Morphological Characters Appearance of Cacao Plant Clones

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Proceeding

Celebes International Conference on Diversity

of Wallacea’s Line (CICDWL 2015)

Penyunting

Dr. Sahadev Sharma (Hawaii University, USA) Dr. Rashila Deshar (Tribuvan University, Nepal)

Prof. Dr. Ir. H. Usman Rianse, M.S. (Universitas Halu Oleo) Prof. Dr. Yonny Kusmaryono (ITB, Indonesia)

Dr. Muhammad Zamrun F. S.Si., M.Si., M.Sc. (Universitas Halu Oleo) Dr. Analuddin, S.Si., M.Si., M.Sc. (Universitas Halu Oleo)

Prof. Dr. Idin Sahidin (Universitas Halu Oleo, Indonesia) Dr. La Ode Ngkoimani, S.Pd., M.Si. (Universitas Halu Oleo) Dr. Eng. Jamhir Safani (Universitas Halu Oleo)

Dr. Asrul Sani, M.Sc. (Universitas Halu Oleo) Dr. Jamili, M.Si. (Universitas Halu Oleo)

La Ode Nggawu, S.Pd., M.Si. (Universitas Halu Oleo) Adi Karya, S.Si., M.Sc.

Saban Rahim, S.Si., M.P.W.

Unhalu Press

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iii Proceeding

Celebes International Conference on Diversity of Wallacea’s Line © Unhalu Press

Diterbitkan pertama kali 2015 oleh Unhalu Press

Kampus Hijau Bumi Tridarma

Jl. H.E.A. Mokodompit, Kendari 93231 e-mail : zanzarafli@gmail.com

Penyunting

Dr. Sahadev Sharma (Hawaii University, USA) Dr. Rashila Deshar (Tribuvan University, Nepal)

Prof. Dr. Ir. H. Usman Rianse, M.S. (Universitas Halu Oleo) Prof. Dr. Yonny Kusmaryono (ITB, Indonesia)

Dr. Muhammad Zamrun F. S.Si., M.Si., M.Sc. (Universitas Halu Oleo) Dr. Analuddin, S.Si., M.Si., M.Sc. (Universitas Halu Oleo)

Prof. Dr. Idin Sahidin (Universitas Halu Oleo, Indonesia) Dr. La Ode Ngkoimani, S.Pd., M.Si. (Universitas Halu Oleo) Dr. Eng. Jamhir Safani (Universitas Halu Oleo)

Dr. Asrul Sani, M.Sc. (Universitas Halu Oleo) Dr. Jamili, M.Si. (Universitas Halu Oleo)

La Ode Nggawu, S.Pd., M.Si. (Universitas Halu Oleo) Adi Karya, S.Si., M.Sc.

Saban Rahim, S.Si., M.P.W.

Undang-Undang republic Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 2002 tentang Hak Cipta

Lingkup Hak Cipta Pasal 2

1. Hak cipta merupakan hak eksklusif bagi pencipta atau pemegang hak Cipta untuk mengumumkan atau memperbanyak Ciptaannya, yang timbul secara otomatis setelah suatu ciptaan dilahirkan tanpa mengurangi pembatasan menurut peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.

Ketentuan Pidana Pasal 72

1. Barang siapa dengan sengaja melanggar dan tanpa hak melakukan perbuatan sebagaimana yang dimaksud Pasal 2Ayat (1) atau Pasal 49 (1) dan Ayat (2) dipidana dengan pidana penjara masing-masing paling singkat 1 (satu) bulan dan/atau denda paling sedikit Rp 1.000.000,00 (satu juta rupiah), ataau pidana penjara paling lama 7 (tujuh) tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp 5.000.000.000,00 (Lima miliar rupiah).

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WELCOME MESSAGE FROM THE RECTOR

Assalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh, Good Morning,

Ladies and Gentlemen

This is a great pleasure to deliver this welcome remark at the Opening Ceremony of “Celebes International Conference on Diversity at Wallacea’s Line (CICDWL 2015)”. This seminar will bring us to discuss on the sustainable management of natural resources, and the participants will share their ideas on solving the natural resources problem. Let me take this opportunity to express my gratitude and appreciation as well as extend a cordial welcome to Chariman of MRPTNI, Leaders at Universitas Halu Oleo, all keynote speakers and invited speaker as well as all of participants of this conference. On behalf of UHO, I wish to express my deep thank in particular to for all audience. With this seminar, we have time to share our ideas, and take responsibility to save, and utilize as well as manage the natural resources in this region. Special thank goes to Organizing Committee of CICDWL 2015, who have put all efforts and time to make this conference a success.

I have been informed by the Organizing Committee that the theme for the CICDWL 2015 is “Sustainable management on geological, biological and cultural diversities at Wallacea Line toward a millenium era”. I am very delighted that the Organizing Committee has carefully picked the theme to meet current world issues related to sustainable management of natural resources at Wallacea’s Line as the center of hot spot biodiversity of the world.

Wassalamu alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh, Thank you

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WELCOME MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRMAN

Assalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh,

As the chairman of the organizing committee, I would like to welcome all of the participants, speakers, and honorable guest to the official opening ceremony of the Celebes International Conference On Diversity at Wallacea’s Line (CICDWL 2015). I am much honored to be a part of an event that mentions the geobiocultural aspects at Wallacea Line. This conference has participants from the different universities around the Wallacea Line, and also distinguished keynote speakers from Singapore, India and Thailand. Unfortunately, one of a keynote speaker (Dr. Rashila from Nepal) was unable to visit this conference due to earthquake in her country. On behalf of committee, I would like to thank rector of Halu Oleo University, and all of leaders attending this conference. I also thank the committee members. I hope that this conference will bring positive results for development future research and collaboration among scientists. I wish this conference inducing the overseas and Indonesia researchers for establishment the future collaboration research. I wish you have a great time to discuss each other, and conclude the solution on keeping and managing natural resources for future better life. Finally, but not the last, I would request your forgiveness if something happen out off our attention.

Wassalamu Allaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh, Thank you

Dr. Analuddin

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List of Content

Keynote Speakers

Sustainable Management and Connectivity of Wallacea of Marine Biodiversity

Prof. Dr. Herry Suhardiyanto, M.Sc. Rector of IPB (President of MRPTNI)

……… 1

Does the Wallace Line Extend to the Benthos?

