KOM15007:
Jaringan Komputer Lanjut
Topik: IPv6
Semester Ganjil
Materi Perkuliahan
•
Review Jaringan Komputer
•
IPv6
•
Algoritma Rou@ng
•
Intra-‐domain Rou@ng
•
Inter-‐domain Rou@ng
•
Policy Rou@ng
•
Overlay Network
•
Data Center Networking
•
Content Delivery Network
Evaluasi & Nilai
Mata Kuliah ini
-
3 SKS
Evaluasi
Keaktifan dalam perkuliahan
5%
Tugas Praktik/Diskusi/Presentasi
50%
UTS
20%
UAS
25%
Kuliah Hari ini
•
IPv6:
–
Addressing
–
Notation
–
Transition to IPv6
Do we really need larger IP address space?
World’s Total Popula5on (est.) = 7 Billion World‘s Total Internet users = 2.4 Billion
What is the problem with IPv4?
•
Problems
–
rapid increase
of the size of rou@ng tables
•
450,000+ entries in the Internet now
–
was predicted that IPv4 will
exhaust
by 2008.
•
Theore@cal limit:
4.29 billion addresses
•
Prac@cal limit:
250 million devices
(RFC 3194)
–
256 “/8” = 2^24 = 16.78 millions
–
Reserved by IETF (RFC 5735) = 35,078 “/8”
–
Remaining = 220,922 “/8” = about 3.7 billion addresses
What is the problem with IPv4?
*source: ipv4.potaroo.net
To reduce/slowdown
IPv4 address deple@on
•
Classless Inter Domain Rou@ng (CIDR)
•
Network Address Transla@on (NAT)
One solu@on – NAT
•
NAT(Network Address Translator)
–
Popular on Dial-‐ups, SOHO and VPN networks
–
will save IPv4 address
–
lost of the end-‐to-‐end model
–
Asymmetric iden@fier/communica@on model
Why not NAT ?
•
NAT breaks
“
end-‐to-‐end communica@on
”
–
Routers monitors the communica@on
–
Routers changes the data
•
NAT breaks
“
Bi-‐direc@onal communica@on
”
–
Hosts with global address can not ini@ate the
communica@on to the hosts with private address.
Why 128 bits then?
•
Room for many levels of structured hierarchy and
rou@ng aggrega@on
•
Easier address management and delega@on than
IPv4
•
Easy address auto-‐configura@on
•
Ability to deploy end-‐to-‐end IPsec
(NATs removed as unnecessary)
IPv6
Is IPv6 really good ?
•
IPv6 cannot easily solve (same as IPv4);
–
Security
–
Mul@cast
–
Mobile
–
QoS
IPv6 Addressing
00101010
00010010
00110100
01011100
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
01111000
00001001
10101011
00001100
00001101
11100000
11110000
A 128 bit value
Represen@ng an interface on the network
IPv6 Address Nota@on
2A12:3456:0:0:78:9AB:C0D:E0F0
IPv6 Address Nota@on
00101010
00010010
00110100
01011100
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
01111000
00001001
10101011
00001100
00001101
11100000
11110000
2A12:3456:0:0:78:9AB:C0D:E0F0
Eight blocks of 16 bits in hexadecimal
separated by colons (::)
IPv6 Address Nota@on
00101010
00010010
0011010001011100
00000000000000000000000000000000
00000000011110000000100110101011
00001100000011011110000011110000
2A
12
:
3456:0:0:78:9AB:C0D:E0F0
Eight blocks of 16 bits in hexadecimal
separated by colons (::)
IPv6 Address Nota@on
00101010000100100011010001011100
000000000000000000000000
00000000
00000000011110000000100110101011
00001100000011011110000011110000
2A12:3456:0
:0:
78:9AB:C0D:E0F0
Eight blocks of 16 bits in hexadecimal
separated by colons (::)
IPv6 Address Nota@on
00101010000100100011010001011100
00000000000000000000000000000000
00000000011110000000100110101011
000011000000110111100000
11110000
2A12:3456:0:0:78:9AB:C0D
:E0
F0
Eight blocks of 16 bits in hexadecimal
separated by colons (::)
IPv6 Address Nota@on
•
Blocks of 0 may be shortened with double colon
(::) ; but
only one ::
is allowed
1234:5678:90AB::5678:0:CDEF
1234:5678:90AB:0:0:5678::CDEF
1234:5678:90AB::5678::CDEF
IPv6 Address Space Nota@on
<prefix>/<prefix-length>
1234:5678::/48
1234:5678:9ABC:DEF::/64
IPv6 Address Types
•
Unicast
–
Single interface
•
Mul@cast
–
Set of interfaces
–
Packets delivered to all interfaces
•
Anycast
–
Set of interfaces
–
Packets delivered to one (the nearest) interface
Address Type Iden@fica@on
Type
Binary Value/Prefix IPv6 Notation
Unspecified
000…0
(128bits)
::/128
Loopback
000…1
(128bits)
::1/128
Multicast
11111111
FF00::/8
Link-local unicast
1111111010
FE80::/10
Global unicast
(everything else)
Global Aggregatable Unicast Address
Format
Prefix
001
TLA ID RES NLA ID SLA ID
Interface ID3 bits 13 bits 8 bits 24 bits 16 bits 64 bits
TLA ID Top-‐level aggrega@on iden@fier
RES Reserved for future use
NLA ID Next-‐level aggrega@on iden@fier
SLA ID Site-‐level aggrega@on iden@fier
Interface ID Interface iden@fier
An Interface
’
s Unicast Address
Network Prefix Interface ID
64 bits 64 bits
A link’s prefix length is always 64 bit
Alloca@ng IPv6 Address Space
2001:df0:ba::/48
•
16 bits for link’s network prefixes = 65k
Interface Iden@fier
•
Interface ID: manual or automa@c
•
Automa@c: Modified EUI-‐64 of MAC address
–
Complement 2
ndLSB of 1
stbyte
–
Insert 0xfffe between 3
rdand 4
thbytes
•
MAC:
00-12-34-56-78-9a
•
Interface ID:
2
12:34
ff
:
fe
56:789a
Link-‐local Address Format
fe80::<Interface-ID
>
KAME style
fe80:<Interface-ID>%<ifname>
fe80::212:34ff:fe56:789a%fxp0
Mul@cast Address Format
Prefix
1111 1111
FLAGS SCOPE
Group Identifier8 bits 4 bits 4 bits 112 bits
8 organiza@on-‐local scope
E global scope
Mul@cast Address Example
ff02::2
•
Well-‐known address, link-‐local scope
ff18::100
•
Temporary address, organiza@on-‐local scope
A Node
’
s Address
•
Loopback Address
•
Link-‐local Address for each interface
•
Addi@onal Unicast and Anycast Addresses
•
All-‐Nodes Mul@cast Addresses (ff02::1)
•
Solicited-‐Node Mul@cast Addresses
•
Mul@cast Addresses of groups it joined
A Router
’
s Address
•
A node’s address
•
Subnet-‐Router Anycast Addresses
•
All other Anycast Addresses
•
All-‐Router Mul@cast Addresses (ff02::2)
Ver.
4 HL
IPv4 vs IPv6 Header
TOS Datagram Length
Datagram-ID Flags Flag Offset
TTL Protocol Header Checksum
Source IP Address
Destination IP Address
IP Options (with padding if necessary)
