaps in reciprocation of receiving more technical language. The research result found that the social, education and background affect to medical concultation. The patient more gave the information first even the doctor did not ask something to get information from the patient. But the patient more active to give the information related to what she feels and she gets about her health.
IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
Based on the data analysis and the discussion, it was clear that statement is dominantly used in medical consultation.
The structures realized in that are social class, age, education and gender that include to language style of doctors and patients on medical concultait on process. In addition, the doctors want to get more information from the patient to give treatment and service in order the patient’s desease can be cured.
It is suggested that the students o f linguistics and literature should analyze other cases of discourse structures. There are many intersting subjects which are relevantly analyzed by the study of discourse analysis. The readers should find the meaning of language application in works of literature by applying linguistic studies. The ories of linguistics are applicable to the analysis of literary work. To the doctors and patients that involved in the medical consultation should have good knowledge of discourse structures so that can interact in the medical consultait on effectively.
REFERENCES
[1] Hambley,C.2015,Six Keys to Effective Physician-Patient Interactions, Physicians Practice Your Practice Your Way, accessed on December 18th,2017 from http://www.physicianspractice.com/patient-Interactions’, Discourse and Interaction, ISSN 1802-9930,pp.89-110. [4] Saragih,A. 2013. Discourse Analysis: A Study in Discourse Based on
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[6] AgiusM. 2014, ‘The Medical Consultation and the Human Person’
Psychiatr Danub, Vol.26,Suppl.1,pp.15–18.
[7] Pilgram, R.2009,‘Argumentation in Doctor-Patient Interaction: Medical Consultation As A Pragma-Dialectical Communicative Activity Type’Journal of the Swiss Association of Communication and
Media Research, Volume 9 Number 2,pp.153-169.
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Text Speech Function
Doctor :Ini obat untuk Bou sama untuk abang. (These medicines are for you and your son.)