A novel test approach to using Planktic and Benthic Foraminifera Dorinda Ostermann Ruth

(Director of the Geochemical Laboratories, NTU, Singapore)

……… 1

The Relation Tied Between Indonesia and India Dr. Gautama Kumar Jaa

Jawaharlal Nehru University, Dehli, India

………. 2

The Fabrication and Mechanical Properties of Continuous Natural Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite

Dr. Anin Memon

Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Thunyaburi, Thailand

……… 3

High Thermal Conductivity of Polymer Composites Dr. Wattanaphon Cheeuwawuttipong

Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya, Songkla, Thailand

………. 4

The Wallacea Region Around the Coral Triangle Area: Scientific and Management Challenges

Jamaluddin Jompa and Muhammad Lukman Hassanuddin University, Makassar Indonesia

………. 5

Sustainable Sulawesi in A Biogeographic Perspective Johny S. Tasirin,

Sam Ratulangi University, Manado

………. 6

Changes in Morphometric and Reproductive Parameters and Their Consequences for Exploited Population of Blood Cockle (Anadara granosa) from Three Localities in Kupang Bay

Ricky Gimin

Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries Nusa Cendana University, Kupang Indonesia

………. 7

Coastal Blue Carbon Dynamics Under Combined Effects of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Pressures

Dr. Sahadev Sharma

JSPS Fellowship Program, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo Japan

………. 8

Coral Assemblages in Karimunjawa Archipelago, Reproductive Activity and Genetic Variation Indonesia

Diah Permata Wijayanti

Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Diponegoro University, Indonesia

………. 9

Terrestrial Biodiversity and Biological Garden Isolation and Characterization of Cyanobacteria From Paddy fields Area of Maros and Jeneponto Districts and their Effects on Rice (Oryza sativa L) Growth

Oslan Jumadi, Hasan, Haidir Hakim, Muhammad Junda

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Isolation of Partial Length Plasma Membrane h+-ATPase Gene from

melastoma affine D. Don

Muzuni, Suharsono, Utut Widyastuti

……….. 18 - 24

The Effectiveness of Mixed Isolates of Azotobacter sp. in Stimulating Vegetative Growth of Local Maize Muna

Andi Nurmas, Ade Suhartono, La Karimuna, Laode Sabaruddin, Andi Khaeruni

……….

25 - 32

Land Capability Analysis For Sustainable Baubau Watershed Management

Safril kasim, La ode midi

……….

33 - 44 Characterization of Amylolytic Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from "Wikau

Maombo" Fermented

Nurhayani H. Muhiddin and Asmawati Munir

……….

45 - 52 Preparation of Curcumin Nanoparticle by Using Reinforcement Ionic

Gelation Technique

Suryani, Nur Illiyyin Akib, Rahmanpiu, Nina Mutmainnah, Nur Hatidjah Awaliyah Halid

……….

53 - 60

Abundance and diversity of Anopheles spp mosquito in Saketa village, the Malaria Endemic Region in South Halmahera

Amirullah and Adi Karya

……….

61 - 69 Phenotypic Diversity of Insect on the Ground Level in Mangrove

Community at Kaledupa Island Southeast Sulawesi

Suriana, Jamili, and Parakkasi

………. 70 - 80

Molecular Phylogeny and Characteristics of Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) partial gene of Fejervaryacancrivora frog from Tanjung Peropa Wildlife Cape Southeast Sulawesi

Nasaruddin and Suriana

………. 81 - 93

Tank Model Application On Forest Area And Reeds in Sub DAS Lalindu, Southeast Sulawesi

Sitti Wirdhana Ahmad

……….

94 - 102 Diversity of Acetic Acid Bacteria During Spontaneous Cocoa Bean

Fermentation in Southeast Sulawesi

Nur Arfa Yanti, Jamili and Prima Endang Susilowati

………. 103 - 109

Antimicrobial Properties and Phytochemical Profile of Methanol Extract of Katola (Arcangelisia flava L. Merr)

Mistriyani, Sahidin, Yamin

……….

110 - 117 Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Screening Some Medicinal Plants

Agil Perdana, Yamin, I Sahidin

………. 118 - 129

Agriflora Diversity of Southeast Sulawesi Indonesia: Genetic Material Sources for Breeding and Significancies

Suaib

………. 130 - 138

Analysis of Riparian Vegetation at Pattunuang Asue River in Maros South Sulawesi

Nani Kurnia dan Oslan Jumadi

……….

139 - 147 Identification and anatomical study of mycorrhiza in spathoglottis plicata

blume. Orchid roots from rawa aopa watumohai national park south-east sulawesi

Rita Ningsih, Ardiansyah, Dinarni

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Inhibition Test Methanol Extracts Against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Phytochemical Screening of Some Medicinal Plants In Southeast Sulawesi

La Ode Najamuddin Mengkoli, Sahidin, Yamin

………. 158 - 165

Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity test of some traditional medicinal plants in the southeast sulawesi

Mario martinus karvin, sahidin, dan yamin

………. 166 - 173

Identification of Medicinal Plants around Tahura Nipa-Nipa Forest (A Case Study of Farmers Group of Forest Conservation (KTPH) Thrive Village Alolama Kendari

Niken Pujirahayu, Aldi Arisandi, Lies Indriyani, and Nurhayati Hadjar

………. 174 - 179

Gel Formulation of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Essential Oil as Anti-Inflammatory

Lukita Lestari Nuarianti, Suryani, and Fery Indradewi Armadany

………. 180 - 191

Effect Of Indigenous Mycorrhiza Of Weed To Insect Diversity In Intercropping System Corn And Peanuts On Marginal Dry Land

Halim, Terry Pakki, Fransiscus S.Rembon

………. 192 - 195

Identification secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity of tandokulo (kleinhovia hospita l.) Leaf

Fery Indradewi A, Sri Wahyuni, Aderianto

………. 196- 199

Study Application Local Food Flour Wikau Maombo in substitution Flour on Zebra Cake Products

Sri Wahyuni, Hermanto, Risna Saeri

……….

200 - 209

Identification of Essential Oil from LeavesPolygonum pulchrum Blumeand Their Activity as Antibacterial and Antioxidant Agent

Muhammad Nurdin Mustamad, I Sahidin, Yamin

……….

210 - 216 Biological Control Of Black Ladybug (Paraeucosmetus pallicornis) by

Synnematium sp. On Rice Plant

Rahayu M. Terry Pakki, Asniah and Nurjana

……….

217 - 220 Phytochemical Screening Some Plants Traditional Medicine In Southeast

Sulawesi And Its Potential Against Bacteria Salmonella Typhi Yctc

Randi Betteng, I Sahidin, Wahyuni

……….

221 - 229 Anti-diabetic Activity of Ethanolic Flower Extract of Kasumba Turate

(Carthamus tinctorius Linn.) in Glucose-Induced Male Wistar Rats

Sitti Nurnita Saleh, Rini Hamsidi, Henny Kasmawati

………. 230 - 236

Epididymis Sperm Morphology Mice (Mus musculus, L.) After Administration of Herbal Extracts Beluntas (Pluchea indica Less)

Wa Ode Harlis, Dwi Arinto Adi, La Ode Rahman Hamundu, Resman

………. 237 - 240

Herbaceous Plant and Their Potency in the Dompo-Dompo Jaya Village South Wawonii District of Konawe Regency South-East Sulawesi

Adam Basrin Saleh, Indrawati, Yusuf Sabilu

……….. 241 - 243

Enhancing Agriculture Crops Productivity Through Sustainable Uses of Biofertilizer Technology and It’s Impacts on Land Use Changes

Karimuna, L, Rahni, N.M., Boer, D.

