materi ekonomi sma kelas Kebutuhan manusia docx

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Modul 3

1

KETERKAITAN RITEL MODERN DENGAN

PETANI DI INDONESIA

DEPARTEMEN SOSIAL EKONOMI PERTANIAN

FAKULTAS PERTANIAN

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LEARNING OUTCOME:

Mahasiswa mampu menganalisis

peluang

usaha

dan

dampak kesejahteraan

dari

perkembangan ritel modern terhadap para

petani produsen

dan pelaku aktif rantai nilai

modern di Indonesia.

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REFERENSI UTAMA:

HORTICULTURAL PRODUCERS AND SUPERMARKET DEVELOPMENT

IN INDONESIA

• Report of the World Bank’s Rural Development, Natural Resources and

Environment Sector Unit of the East Asia and Pacific Region.

• The team leader for this report is Shobha Shetty (Sr. Economist, EASRE).

• Other team members: Richard Chisholm (Sr. Agriculturalist, EASRE), and

Frans Doorman (Consultant).

• The principal authors of the report are

Ronnie Natawidjaja

(Padjadjaran

University, Bandung), Thomas Reardon (Michigan State University), and

Shobha Shetty (World Bank) in collaboration with

Trisna Insan Noor, Tomy

Perdana, Elly Rasmikayati

(Padjadjaran University, Bandung), Sjaiful

Bachri (Center for Agricultural Social Economics Research and

Development, Bogor) and Ricardo Hernandez (Michigan State University).

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CARA MODERN RITEL MENDAPATKAN

PASOKAN UNTUIK SAYUR DAN BUAH SEGAR:

1. IMPORT:

• 80% dari buah dan 20% dari sayuran yang dijual di supermarket adalah produk

import



60% dari total buah dan sayur yang dijual.

• 2-3 kali lebih tinggi dari negara berkembang lainya



Mexico, Guatemala,

Thailand, and China

KENAPA?

• Harga dan kualitas FFV dr China dan Thailand relative lebih dengan kualitas

yang sama atau bahkan lebih tinggi



Transaction Cost rendah, efeisiensi dan

skala ekonomis tinggi.

BAIK UNTUK KONSUMEN di kota maupun di desa:

Kompetisi sehat, pangan murah dengan kualitas yang lebih baik

SEMENTARA

• Petani lokal terganjal untuk memproduksi lebih baik karena kondisi pasar lokal

• Hambatan untuk menjual ke modern ritel: kondisi supply chain yang sangat

terbatas



jalan yang rusak, pungutan liar, tidak adanya

cold chain

dan

layanan logistik.

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CARA MODERN RITEL MENDAPATKAN

PASOKAN UNTUIK SAYUR DAN BUAH SEGAR:

2. LOKAL:

Membangun

supply chain

langsung dari sentra produksi

melalui pemasok khusus, yaitu:

• Petani besar/sedang atau Perusahan Agribisnis

yang

memproduksi sayuran atau buah-buahan melalui kebun sendiri dan

menghimpun petani produsen lainnya yang kecil-kecil secara kontrak

(

contract farming

)



