IE | Kelas Teknologi Informasi

(1)

Information System

Architecture

I ndra

I ndra TobingTobing

I nfor m at ion Syst em

Ar chit ect ur e

2

What is

IS

Architecture

I nfor m at ion ar chit ect ur e is t he t er m used t o I nfor m at ion ar chit ect ur e is t he t er m used t o descr ibe t he st r uct ur e of a syst em ,

descr ibe t he st r uct ur e of a syst em , i.ei.et he w ay t he w ay inform at ion is grouped, t he navigat ion

inform at ion is grouped, t he navigat ion m et hods and t er m inology used w it hin t he m et hods and t er m inology used w it hin t he syst em .

syst em .

An effect ive inform at ion ar chit ect ure enables An effect ive inform at ion ar chit ect ure enables people t o st ep logically t hr ough a syst em people t o st ep logically t hr ough a syst em confident t hey ar e get t ing closer t o t he confident t hey ar e get t ing closer t o t he inform at ion t hey require.

inform at ion t hey require.

Ar chit ect ur e

3

What is

IS

Architecture

Most people only not ice inform at ion Most people only not ice inform at ion

ar chit ect ure w hen it is poor and st ops t hem ar chit ect ure w hen it is poor and st ops t hem from finding t he inform at ion t hey require. from finding t he inform at ion t hey require. I nform at ion archit ect ure is m ost com m only I nform at ion archit ect ure is m ost com m only associat ed w it h w ebsit es and int ranet s, but it associat ed w it h w ebsit es and int ranet s, but it can be used in t he cont ext of any infor m at ion can be used in t he cont ext of any infor m at ion st r uct ur es or com put er syst em s.

(2)

Ar chit ect ur e

4

The evolution of information

architecture

The t er m

The t er m ““inform at ion archit ect ureinform at ion archit ect ure”” w as fir st w as fir st coined by Richard Saul

coined by Richard Saul Wurm anWurm anin 1975. in 1975. Wurm an

Wurm anw as t rained as an ar chit ect , but w as t rained as an ar chit ect , but becam e int erest ed in t he w ay inform at ion is becam e int erest ed in t he w ay inform at ion is gat her ed,

gat her ed, organisedor ganisedand pr esent ed t o convey and pr esent ed t o convey m eaning.

m eaning. Wur m an'sWur m an'sinit ial definit ion of init ial definit ion of inform at ion archit ect ure w as

inform at ion archit ect ure w as ““organisingorganisingt he t he pat t er ns in dat a, m aking t he com plex clear pat t er ns in dat a, m aking t he com plex clear””..

Ar chit ect ur e

5

The evolution of information

architecture

The t erm w as largely dorm ant unt il in 1996 it The t erm w as largely dorm ant unt il in 1996 it w as seized upon by a couple of libr ar y w as seized upon by a couple of libr ar y scient ist s, Lou Rosenfeld and Pet er

scient ist s, Lou Rosenfeld and Pet er Morv illeMorv ille. . They used t he t er m t o define t he w ork t hey They used t he t er m t o define t he w ork t hey w ere doing st ruct ur ing large

w ere doing st ruct ur ing large--scale w ebsit es scale w ebsit es and int r anet s.

and int r anet s.

The evolution of information

architecture

I n I nfor m at ion Ar chit ect ur e for t he Wor ld Wide I n I nfor m at ion Ar chit ect ur e for t he Wor ld Wide Web: Designing Large

Web: Designing Large--Scale Web Sit esScale Web Sit est hey t hey define inform at ion archit ect ure as:

define inform at ion archit ect ure as:

1.

1.The com binat ion of The com binat ion of or ganisat ionor ganisat ion, , labellinglabelling, ,

and nav igat ion schem es wit hin an inform at ion and nav igat ion schem es wit hin an inform at ion syst em .

syst em .

2.

2.The st ruct ural design of an inform at ion space The st ruct ural design of an inform at ion space

t o facilit at e t ask com plet ion and int uit ive t o facilit at e t ask com plet ion and int uit ive access t o cont ent .

(3)

Ar chit ect ur e

7

The evolution of information

architecture

3.

3.The ar t and science of st r uct ur ing and The ar t and science of st r uct ur ing and

classifying w eb sit es and int r anet s t o help classifying w eb sit es and int r anet s t o help people find and m anage inform at ion. people find and m anage inform at ion.

4.

4.An em er ging discipline and com m unit y of An em er ging discipline and com m unit y of

pract ice focused on bringing principles of pract ice focused on bringing principles of design and ar chit ect ure t o t he digit al design and ar chit ect ure t o t he digit al landscape.

landscape.