………. 244 - 253

The Influence of Religion towards Agriculture in Buton

La Nalefo, Muhidin, Bahtiar, Abdul Gafaruddin, Awaluddin Hamzah

Management of Sustainable Natural Resources to Support Sustainable Development at Wallacea’s line (in the Framework of Watershed Study)

La Ode Alwi, Abdu Rahman Baco, Sitti Marwah

………

254 – 262

263 - 271 The Performance of The Production and Marketing of Non-Rice Food

Commodity Strategies in Southeast Sulawesi

Laode Geo

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Morphological Characters Appearance of Cacao Plant Clones Specific Southeast Sulawesi and Superior National

Baharudina dan Muzuni

………. 277 - 288

Ecological Landscape Management of Green Campus at Halu Oleo University

Zulfikar, Sri Rahmi Inayangsih Piagi, Tufaila Hemon, Usman Rianse and Kangkuso Analuddin

………. 289

Diversity Plant as a Etnomedicine for Local Communities of Mamuju Ethnic at West Sulawesi

Andi Asmawati Azis, St. Fatmah Hiola, St. Faikaand Ridwan Said Ahmad

………. 289

Characteristic of Local Dwarf Banana Cavendish From Southeast Sulawesi on Shade Condition

Muhidin, Gusti R. Sadimantara and Sitti Leomo

………. 290

Biological Garden of Halu Oleo University as Collection and Development Centre Plants Traditional Medicine Southeast Sulawesi Province

Yusuf Sabilu and I Sahidin

………. 290

Effect of Indigenous Mycorrhiza of Weed to Insect Diversity in Intercropping System Corn and Peanuts on Marginal Dry Land

Halim, Terry Pakki, Fransiscus S. Rembon

………. 291

Screening and Characterization of Actinomycetes Producing Antibacterial Compounds at Several Locations in South Sulawesi

Alimuddin Ali, Pasmawati, Syahrul, Oslan Jumadi

………. 291

Resistance of Local Rice Cultivars from South Sulawesi And Southeast Sulawesi to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae Causal Agent for Bacterial Leaf Blight

Andi Khaeruni, Erwin Najamuddin, TeguhWijayanto

………. 292

Study on Antiinflamatory Effect by In vivo of Curcumin Nanoparticles Formula Using Reinforcement Ionic Gelation Method

Faichal Benny, Suryani, Wahyuni

………. 292

Characteristics Study of Maleo Birds Microhabitat (Macrocephalon maleo) in Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park (TNRAW) at Southeast Sulawesi

La Ode Adi Parman Rudia, Jamili, Analuddin

………. 293

Technology Production of Cocopeat From Coconut Coir as Growing Media to Revegetation Mine Critical Land

Hikmawati, Tasri, Dwiprayogo Wibowo, Maulidiyah

………. 293

Composition and Diversity Species of Plants on Trees Category in Nanga-Nanga Papalia Protection Forest Area, Kendari Town, Southeast Sulawesi Province

Muhsin, Indrawati and Wira Rahardi

………. 294

Marine Biodiversity

The Underwater Explosions Effects on Fish Organ and Tissues Damage

Indriyani Nur

………. 295 - 297

Trend in tannin production and potential uses of mangrove leaves from Rawa Aopa Watumohai National (RAWN) Park as green tea material

Andi Septiana, Kangkuso Analuddin, Wa Ode Harlis, Jamili, Yuli Suriawati, Riskawati, Alfirman and Saban Rahim

……….. 298 - 301

Modelling on Sustainable Management of Geological, Biological and Cultural Deversities at Wakatobi archipelago

La Onu La Ola

………. 302 - 306

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Jamili and Asrul Sani

Pokea Clam Management (Batissaviolacea var. celebensis, von Martens) Base an Analytical Model in Pohara River Southeast Sulawesi

Bahtiar

………. 316 - 321

The Abudance of Coconut Crab ( Birgus latro l.) at Binongko Islands Wakatobi National Park Southeast Sulawesi Province

WD.N.T. Dewi, D.A. Adi, and Jamili

………. 322 - 326

Steroid from sponge Xestospongia sp. and Its Antibacterial Activity

Irvan Anwar, Sahidin, B. Sadarun, M. H. Malaka

………. 327 -330

Analysis of Beta Diversity of Coral in The Water Koholifano Island, White Sand District, Muna Regency, Southeast Sulawesi

Saban Rahim, Kangkuso Analuddin, Nasaruddin, La Ode Siwi

………. 331 – 335

The study of the reproductive biology and fish food habits ricefish genus oryzias (new species) are endemic to sulawesi

Salwiyah and la ode abdul rajab nadia

………. 336 - 346

Vegetation Structure and strategy for management of mangroves at the surrounding areas of Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park, Sountheast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Kangkuso Analuddin, Jamili, Andi Septiana, Rasas Raya, Idin Sahidin, Usman Rians, Saban Rahim, Alfirman, Izal, LOA Fajar, Sahadev Sharma and Kazuo Nadaoka

………. 347 - 356

Bird Diversity and Feeding Guilds on Different Mangrove Stand in Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park

Adi Karya, Bambang Agus Suripto and Retno Peni Sancayaningsih

………. 354 - 362

Geological and Environmental Diversity

Monitoring Study of Heavy Metal Contamination in the Coastal Area of Kendari Bay, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Sri Fatmah Sari, Gilles Radenac, Fitra Saleh

………. 363 - 367

The Development of Modern Ritel in Kendari City as Viewed From A Spatio Temporal

Fitriani, Mukhtar, Azhar Bafadal,

………. 368 - 373

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Modified BrickWith Reed as Filler in Home Industry

Kurniati Ornam, Masykur Kimsan, La Ode Ngkoimani

………. 374 - 379

Preparation of Chitosan From Windu Shrimp Sheel Waste Collected at Ocean Harbour of Kendari With Three Stage Deacetylation Method

Wahab, L.O.A.N. Ramadhan, L.O. Ahmad, S.H. Sabarwati, Dian Permana

………. 380 - 385

Applying Geodatabase Geographical Information System on Regional Geology Map in Region of Wallace Line

Erwin Anshari,Deniyatno, Fitra Saleh

………. 386 - 390

The Effect of the Cooling Media Variation on the Hardness Level and the Micro Structure of A Low Carbon Steel on ACarburizing Process with Spraying Method

Nanang Endriatno, Abd. Kadir, Salimin, Budiman Sudia, Aditya Rachman

………. 391 - 394

Heavy Metals Bioaccumulation in Mangroves Rhizophoraceae at the Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park (RAWNP)

La Ode Abdul Fajar Hasidu, Andi Septiana, Analuddin

………. 395 - 402

General Study of Climate and Biodiversity Characteristics in Wawonii Island Konawe Islands Regency, Indonesia

Aminuddin Mane Kandari, Abdul Halim, Safril Kasim

………. 403 - 416

Acute Toxicity Test And Methanol Extract phytochemical screening SOME

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xi

Edi Mursidi

Human and Cultural Diversity

Walambena Wite Community In Natural Resources Management, Using the Paradigm of Evolution.