Suplayer Khusus ke Supermarket

, merupakan perusahaan

yang memasok khusus ke supermarket tapi tidak memiliki

produksi sendiri, sehingga harus bekerjasama dengan para

bandar dan petani/ketua kelompok di sentra produksi

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6

Petani atau Perusahan Agribisnis

Pemasok Ritel Modern

• Biasanya merupakan petani memiliki lahan sedang atau

besar yang memiliki lahan milik sendiri

• Menguasai teknologi produksi yang baik sehingga mampu

menghasilkan produk yang berkualitas

• Untuk meningkatkan kapasitas produksi, kemudian

menjalin koordinasi dan bermitra dengan petani kecil,

melalui kontrak formal ataupun in-formal

• Memberikan pembinaan pada petani kecil dalam hal bibit,

teknologi, jadwal penanaman, bantuan pembiayaan, dll

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7

Suplayer Khusus Berdedikasi

Pemasok Ritel Modern

• Perusahaan/pedagang ini tidak memiliki basis produksi

sendiri, berperan sebagai

ǲ

bandar

ǳ

khusus untuk

supermarket/hypermarket

• Secara langsung mencari produk baru ke berbagai sentra

produksi untuk meningkatkan jumlah SKU yang dipasok

• Melakukan koordinasi dengan para petani kecil di sentra

produksi secara kontrak, baik formal maupun in-formal

melalui ketua kelompok, koperasi, atau bandar

• Memberikan bantuan dukungan pada petani, baik berupa

bibit, teknologi, kalender tanam, dan juga bentuk bantuan

pembiayaan

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8

Dampak dari Transformasi/Modernisasi Pasar

Produk Segar Pertanian yang dihadapi Petani

di Sentra Produksi pada Tahun 2006

PETANI

Pedagang Pengumpul

Bandar

Pasar Induk Regional atau

Nasional

Penjual Ritel untuk Pasar Khusus Ritel Modern/Export

Ritel Modern

Pengolahan Skala Rumah

Tangga Pemasok ke

Industri penjualan bagi petani

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Ringkasan Saluran Pemasaran

Berdasarkan Pasar Tujuan Akhir

No

.

Final Market

Percentage Share by Final Market

Rata-rata

%

Lembang

Panga

lengan

Garut

1 Pasar Ritel Trad. Lokal

0

5

0

2

2 Pasar Induk Tradisional

66

73

68 3 Pasar Antar Pulau

10

4

8

7

4 Ritel Modern

14

12

7

11 5 Hotel and Restaurant

1

4

3

3 6 Industri Skala Kecil

1

4

2 7 Industri Besar Pengolahan

6

5

6 8 Export

2

0

1 Total

100

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Terjadinya BOOMING Hortikultura

di Jawa Barat

• Ada indikasi kuat telah terjadinya Booming Tanaman

Hortikultur di Jawa Barat

• Produksi hortikultur berkembang sangat cepat,

teknik-teknik pertanian modern terdifusi antar kelas petani

dengan cepat, termasuk petani yang masih memasok ke

pasar tradisional

• Banyak petani yang beralih dari tanaman pangan ke

• Sayuran bernilai tinggi

• Melakukan investasi pada sistem pengairan

• Penanaman secara multi croping dan rotasi sepanjang

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Tingkatan Nilai (

Value Ladder

) Keuntungan

Pengusahaan Tan. Pangan dan Hortikultura

-- 30,00 60,00 90,00 120,00 150,00

C

Padi saw ah Ubi kayu

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Value Ladder Effect

dari Transformasi Pasar Modern

Puncak (tadinya tan.

komoditas, sekr. niche)

Lembang (sekr mix

komoditas & niche)

Garut

(komoditas)

Pangalengan

(komoditas)

Sumatera (tanaman pangan)

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Value Ladder Effect

dari Perubahan Struktural

Pada Pasar Pangan dan Hortikultura

• Meningkat tangga nilai (

value ladder

)

, beralih dari



Komoditas

bernilai rendah

(seperti: ubi jalar, buncis)



Produk

bernilai menengah

(seperti: tomat and bawang daun, dll)



Produk

bernilai tinggi

(brocoli, paprika, sayuran Jepang, dll)

• Beberapa pelaku yang besar malah sudah mulai

memperluas/mengalihkan usaha penanaman ke daerah yang

memiliki biaya oportunitas lahan dan tenaga kerja yang

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Ukuran Sample Petani dan Distribusinya

Kabupaten

Kecamatan

Sample Size

Non-Supermarket

channel Farmer

Supermarket

channel Farmer

Bandung

Pangalengan

39

41 Ciwidey

44

50 Pasirjambu

38

19 Lembang

29

40 Sub-total

150

150 Garut

Cikajang

45

22 Cigedug

35

41 Pasirwangi

24

35 Cisurupan

46

52 Sub-total

150

150 Total

300

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15

Anasisa Value Chain Tomat ke Jakarta

Petani Suplyer Khusus ke

Ritel Modern Ritel Modern

Ritel Modern Ritel Modern Kelompok

Tani

Petani Pasar Induk Tradisional Pasar Ritel Tradisional

Bandar

Ritel Modern Ritel Modern Bandar

Petani Pasar Induk

Tradisional

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16

Analisa Detil Value Chain per Saluran

Chain



Value Added

Farmer Specialized Super

Wholesaler Supermarket 26-29% 1. Procurements Cost 15-21%

2. Handling Cost 11-28% 3. Storage Cost 0% 4. Transport Cost 21-22% 5. Rebate and Fee 34-47%

Value Added:

Rp 3.7 – 3.8 million per ton

Value Added

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17

Analisa Detil Value Chain per Saluran…..