Ar chit ect ur e

8

The evolution of information

architecture

Today

Today Wur m an'sWur m an'sinfluence on infor m at ion influence on infor m at ion ar chit ect ure is fairly m inim al, but m any of t he ar chit ect ure is fairly m inim al, but m any of t he m et aphor s used t o describe t he discipline echo m et aphor s used t o describe t he discipline echo t he w or k done by ar chit ect s. For exam ple, t he w or k done by ar chit ect s. For exam ple, inform at ion archit ect ure is described as t he inform at ion archit ect ure is described as t he blueprint dev elopers and designers use t o build blueprint dev elopers and designers use t o build t he sy st em .

t he sy st em .

Ar chit ect ur e

9

Common problems

The m ost com m on pr oblem w it h infor m at ion The m ost com m on pr oblem w it h infor m at ion ar chit ect ur es is t hat t hey sim ply m im ic a ar chit ect ur es is t hat t hey sim ply m im ic a com pany

com pany’’s s or ganisat ionalor ganisat ionalst ruct ure.st ruct ure.

Alt hough t his can oft en appear logical and an Alt hough t his can oft en appear logical and an easy solut ion for t hose involved in defining easy solut ion for t hose involved in defining t he ar chit ect ur e, people using syst em s ( even t he ar chit ect ur e, people using syst em s ( even int r anet s) oft en don

int r anet s) oft en don’’t know or t hink in t er m s t know or t hink in t er m s of

of organisat ionalorganisat ionalst r uct ur e w hen t r ying t o find st r uct ur e w hen t r ying t o find inform at ion.

(4)

Ar chit ect ur e

10

How to create an effective

Information Architecture

An effect ive inform at ion ar chit ect ure com es An effect ive inform at ion ar chit ect ure com es fr om under st anding business obj ect ives and fr om under st anding business obj ect ives and const r aint s, t he cont ent , and t he r equirem ent s const r aint s, t he cont ent , and t he r equirem ent s of t he people t hat w ill use t he sit e.

of t he people t hat w ill use t he sit e.

I nform at ion archit ect ure is oft en described I nform at ion archit ect ure is oft en described using t he follow ing diagr am :

using t he follow ing diagr am :

Ar chit ect ur e

11

How to create an effective

Information Architecture

Business / Context

Content Users

Business Context

Underst anding an

Underst anding an or ganisat ionsor ganisat ions’’business business obj ect ives, polit ics, cult ure, t echnology, obj ect ives, polit ics, cult ure, t echnology, r esources and const r aint s is essent ial before r esources and const r aint s is essent ial before considering developm ent of t he inform at ion considering developm ent of t he inform at ion ar chit ect ur e.

ar chit ect ur e.

Techniques for under st anding cont ext Techniques for under st anding cont ext include:

(5)

Techniques for under st anding cont ext include: Techniques for under st anding cont ext include: •

• Reading exist ing docum ent at ion Mission Reading exist ing docum ent at ion Mission st at em ent s, organizat ion chart s, pr ev ious st akeholders prov ides valuable insight int o st akeholders prov ides valuable insight int o business cont ext and can unear t h pr eviously business cont ext and can unear t h pr eviously unknow n obj ect ives and issues.

unknow n obj ect ives and issues.

I nfor m at ion Syst em funct ionalit y and inform at ion) pr oposed for a funct ionalit y and inform at ion) pr oposed for a syst em is t o conduct a cont ent invent or y. syst em is t o conduct a cont ent invent or y. Cont ent invent ories ident ify all of t he proposed Cont ent invent ories ident ify all of t he proposed cont ent for a syst em , w here t he cont ent cont ent for a syst em , w here t he cont ent cur r ent ly r esides, w ho ow ns it and any exist ing cur r ent ly r esides, w ho ow ns it and any exist ing relat ionships bet w een cont ent .

relat ionships bet w een cont ent .

Cont ent invent or ies ar e also com m only used t o

• Card sort ingCard sort ing

Car d sor t ing involves r epresent at ive user s

(6)

Ar chit ect ur e

16

Users

An effect iv e inform at ion ar chit ect ure m ust reflect t he An effect iv e inform at ion ar chit ect ure m ust reflect t he w ay people t hink about t he subj ect m at t er. Techniques w ay people t hink about t he subj ect m at t er. Techniques for get t ing user s inv olv ed in t he creat ion of an for get t ing user s inv olv ed in t he creat ion of an inform at ion archit ect ure include:

inform at ion archit ect ure include:

Car d

Car d--based classificat ion ev aluat ion is a t echnique for based classificat ion ev aluat ion is a t echnique for t est ing an infor m at ion archit ect ure before it has been t est ing an infor m at ion archit ect ure before it has been im plem ent ed.

im plem ent ed.