Wa Ode Sifatu

………. 426 - 440

The Meaning of Character Education Process and Speech Act of Kafofelesao

and Kafosulino katulu Rituals on Munanese People Southeast Sulawesi

La Ode Nggawu and Maulid Taembo

………. 441 - 448

The Effect of Perceived Behavior Control Based Socialization on Pregnant Women in East Coastal Area of Southeast Sulawesi

Nani Yuniar, Bahana Adam, Hartati Bahar, Darnawati

………. 449 – 456

Model Dynamics Relationship Between World Crude Oil Prices And Price Of Rice

Pasrun Adam

………. 457 - 462

The Adaptation of Local Wisdom as a Solution to Environmental Conservation in Small Islands

Nur Arafah and Amar Ma’ruf ………. 463 - 468

Rotu; An Endangered Land Management Tradition in East Sumba, Indonesia

Amar Ma’ruf and Albasri ………. 469 - 474

Economic Valuation of Local Wisdom Implementation on Effort of Food Plant Agriculture and Forestry in Muna Regency

Abdi, Usman Rianse, La Ode Alwi, Wa Kuasa, Samsul, La Ode Midi

………. 475 - 486

Utilization of comparative historical linguistics and echolinguistics as an effort of environmental conservation through local language

La aso, la ino, akhmad marhadi

………. 487 - 493

The Elements Of Social Education Contained In The Utterance Of Karia La Ode Nggawu

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Proceedings of the Celebes Interntional Confrence on Diversity of Wallacea’s Line (CICWDL) May 8-10, 2015, Kendari, Indonesia

1 Sustainable Management and Connectivity of Wallacea of Marine Biodiversity

Prof. Dr. Herry Suhardiyanto, M.Sc. Rector of IPB, Indoensia

President of MRPTNI

Does the Wallace Line Extend to the Benthos?

A novel test approach to using Planktic and Benthic Foraminifera

Dr. Dorinda Ostermann Ruth

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2 The Relation Tied Between Indonesia and India

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3

The Fabrication and Mechanical Properties of Continuous Natural Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite

Dr. Anin Memon

Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Thunyaburi, Thailand

Email: anin.m@en.rmutt.ac.th, web page: http://www.engineer.rmutt.ac.th/english/

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4 High Thermal Conductivity of Polymer Composites

Dr. Wattanaphon Cheeuwawuttipong

Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya, Songkla, Thailand

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5 The Wallacea Region Around the Coral Triangle Area: Scientific and Management Challenges

Prof. Dr. Jamaluddin Jompa and Dr. Muhammad Lukman

Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.

Abstract. Wallacea region in the eastern Indonesia is the home of the most diverse and largest tropical marine resources of the world. The wallacea’s people especially those who live in the coastal areas and small islands, have utilized and depended on marine resources, especially from coral reef ecosystems for their daily food and source of income for living since centuries ago. Due to rapid global economic development and technology, coral reefs in this areawere severely over utilized with destructive fishing practices such as bomb and cyanide. These and other emerging pressures e.g. coral bleaching, COT, coral mining, sedimentation, and pollution, resulted on degraded coral reefs all over the countryin the last few decades. In response to this condition, Indonesia has introduced COREMAP (Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management) since 1998 to restore the healthy coral reefs with better carrying capacity and prosperous communities. Despite the huge challenges from increasing human pressures and unfavorable political situation for conservation activities, condition of coral reefs on the project sites seemed to be improved in several areas in the wallacea region, but overall Indonesian coral reefs has not been well recovered in the last 20 years. Can coral reef management efforts in the wallacea region cancope with the alarming global pressures? The newly initiated program so called CTI-CFF (Coral Triangle Initiative for Coral Reef, Fisheries, and Food Security) and the upcoming COREMAP-CTI program may bring a new paradigm and better hope. The future of these magnificent marine resources will depend on strategic actions and high political will as well as public participation.

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6 Sustainable Sulawesi in A Biogeographic Perspective

Dr. Johny S. Tasirin Sam Ratulangi University, Manado.

Abstract. Sulawesi boasts a global significance of biodiversity hot-spot. As the major island in the Wallacea bioregion, Sulawesi is a home of 76 (46%) mammals and 84 (31%) bird species endemic to Indonesia. The high figure is consistent to all other animal groups. High species diversity of the island has been sustained by heterogeneous habitats and ecosystems that also support the cultural richness and long economic balance of the region. It is important, therefore, to base the sustainability development of the island on species conservation within the perspective of biogeography. Biographical approach is to delineate intact ecosystems to serve development of sustainable significance. Questions to base research programs include what and where are the biogeoraphical units that sustainably buffer the regional development? What is the best strategy to restore a disturbed ecosystem? What is and how to maintain healthy ecosystems that buffer sustainable development? UNSRAT develops studies in Sulawesi and neighboring islands to identify and understand species composition, natural community structure, ecological services and sustainable economy, ecosystem restoration, sustainable forest production, biodiversity conservation, policy development, and social involvement.

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7 Changes in Morphometric and Reproductive Parameters and Their Consequences for Exploited

Population of Blood Cockle (Anadara granosa) from Three Localities in Kupang Bay

Prof. Dr. Ricky Gimin

Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries Nusa Cendana University, Kupang Indonesia

Abstract. This study which was carried out between July 2012 and October 2014 was aimed at finding differences in morphometric (shell length and condition index) and reproductive parameters (sex ratio, size at maturity, and gonado index) of blood cockle (Anadara granosa) collected from three localities of different exploitation rates in Kupang Bay i.e., Noelbaki (S10o06.141’; E123o.43.825’), Tanah Merah (S10o06.210’; E123o.43.485’), and Oebelo (S10o06.064’; E123o.44.077’). Oebelo used to be the main cockle collecting sites, but five years ago it was abandon due to small number of cockles left. The cockle collectors then moved to Tanah Merah and, later, to Noelbaki until recently. In terms of shell length distribution frequency, Oebelo showed the lowest modal class of shell length (24-26 mm), followed by Tanah Merah (27-29 mm), and Noelbaki (30-32mm). The Kruskal-Wallis test shows that there was significant difference (χ2

=316.56, P<0.05) in shell length of the cockle from the three localities. The three localities also showed significant differences (χ2

=393.92, P<0.05) in condition index in which Oebelo had lower index (20.34) compared with Tanah Merah (27.92) and Noelbaki (44.46). In general, there were significantly (χ2

, P<0.05) more males than females in Tanah Merah and Oebelo, but in Noelbaki females were significantly predominant. Size at first maturity was earlier at Tanah Merah and Oebelo where sex was recognized at shell length of 16-18.9 mm, while at Noelbaki the smallest cockle with determined sex was 20 mm. Anadara show a sequential hermaphroditism in which the animal changes sex from male to female. The male cockles were significantly predominant (P<0.05) at shell length of 16 to 27.9 mm at Tanah Merah and Oebelo and after which there was more females than males, though not significant. In contrast, at Noelbaki there were significantly (P<0.05) more females at shell length of 31 to 43 mm than males. Gonad index at Noelbaki (mean 14.99) was higher than Tanah Merah (13.19) or Oebelo (11.56) (Kruskal-Wallis test, χ2

=37.66, P<0.05). This study showed that predominance of males over females at Tanah Merah and Oebelo would reduce sexual balance threatening the population. In general, predominantly mature individuals of small size classes and low density in all localities mean that reproductive success of the cockle population would continue to decrease, unless completely closed season is applied or, at least applying lower limit for collected shell length. At the same time, aquaculture should be developed to protect the cockle population from extinction.