Chain



Chain



Value Added

Farmer Traditional Wholesale Market

Traditional Retail Market

Traditional 3. Loading-Unloading Cost 12-33%

Value Added: Rp 1.6-1.8 million per ton

Wholesaler Supermarket Traditional

Farmer Traditional Wholesale Market

Traditional Retail Market

Traditional 3. Loading-Unloading Cost 23-29%

Value Added: Rp 1.8-1.9 million per ton

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Analisa Ekonometrik

A two-step procedure was used

–

first, estimating

the determinants of market channel participation

and then, controlling for the conditional probability

of participation in a channel, the technology choices

of farmers (production function and input use

functions):

• Model Pemilihan Saluran Pasar:

multinomial logit

(p-36)

• Fungsi Produksi dan Analisa Alokatif Efisiensi:

comparison of marginal value products (MVPs)

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supermarket channel ,

which includes farmers selling to supermarkets, either directly, or indirectly

via a specialized/dedicated (mainly to supermarkets) wholesaler to

supermarkets; this is the channel with the closest connection to

supermarkets and have full information; most of the farmers in this

channel are aware that they are producing for/selling to supermarkets.;

modern wholesaler , which includes farmers selling to modern

wholesalers who tend to be larger wholesalers who sell to the traditional

wholesale market as well as somewhat to supermarkets and to

specialized/ dedicated (to supermarkets) wholesalers; the farmers in this

channel tend to not be aware that part of their tomatoes go to

supermarkets; the wholesaler tends merely to signal certain requirements

and scheduling, but do not convey full information concerning the final

markets (we found this out through wholesaler interviews and market

tracing);

traditional channel , which includes farmers who sell to local brokers

(small traders in the rural areas) and wholesalers who sell only to or in the

traditional wholesale market. This is the channel most distant from the

supermarket channel.

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Hasil Estimasi Pemilihan

Saluran Pemasaran

Variable Supermarket Producers Modern Wholesalers Coef. (SE) Coef. (SE)

Producer's education (years) 0.152 0.122 0.024 0.063 Producer's age (years) 0.021 0.028 0.006 0.015 Family size -0.197 0.203 -0.035 0.116 Lagged land (farm size) -1.895 0.794 ** -0.048 0.135 Correction for Bandung lagged land 2.112 1.025 ** -0.665 0.452 Distance to paved highway (kms) 0.104 0.175 -0.210 0.354

Producer's experience (years) -0.046 0.062 -0.070 0.024 ** Lagged packing houses in the area (units) -0.121 0.025 ** 0.008 0.003 ** Dummy for commercialization level of zone 4.069 0.954 ** 1.007 0.331 ** Lagged association level (Associated =1

Not Asoc =0) -0.945 0.816 0.029 0.337 Lagged irrigation share (% of farm size

under irrigation) 2.514 1.159 ** 0.166 0.620 Number of Observations 596

Wald Chi(32) 858.96

Pseudo R2 _0.748

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Faktor Penentu Pemilihan

Saluran Pemasaran

• Farm size (lagged) has a positive effect on supermarket channel

participation in Bandung, where land is scarce, but a negative effect in

Garut.

• Bandung, near the city, the more capitalized and larger farmers tend to

make frequent shipments to specialized wholesalers and profit from the

nearby commercial opportunities.

• Garut is a more hinterland area with larger land sizes; larger farmers tend

to sell large volumes to inter-island traders who come to that area for large

volumes, a smaller and more specialized channel, to smaller farmers, who

nevertheless are in the upper stratum of capitalization.

• Number of packing houses (lagged, in kecamatan) have a positive effect

on participation in the modern wholesaler channel but a negative effect

on supermarket-channel participation, as farmers have an alternative.

• Being in a high-commercialization zone favors participation in both

modern channels.

• Irrigation share (lagged) has an important positive effect on

participation in the supermarket channel. Such consistency of

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Hasil Estimasi Fungsi Produksi

Supermarket channel

Modern Wholesale

channel Traditional channel Coef. (SE) Coef. (SE) Coef. (SE)

Tomato Area (Ha) 0.798 0.683 0.860 0.186 ** 0.975 0.088 ** Seed 0.207 0.680 0.120 0.189 0.034 0.091 Pesticides 0.002 0.007 0.007 0.002 0.021 0.030 Fertilizers 0.007 0.096 0.019 0.042 ** 0.109 0.036 ** Labor 0.267 0.120 ** 0.161 0.062 ** 0.282 0.035 ** Dummy for dry season (dry =1,

other =0) 0.150 0.034 ** 0.143 0.015 ** 0.176 0.020 ** Dummy for Bandung -0.024 0.074 -0.075 0.055 -0.075 0.018 ** Irrigation share -0.052 0.091 -0.034 0.035 0.032 0.024 Mills 1 0.005 0.006 0.001 0.001 -0.001 0.001 Mills 2 0.000 0.004 0.004 0.009 -0.003 0.003 Constant 5.729 3.117 7.472 0.806 4.082 0.828 Number of Observations 84 179 327