The t echnique inv olv es w r it ing each lev el of an The t echnique inv olv es w r it ing each lev el of an inform at ion archit ect ure on a large car d, and inform at ion archit ect ure on a large car d, and dev eloping a set of inform at ion

dev eloping a set of inform at ion--seek ing t asks for seek ing t asks for people t o per for m using t he archit ect ure. people t o per for m using t he archit ect ure.

Ar chit ect ur e

17

Styles of

Information Architecture

Ther e ar e t w o m ain approaches t o defining Ther e ar e t w o m ain approaches t o defining an inform at ion ar chit ect ure. These are: an inform at ion ar chit ect ure. These are: •

• TopTop--dow n inform at ion ar chit ect ure This dow n inform at ion ar chit ect ure This inv olv es dev eloping a broad underst anding inv olv es dev eloping a broad underst anding of t he business st r at egies and user needs, of t he business st r at egies and user needs, before defining t he high level st ruct ure of before defining t he high level st ruct ure of sit e, and finally t he det ailed r elat ionships sit e, and finally t he det ailed r elat ionships bet w een cont ent .

bet w een cont ent .

Styles of

Information Architecture

Ther e are t w o m ain approaches t o defining Ther e are t w o m ain approaches t o defining an infor m at ion ar chit ect ur e. These are: an infor m at ion ar chit ect ur e. These are:

•

• Bot t omBot t om--up inform at ion ar chit ect ur eup inform at ion ar chit ect ur e

This inv olv es underst anding t he det ailed relat ionships This inv olv es underst anding t he det ailed relat ionships bet w een cont ent , cr eat ing w alk t hroughs ( or

bet w een cont ent , cr eat ing w alk t hroughs ( or st ory boar ds) t o show how t he sy st em could suppor t st ory boar ds) t o show how t he sy st em could suppor t specific user r equirem ent s and t hen consider ing t he specific user r equirem ent s and t hen consider ing t he higher lev el st ruct ure t hat w ill be required t o suppor t higher lev el st ruct ure t hat w ill be required t o suppor t t hese requirem ent s.

(7)

I nfor m at ion Syst em opport unit y t o explore relat ed cont ent . opport unit y t o explore relat ed cont ent .

Creating an effective IA in 9 steps

The follow ing st eps define a process for creat ing an The follow ing st eps define a process for creat ing an effect iv e inform at ion ar chit ect ur e.

Look for t rends in grouping and labellinglabelling..

4. Dev elop a dr aft inform at ion archit ect ur e ( i.e. 4. Dev elop a dr aft inform at ion archit ect ur e ( i.e. inform at ion groupings and hier archy ) .

inform at ion groupings and hier archy ) .

Creating an effective IA in 9 steps

5. Ev aluat e t he draft inform at ion archit ect ur e using 5. Ev aluat e t he draft inform at ion archit ect ur e using t he card

t he card--based classificat ion ev aluat ion t echnique. based classificat ion ev aluat ion t echnique. Don only be finalized aft er page lay out s hav e been defined. only be finalized aft er page lay out s hav e been defined.

(8)

Creating an effective IA in 9 steps

8. Walk ot her m em ber s of t he proj ect t eam t hrough for v isual designers and dev elopers.

for v isual designers and dev elopers.

Dev eloping an inform at ion ar chit ect ure in t his w ay process of defining an infor m at ion

process of defining an infor m at ion ar chit ect ure. necessar ily indicat ive of t he nav igat ion necessar ily indicat ive of t he nav igat ion st r uct ur e.

(9)

Ar chit ect ur e

25

Products from the IA process

2 . An n ot a t e d pa ge la y ou t s 2 . An n ot a t e d pa ge la y ou t s

Page lay out s define page lev el nav igat ion, Page lay out s define page lev el nav igat ion, cont ent t ypes and funct ional elem ent s. cont ent t ypes and funct ional elem ent s. Annot at ions ar e used t o prov ide guidance Annot at ions ar e used t o prov ide guidance for t he visual designers and developers who for t he visual designers and developers who w ill use t he page lay out s t o build t he sit e. w ill use t he page lay out s t o build t he sit e. Page layout s are alt ernat iv ely know n as Page layout s are alt ernat iv ely know n as w ir efr am es

w ir efr am es, blue print s or screen det ails., blue print s or screen det ails.

Ar chit ect ur e

26

Products from the IA process

3 . Con t e n t m a t r ix 3 . Con t e n t m a t r ix

A cont ent m at r ix list s each page in t he A cont ent m at r ix list s each page in t he syst em and ident ifies t he cont ent t hat w ill syst em and ident ifies t he cont ent t hat w ill appear on t hat page.

appear on t hat page.