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8 Coastal Blue Carbon Dynamics Under Combined Effects of Climate Change and

Anthropogenic Pressures

Dr. Sahadev Sharma

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277 Morphological Characters Appearance of Cacao Plant Clones Specific Southeast Sulawesi and

Superior National

Baharudina dan Muzunib

a

Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology Southeast Sulawesi Jl. Prof. Muh. Yamin No. 89 Kendari 93114, Indonesia

Telp. (0401) 325871 Faks. (0401) 323180 E-mail : bptp-sultra@litbang.deptan.go.id

b

Haluoleo University Kendari, Campus Green Earth Tridharma Anduonohu Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract. Repair morphological diversity in Southeast Sulawesi of cacao plants being developed related the primary to pest and disease resistance. Appearances to the 33 clones specific Southeast Sulawesi and 2 national clones of cacao showed morphologically different character traits. Some of cacao clones majority have indicated the same character. Southeast Sulawesi of cacao clones specific is ADM 1-6, PMA 1-3, 1-3 LBS, PR 1-3, 3-5 and BRH 1-4 SSR, as well as national clones of Sulawesi 1 and Sulawesi 2. Some of cacao clones found in Southeast Sulawesi are morphologically indicated having properties to pest resistance CPB (C.cramerella), Helopeltis spp., fruit rot disease (P.palmivora) and VSD (O.

theobromae). Based on the data in the field another advantage specific Southeast Sulawesi of cacao

clones have the potential to produce between 1200-2980 kg/ha/year, except Sulawesi 1 below the potential production (2,136 kg/ha/year) and Sulawesi 2 (2320 kg/ha/year).

Keywords: Theobroma cacao, morphological characteristics, cacao clones, Southeast Sulawesi

1. INTRODUCTION

The cacao is one commodity that has been developed in Indonesia, or more than six decades starting from 1960. Cacao has an important role as a provider of employment, sources of income and foreign exchange. The development of the cacao plant needs to be done to take advantage of genetic resources that are morphologically have certain character traits, both national and local clones. The cacao beneficial future development to meet the needs of national and international cacao from year to year continues to increase. According Panggabean and Satyoso (2008), world the cacao consumption for European countries amounted to 50% equivalent of 3.1 g, the United States 35% (2.6 g), Asia 13% (0.8 g), and Africa 3% (0.2 g cacao/ person /year).

In 2011 the acreage of cacao in Indonesia estimated 1.75 million ha (Ditjen Perkebunan, 2012) and in Southeast Sulawesi 246.508 ha (Dinas Perkebunan and Hortikultura, 2012), consisting 90% cacao of the people and 10% are managed by the government and private sectors. The cacao production in Indonesia 60-70% lower with an average of 0.5 tons/ha/year or 200-1300 kg/ha/year. In Southeast Sulawesi total production of 146.705 tons with an average productivity of 810.8 kg/ha/year, still below the potential productivity of the national of cacao 2 tons/ha/year (Baharudin et al., 2012. According to Alvin (1977), potential of cacao production reaches 2-3 tons/ha/year.

The cacao development in Indonesia is still experiencing many challenges, among other limitations superior plant material and high levels of pests and diseases. In 2009-2014 the government launched a program that revitalizes of Gernas Cacao plantations, with a target of 54,000 hectares for rejuvenation program, 36,000 ha to 110,000 ha of rehabilitation and expansion of planting area (Ditjen Perkebunan, 2014). The estimated requirement of planting material/seeds of superior cacao for the implementation of the program around 168 million grains of both seed and entres. The success of this program is determined by the availability of seeds and entres healthy and vigor, which will have an impact on crop productivity and quality of results. Healthy seeds and high vigor obtained from the mother plant vigor and healthy and harvested at physiological maturity. Unhealthy seeds and vigor as well as infected (seedborne diseases) resulted in huge losses and can be long-term.

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278 diseases. These conditions can lower the seed vigor and enters and can be exacerbated if the infected seeds imported pathogens that are infected with the seed, so that the spread of the disease are becoming increasingly rapid.

The main disease is the cacao pod disease and VSD caused by Phytohpthora palmivora and

Oncobasidium theobromae (Keane 1992; Sukamto 2008). According to Keane (1992) and Tahi et al.

(2007), the pathogen can attack any part of the fruit, shoots, leaves, twigs, branches, stems, and roots. Attack on the seed, especially seed-borne pathogens may impact on seeds and seedlings are produced. Indicators of seeds infected by the pathogen is the number of seeds that can germinate low, growth is not uniform seed, seed and seedling vigor is low, and production declined. The level of fruit rot disease (P.

palmivora) varies, more than 10% occur in Peninsular Malaysia and 80-90% in Cameroon. In Java, losses

due to the disease ranges between 33-50% (Darmono 1994; Purwantara 1994), and may reduce yield of about 20-30% (Wood and Lass 1985; Semangun 2000).

One way to overcome the problems of low productivity of cacao is the use of superior planting materials based on morphological characters and genetic resistance to pests and diseases, so that its spread can be suppressed. The availability of good planting material and properly obtained from cacao trees which have the character of pest and disease resistant and high yielding. Excess of cacao plants derived from clones among others, is capable of producing high (Suhendi et al. 2004), power grows high and uniform seed and seedlings produced more vigor. Besides the seeds are heterozygous or have diverse properties. According to McDonald and Copeland (1997) and Demir et al. (2005), that quality seed is characterized by genetic, physiological, physical and pathological quality. Generally, the development of the cacao plant in Indonesia has not been studied about the use of planting material characterized morphologically and genetically.

The study aims to determine the morphological characteristics of the clones specific Southeast Sulawesi of cacao plant and related national superior resistance to pests and disease development, increased productivity and quality of cacao.

2. RESEARCH METHODS

Research relations morphological diversity and genetic resistance to major pests and diseases of cacao plants implemented in nine districts in Southeast Sulawesi are: Konawe Regency, Konawe North, South Konawe, Kolaka, North Kolaka, Muna, North Buton, Buton, and Bombana Regency.

Research associated with resistance to major pests and diseases of cacao plants. Analyze multiple responses of cacao plant morphological characters diversity as an indicator of resistance to pests and diseases. The main problem is the genetic quality of the cacao plant and farming techniques are low, resulting in high levels of pests and diseases. Application of good farming technology through the use of cacao clones. The cacao clones to analysis of morphological characters, to determine indicators of resistance to pests and diseases. The use of some selected of cacao clones that have been released by the government or local clones used of cacao farmers in some districts in Southeast Sulawesi still needs to be done analysis of morphological characters associated with pest and disease resistance test.