R-squared 0.985 0.983 0.98

Prob > F 0 0 0

22

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Marginal Value Products dibandingkan dengan

harga faktor input: Allocative Efficiency

Supermarket channel

Modern Wholesale Channel

Traditional Wholesale Channel

MVP Factor Cost MVP Factor Cost MVP Factor Cost

Area 36.4M > 2.2M 41M > 2.2M Fertilizer 48 < 1,000 219 < 1,000 Labor 476 < 1,000 226 < 1,000 326 < 1,000

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Fungsi Produksi dan Analisa Alokatif

Efisiensi

• The MVP of farmland is well above the rental factor cost for

both the modern wholesale channel farmers and the traditional

channel farmers



indicates a severe land constraint.

• The MVP of labor is also well below the factor price for all

channels, but as the cost results suggest, the overuse of labor

(from an allocative efficiency viewpoint) is most severe among

traditional farmers.

• The results for fertilizer are also similar to the other studies

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25

Fungsi Permintaan Faktor Input

• Labor demand of farmers in the supermarket channel is more responsive to

factor input prices than farmers in the other market channels, apparently

indicating the supermarket-channel farmers

’

greater commercial orientation.

For the latter group, the positive signs on the prices of fertilizer and pesticides

indicate they are substitutes with labor

• Demand for pesticide responds (tautologically) positively to its own price. For

supermarket-channel farmers, it is a substitute for fertilizer, but a complement

for the other two groups. The output price and dry season effects are negative, as

there are fewer insects at that time.

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Petani yang saat ini terkait dengan Saluran

ke Ritel Modern (dari 600 sample)

• Pada kondisi saat ini, hanya 15% (dari sample) yang terkait

dengan supply chain ke pasar ritel modern (langsung dan

tidak langsung)

• Petani yang berpartisipasi pada supply chain tersebut

adalah:

• Petani kecil tapi bagian

upper stratum

dalam hal kepemilikan

lahan, modal, tangki irigasi air, dan tingkat pendidikan

• Biaya usahatani mereka lebih kecil

(lebih efisien) dari petani

lainnya

• Tingkat keuntungan mereka 10-30% lebih tinggi

dari petani

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Kesimpulan Lainnya

• Quality differentiation (and the concomitant investments) is not yet

systematically rewarded by merchants to farmers in the zone.

Mirroring the less developed market areas of other countries,

farmers still sell ungraded produce to wholesalers.

• Tomato farmers get nearly all their technical assistance from input

distributors, and nearly all their credit from those same actors plus

wholesalers. Government and NGO financial services and extension

services play a miniscule role in the tomato boom in West Java.

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28

Implikasi Kebijakan

• Agricultural support services:

direct support through investments in public goods and services notably research and extension services. Revamping the quality of the

extension services so that it is better prepared and more relevant to the needs of the market is paramount.

• Rural producers organization:

development of farmer groups, grower associations, and new-generation cooperatives appear to be strongly needed.

• Rural Infrastructure:

good quality telecommunications and a paved-road network are essential, as otherwise local farmers will struggle to compete with imports. This is especially an issue as horticulture crops in Indonesia are often produced in remote, highaltitude areas where these infrastructure facilities are often deficient.

• Access to financial services:

since the payment of supermarkets is generally delayed for up to 40 days, suppliers, farmer and wholesaler face a problem of having temporary illiquid assets. The government can facilitate agreements with the modern retail association and the banking system so that they provide a guarantee for the amount of sales the supermarket owes, so that small/medium farmers or even wholesaler can get access to commercial bank loans. There are some private banks expressing an interest in this kind of agreement.

• Market intelligence:

providing market intelligence to the supply chain actors and facilitating business linkages among farmers, wholesalers and supermarkets through business meetings, exhibitions, and business visit programs is a key role for the public sector.

• Public product standards:

The standards also need to be better socialized and adopted along the supply chain. The study indicates there has been an effort to perform grading and handling in the production zone but the market price differentiation is insufficient.