Ar chit ect ur e

27

Products from the IA process

4 . Pa ge t e m pla t e s 4 . Pa ge t e m pla t e s

Page t em plat es m ay be required w hen Page t em plat es m ay be required w hen defining lar ge

(10)

I nfor m at ion Syst em ident ifying issues as fully int eract ive ident ifying issues as fully int eract ive syst em s.

syst em s.

Prot ot y pes ar e oft en developed t o bring t he Prot ot y pes ar e oft en developed t o bring t he inform at ion archit ect ure t o life. Thus inform at ion archit ect ure t o life. Thus enabling user s and ot her m em ber s of t he w it hout building it . St oryboards are sket ches w it hout building it . St oryboards are sket ches show ing how a user w ould int er act w it h a

Som e people find t he relat ionship and dist inct ion Som e people find t he relat ionship and dist inct ion bet w een infor m at ion ar chit ect ur e and usabilit y encom passes t w o relat ed concept s:

encom passes t w o relat ed concept s:

1. Usabilit y is an at t r ibut e of t he qualit y of a sy st em : inform at ion archit ect ure is far m ore specific.

(11)

Ar chit ect ur e

31

IA and usability

1.

1. I A as an at t ribut e of t he qualit y of a syst emI A as an at t ribut e of t he qualit y of a syst em

An effect ive inform at ion ar chit ect ure is one An effect ive inform at ion ar chit ect ure is one of a num ber of at t r ibut es of a usable syst em . of a num ber of at t r ibut es of a usable syst em . Ot her fact ors involving t he usabilit y of a Ot her fact ors involving t he usabilit y of a syst em , include:

syst em , include: •

• visual designvisual design •

• int eract ion designint eract ion design •

• funct ionalit yfunct ionalit y •

• cont ent w rit ing.cont ent w rit ing.

Ar chit ect ur e

32

IA and usability

2.

2. I A as a process during Design & Dev elopI A as a process during Design & Dev elop

The pr ocess for creat ing an effect ive The pr ocess for creat ing an effect ive inform at ion archit ect ure is a sub

inform at ion archit ect ure is a sub--set of t he set of t he usabilit y act iv it ies involved in a pr oj ect . usabilit y act iv it ies involved in a pr oj ect . Alt hough w eight ed t o t he beginning of t he Alt hough w eight ed t o t he beginning of t he proj ect , usabilit y act ivit ies should cont inue proj ect , usabilit y act ivit ies should cont inue t hr oughout a pr oj ect and evaluat e issues t hr oughout a pr oj ect and evaluat e issues beyond sim ply t he inform at ion ar chit ect ure. beyond sim ply t he inform at ion ar chit ect ure.

Ar chit ect ur e

33

Who creates the IA?

I ncr easingly com panies are realizing t he im por t ance I ncr easingly com panies are realizing t he im por t ance of infor m at ion archit ect ur e and ar e em ploy ing of infor m at ion archit ect ur e and ar e em ploy ing specialist

specialist ‘‘infor m at ion archit ect sinfor m at ion archit ect s’’t o per for m t his t o per for m t his role.

role.

But inform at ion archit ect ur e is also defined by : But inform at ion archit ect ur e is also defined by : •

•int ranet designer s and m anagersint ranet designer s and m anagers •

• w ebsit e designer s and m anagersw ebsit e designer s and m anagers •

• v isual designersv isual designers •

• ot her people designing inform at ion sy st em sot her people designing inform at ion sy st em s •

• program m ersprogram m ers •

• librar ianslibrar ians

•

(12)

Ar chit ect ur e

34

Conclusion

I t sim ply isn

I t sim ply isn’’t good enough for organizat ions t o build t good enough for organizat ions t o build funct ionalit y or w r it e cont ent , put it on t heir funct ionalit y or w r it e cont ent , put it on t heir com put er sy st em s and ex pect people t o be able t o com put er sy st em s and ex pect people t o be able t o find it .

find it .

Dev eloping an effect iv e inform at ion archit ect ur e is Dev eloping an effect iv e inform at ion archit ect ur e is an essent ial st ep in t he dev elopm ent of all com put er an essent ial st ep in t he dev elopm ent of all com put er syst em s.

syst em s.

Effect iv e infor m at ion ar chit ect ur es enable people t o Effect iv e infor m at ion ar chit ect ur es enable people t o quick ly , easily and int uit iv ely find cont ent . This quick ly , easily and int uit iv ely find cont ent . This av oids frust r at ion and incr eases t he chance t hat t he av oids frust r at ion and incr eases t he chance t hat t he user w ill ret urn t o t he sy st em t he nex t t im e t hey user w ill ret urn t o t he sy st em t he nex t t im e t hey require sim ilar inform at ion.

require sim ilar inform at ion.

Rem em ber: people can only appreciat e w hat t hey Rem em ber: people can only appreciat e w hat t hey can act ually find.

can act ually find.

Ar chit ect ur e

35