Some of the national cacao clones developed in Southeast Sulawesi untested at the level of adaptive and resistance to pests and diseases. The cacao clones planted by farmers decreased productivity and quality due to high pests and diseases, so it needs to planting new of cacao clones adaptive and resistant to pests and diseases.

Estimation Morphology Character of Cacao Plant

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279 The Draft Framework Research

Genetic quality of cacao plant and farming techniques are still low, so that the necessary repairs. Application of good farming technology through the use of superior clones of cacao with the level of resistance of pests and diseases to morphological analysis can improve the growth and production of cacao. Draft framework research methods schematically in flowchart or stages of the research presented in Figure 1.

Based on the draft framework research methods then be made to the flowchart research relationship with morphological diversity and resistance to major pests and diseases of cacao. Draft framework research methods indicated the cacao plants have against resistance to major pests and diseases in Southeast Sulawesi.

Analysis Method

Research with morphological analysis of cacao plant done through survey methods for the data collection and sample plants qualitatively. Data retrieval is done randomly of cacao plants in each county, township and village by involving farmers in Southeast Sulawesi. Data is displayed in the form tables.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Morphological Characteristics of Cacao Plant

Efforts to expand the diversity of morphological characteristics of cacao plant is being conducted in nine regencys Southeast Sulawesi. Data indicated the appearance of cacao morphological characters associated with resistance to major pests and diseases are presented in Table 1-9.

Table 1. Appearance morphological characteristics of cacao in Konawe Regency which has indicated resistance to major pests and diseases

Morphological characters Clones and morphological characters

ADM 1 ADM 2 ADM 3 ADM 4 ADM 5 ADM 6

Color flush Red brownish Green brownish Red brownish Red brownish Green brownish Red brownish

Leaf shape Oval Oval Oval Roundish Oval Roundish

Tip of leaf Gabled Rather spiky Gabled Gabled Gabled Gabled

Leaf base Round Slightly oval Round Round Gabled Round

Fruit shape Slightly oval Round Roundish slightly oval Lonjong slightly oval

Fruit base Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat

Mechanism of Cacao Plant Resistance to Main Pests and Diseases

Form: flush color, leaf, fruit, fruit color, seed color, habitus, yield and other properties

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280

End of fruit Round Round Round flat Rather flat Rather flat Rather spiky

Young fruit color Green Green Green Red Green Red

Orange Yellow greenish Red yellow greenish

Number of fruit/ tree/year 75 82 94 141 85 162

Dry seed weight (g) 80/100 seeds 90/100 seeds 110/100 seeds 110/100 seeds 110/100 seeds 110/100 seeds

Yield (kg)/ha 1.260 1.320 2.690 2.320 2.600 2.760

habitus Rather

broad

Narrow Extensive Extensive Extensive Extensive

Notes : ADM = Andomesinggo

In Table 1. morphologically sixth type of cacao clones (ADM 1-6) showed the differences and similarities that are specific to all of the characteristics observed. Color flush ADM 1, 4 and 6 red, while ADM 2, 3 and 5 are brown. Shape, leaf tip and base of the sixth type of cacao clones respectively show the difference either oval, slightly rounded, pointy and slightly tapered, rounded, slightly oval and pointed. Morphology and fruit base form of a round, slightly rounded, oval, oval and flat. Rind rather smooth and rough, fruit groove equivocal, somewhat firm and shallow, rounded end of the fruit, flat round, rather flat and slightly tape red. Young fruit color green and red as well as at the time of physiological maturity yellow-green and red-orange. The average number of fruit per year 1-6 ADM 75-162 pieces. Dry grain weight of 80-110 g/100 seeds with yield 1.260-2.760 kg/ha/year. This clone habitus at 1-6 of ADM cacao clones in the category of narrow, some what broad to broad.

In Table 2. morphologically on the type of cacao clones North Konawe Regency of flush brownish red color, oval shape and leaf base, while the pointed leaf tips. Shape and the base of the fruit rather round and oval. Fruit skin rough, firm fruit groove and the end of the round fruit. Light green color of the young fruit when ripe physiological yellow greenish white. The number of 53 pieces of fruit per year. Dry grain weight of 100 g/100 seeds to yield 1.814 kg/ha/year. Habitus of cacao clones have entered into a rather broad category.

Table 2. Diversity of morphological characters do with resistance to major pests and diseases of cacao in North Konawe Regency

Morphological characters Clones and morphological characters KONUT

Color flush brownish red

Leaf shape oval

Young fruit color light green

Physiologically ripe fruit color _{Greenish white yellow}

Number of fruit/ tree/year 53

Dry seed weight (g) 100/100 seeds

Yield (kg)/ha 1.814

habitus rather broad

Notes: KONUT = North Konawe

In Table 3. The fourth morphological type of cacao clones (PMA 1-4) shows the similarities and differences that are specific to all of the characteristics observed. The color flush PMA 1, 3 and 4 red-brown, while the two red PMA greenish brown. The fourth type of cacao

Table 3. Diversity of morphological characters do with resistance to major pests and diseases of cacao in South Konawe Regency

PMA 1 PMA 2 PMA 3 PMA 4

Color flush Brownish red Greenish brown red Rather broad Rather broad

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Fruit groove Rather firm Rather firm Rather firm Firm

End of fruit Blunt Blunt Blunt Blunt

Young fruit color Greenish white Greenish white Red Greenish white

Physiologically ripe fruit color Greenish white yellow Greenish white yellow Orange Greenish white yellow

Number of fruit/tree/ year 73 65 75 62

Dry seed weight (g) 100/100 seeds 100/100 seeds 110/100 seeds 120/100 seeds

Yield (kg)/ha 2.615 1.573 2.596 1.960

habitus Rather broad Rather broad Rather broad Rather broad

Notes: PMA = Puurema

clones leaf morphology oval, oval and some what rounded, tape red and rounded tip of the leaf, and the leaf base round and oval. Morphology of a round, elliptical, and oval, oblong fruit base, rind rather smooth and rough, fruit groove less assertive and firm and the tip of a blunt pieces. The color of young fruit greenish white and red and yellow when ripe physiological greenish white and greenish yellow orange or red. The average number of fruit per year PMA 1-4 62-75 dried fruit with seed weight of 100-120 g/100 seeds with the yield 1573 to 2,615 kg/ha/year. Habitus in cacao clones 1-4 FDI entry in a rather broad category (Table 3).

Data in Table 4. The third type of cacao clones (LBS 1-3), showed differences in morphology and specific similarities in all of the characteristics observed. Color flush LBS 1, 2 and 3 red brown-green, red-green and red. Morphologically leaf shape oval, oval and some what rounded, tip pointed leaves and slightly tape red, spherical and tape red leaf base, pointed and oval. Morphology of fruit is round and oval, oblong and flat base of the fruit, rind smooth, some what delicate and a bit rough, the flow is less assertive and firm fruit as well as the end of a round and pointy. The color of young fruit greenish white, brownish red and yellow when ripe physiological greenish white and greenish yellow orange. The average number of LBS fruit 1-3 per year 73-180, dried fruit with seed weight 130-220 g/100 beans with yield 2680 to 2980 kg/ha/year. Habitus in LBS cacao clones 1-3 entered into a rather broad category (Table 4).

Table 4. Diversity of morphological characters with resistance to major pests and diseases of cacao in Kolaka Regency.

LBS 1 LBS 2 LBS 3

Fruit rind Smooth Rather rough Somewhat smooth

Fruit groove Rather firm Rather firm Firm

End of fruit Round flat Gabled Round

Young fruit color Greenish white Brownish red Brownish red

Physiologically ripe fruit color Greenish white yellow Orange Orange

Number of fruit/ tree/year 73 98 180

Dry seed weight (g) 220/100 seeds 135/100 seeds 130/100 seeds

Yield (kg)/ha 2.980 2.680 2.700

habitus Rather broad Rather broad Rather broad

Notes: LBS = Lembah subur

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282 groove less assertive and firm and the tip of a pointed and slightly spiky fruit. The young of fruit color of red, dark red and greenish white and yellow when ripe physiological greenish-white and orange or red yellow green. The average number of fruit PR 1-3 per year 64 to 83 dried fruit with seed weight 125-135 g/100 beans to yield 2110 to 2750 kg/ha/year. Habitus in cacao clones PR 1-3 into the broad and rather broad categories (Table 5).

Table 5. The diversity of morphological characters do with resistance to major pests and diseases of cacao in North Kolaka Regency.

PR 1 PR 2 PR 3

Color flush Redish Brown greenish Redish

Leaf shape Oval Oval Oval

Fruit groove rather firm firm rather firm

End of fruit Gabled Rather spiky Gabled

Young fruit color Red Greenish white Redish

Physiologically ripe fruit color Orange Greenish white yellow Orange

Dry seed weight (g) 135/100 seeds 125/100 seeds 130/100 seeds

Yield (kg)/ha 2.750 2.110 2.610

habitus broad broad Rather broad

Notes: PR = Purau

Based data in Table 6. The morphology of cacao clones (DPJ 1-3) shows the similarities and specific differences in all characteristics observed. The color flush DPJ 1, 2 and 3 is red-green and greenish brown. Morphology of oval shaped leaves and rounded, pointy leaf tips and leaf base rounded. Round of fruit shape and slightly rounded, flat base of the fruit, rind smooth, and some what coarse, less firm of fruit groove and the tip of a blunt pieces. The young of fruit greenish-white color at physiological maturity of yellow greenish white. The average number of fruit DPJ 1-3 per year 81-92 and dried fruit with seed weight of 100-110 g/100 beans to yield 1342-1766 kg/ha/year. Habitus in cacao clones 1-3 DPJ in the category is rather broad (Table 6).

Tabel 6. Table 5. The diversity of morphological characters do with resistance to major pests and diseases of cacao in North Buton Kolaka Regency

PDJ 1 DPJ 2 DPJ 3

Color flush Redish Brown greenish Redish

Tip of leaf Gabled Gabled Gabled

Leaf base Gabled Oval Gabled

Fruit shape Round Oval Round

Fruit base slightly oval Flat slightly oval

Fruit rind smooth Rough smooth

Fruit groove rather firm firm rather firm

End of fruit Gabled Rather spiky Gabled

Young fruit color Red Greenish white Red

Physiologically ripe fruit color Orange Greenish white yellow Orange

Dry seed weight (g) 100/100 seed 110/100 biji 100/100 biji

Yield (kg)/ha 1.766 1.342 1.419

habitus Rather broad Rather broad Rather broad

Notes : DPJ = Dampala Jaya

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283 round, and the leaf base rounded, slightly rounded, slightly pointed and oval. Morphology form of a round and oval, smooth rind, and some what smooth and rough, fruit groove rather forcefully, less assertive and firm and the tip of a flat fruit, somewhat flat and slightly tapered. The young fruit greenish-white color and red greenish yellow when ripe physiological greenish greenish-white and greenish yellow orange. The average number of fruit 1-6 SSR per year 84-99 and dried fruit with seed weight of 100-110 g/100 beans and yield 1571-2715 kg/ha/year. Habitus in cacao clones 1-6 SSR in the category is rather broad and narrow (Table 7).

Table 7. The diversity of morphological characters do with resistance to major pests and diseases of cacao in Buton Regency.

Morphological characters

Clones and morphological characters

SSR 1 SSR 2 SSR 3 SSR 4 SSR 5 SSR 6

Color flush greenish brown brownish red brownish red Red greenish brown Red

Leaf shape Oval Oval Oval Oval Oval Oval

Fruit groove rather firm lack of firm Kurang tegas firm firm rather firm End of fruit _{rather flat} _{rather flat} _Flat rather gabled rather flat rather flat

Young fruit color greenish white greenish white greenish white greenish red greenish white greenish white Physiologically ripe

Dry seed weight (g) 100/100 biji 100/100 biji 100/100 biji 110/100 biji 110/100 biji 100/100 biji

Yield (kg)/ha 1.571 1.746 2.715 2.289 2,435 1.931

habitus rather broad rather broad rather broad rather broad rather broad narrow

Notes: SSR = Sumber sari

In Table 8. morphologically of cacao clones (BRK 1-4), showed the similarities and specific differences in all characteristics observed. The clones BRK 1-4 of color shapes of flush red brownish red and greenish brown. Leaf morphology of oval, round and oval, leaf tips rather pointy and slightly oval, and the leaf base is flat and oval. The fruit morphology of oval, round and oval, base flat and slightly oval fruit, fruit peel rather delicate, smooth and slightly rough, the flow is less assertive and firm fruit and fruit end portion flat, and slightly tapered. The young of fruit of color red, purple, and white-green and red when physiological maturity yellowish green and yellow green purple and yellow greenish white. The average number of fruit 1-4 BRK per year 45-120 and dried fruit with seed weight of 100-110 g/100 beans and yield 1547-2529 kg/ha/year. Habitus in cacao clones of BRK 1-4 into the broad and rather broad categories (Table 8).

Table 8. The diversity of morphological characters do with resistance to major pests and diseases of cocoa in Muna Regency.

BRK 1 BRK 2 BRK 3 BRK 4

Color flush Brownish red Brownish red Brownish red Greenish brown red

Leaf shape Oval Round Oval Oval

Tip of leaf Rather spiky Rather spiky Slightly oval Rather spiky

Leaf base Flat Oval Flat Oval

Fruit shape Oval Oval Round Oval

Fruit base Flat Slightly oval Flat Flat

Fruit rind Rather rough Rough Some what smooth Some what smooth

Fruit groove Lack of firm Firm Lack of firm Lack of firm

End of fruit Flat Flat Flat Rather gabled

Young fruit color Red Purple Greenish white Greenish white

Physiologically ripe fruit color Green red yellow Yellow green purple

Greenish white yellow Greenish white yellow

Number of fruit/ tree/year 120 70 70 45

Dry seed weight (g) 100/100 beans 110/100 beans 100/100 beans 110/100 beans

Yield (kg)/ha 2.529 1.547 2.301 1.821

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284 Notes: BRK = Barokah

Table 9. Diversity of morphological characters do with resistance to major pests and diseases of cocoa in Bombana.

TMB 1 TMB 2 TMB 3

Color flush Brown greenery Brownish red Brownish red

Young fruit color Greenish white Green purple Solid red

Physiologically ripe fruit color Greenish white yellow Greenish white yellow Orange

Dry seed weight (g) 110/100 beans 110/100 beans 100/100 beans

Yield (kg)/ha 1.948 2.147 2.127

Habitus Rather broad Rather broad Rather broad

Notes : TMB = Tampabulu

Data in Table 9. the morphological appearance of cacao clones (TMB 1-3) showed the similarities and specific differences in all characteristics observed. The color shapes of flush TMB 1-3 of greenish brown and brownish red. Leaf morphology of oval, pointy leaf tips and leaf base and a pointed oval. The fruit morphology of oval shape and round, flat and oval fruit base, rough and smooth rind, firm fruit groove and less firm and the tip of a flat fruit, some what flat and spiky. The young of fruit of greenish color white, green and purple, and crimson, and at the time of physiological maturity is yellow-green white and orange/yellow green purple. The average number of TMB 1-3 fruit to 53-55 per year and dried fruit with seed weight of 100-110 g/100 beans and yield 1948-2147 kg/ha/year. Habitus in cacao clones TMB 1-3 in the category is rather broad (Table 9).

Based on the above Table 1-9 showed some indicators of cacao clones specific Southeast Sulawesi has a different yield ranged between 1300-2980 kg/ha/year. The some of cacao clones found in nine counties in Southeast Sulawesi based power results observed in the field can reach and exceed the national superior productivity of cacao clones Sulawesi 1 and 2 with the production of 2.136 kg/ha/year and 2.320 kg/ha/year (Table 10 ). In addition to potential yield some cacao clones were observed in each district showed morphological appearance of the character is different. On the average the highest yield potential found in Konawe Regency, South Konawe, Kolaka, Buton and Muna, then Bombana and lowest in North Konawe and North Buton Regency. The low of cacao production mainly in North Buton and North Konawe Regency is due to a lack of care in accordance with the SOP of cacao, but has indicated resistance to major pests and diseases of cacao. The cacao clones were found in nine regency in Southeast Sulawesi, the morphology has indicated resilience to pests and major diseases on the cacao. For the long-term development of these clones can be observed for three years turned its properties show a high consistency it can be released for the needs of the release of new high yielding of cacao clones (HYCC) specific location of Southeast Sulawesi.

Table 10. Morphological diversity of character to do with resistance to pests and major diseases on the national superior of cacao clones.

Morphological characters Type of cacao clones and observed characters

Sulawesi 1 Sulawesi 2

Color flush Greenish brown Red

Leaf shape Oval Oval

Tip of leaf Gabled Gabled

Leaf base Oval Pointy round

Fruit shape Slightly oval Oval

Fruit base Flat Flat

Fruit rind Rather rough Somewhat smooth

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End of fruit Rather spiky Blunt

Young fruit color Brownish red Red

Physiologically ripe fruit color Orange/red tawny Orange/red tawny

Number of fruit/ tree/year 95 99

Dry seed weight (g) 110/100 beans 120/100 beans

Yield (kg)/ha 2.136 2.320

habitus Extensive Extensive

Notes: Sulawesi cacao clones 1 and 2 as a comparison clones specific Sulawesi

Data in Table 10. the morphological appearance of cacao clones (Sulawesi 1-2) showed the similarities and specific differences in all characteristics observed. Sulawesi cacao of color shapes of flush 1-2 is greenish brown and red. The leaf morphology of oval, pointy leaf tips and leaf base tapering oval and round. The oval of fruit morphology and slightly oval, base flat fruit, fruit peel somewhat rough and smooth, firm fruit groove and a bit firm and the end of the fruit rather pointed and blunt. Young of fruit color of red and brownish red, and at the time of physiological maturity orange/red tawny. The average number of fruit Sulawesi 1-2 per year to 95-99 and dried fruit with seed weight 110-120 g/100 beans and yield 2136-2320 kg/ha/year. Habitus at 1-2 Sulawesi of cacao clones fall into broad categories (Table 10).

Potential Production of Cacao Excellence Clones

Production potential and properties of resistance to pests and major diseases on the cacao in Southeast Sulawesi are presented in Table 11.

Table 11. Production potential of cacao clones specific location and other traits that are found in nine counties in Southeast Sulawesi in 2012

Clones

KNTU 1 1.814 Purple Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate North Konawe, is not yet released

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286 Some of the cacao specific clones were found in nine counties in addition to having a high production potential and moderate also resistant to pests CPB, Helopeltis, and disease of Phytopthora palmivora and VSD. According Suhendi et al. (2004), the cacao plants have properties of resistance to comprised of cacao types lindak a new superior of cacao clones. The potential production in each of these clones have the character of cacao production and resistance to pests and diseases are very different. The seen that for each of these clones have the potential in each region experiment with average to production over 1200-2980 kg/ha/year. The average potential of production has almost reached and exceeded the national standard of 2 tons/ha/year. These potential differences caused by factors other than genetic of the plant itself, also caused by the soil and climatic conditions are very diverse and maintenance not in accordance with the (SOP) standard of cacao.

Superior clone selection and the result is a series of periodic testing of genetic material. In 1878 it was realized that the narrowness of genetic diversity that began with high productivity demanded for export. Prime of cacao exports to come from the Minahasa in 1880 followed by plantations in Central Java and East Java (Txopeus and Geisberger, 1983). According Suhendi et al., (2004), the first of cacao plant breeding activities in 1912 and over 25 years of superior clones obtained DR 1 series, DR 2 and DR 38 as the noble of cacao. The genetic of cacao diversity can be classified into 3 types: Criolo (noble of cacao), Forastero (cacao lindak/bulk cacao) and Trinitario result of natural cross between Criolo and Forastero cacao produce noble and lindak (Wood and Lass, 1985). In 1973 to introduction of cacao lindak to Indonesia from Malasyia (Suehndi et al., 2004), from the genetic material of 1997-1998 by the Ministry of Agriculture to remove the DRC 16 clone, ICS 13, GC 7 and Series RCC. Then in 2004-2005 by the Ministry of Agriculture removing of cacao clones are: ICRI 01, 02, 03 and 04 ICRI.

The specific of cacao clones of Southeast Sulawesi is feasible to be used for productivity and quality of results in accordance with national standards, but further research is still needed. The cacao clones is a mix between generations previous the best excel as Sulawesi 1 and 2 which consists of a type of cacao clones lindak. According Suehndi et al., (2004), several clones before it has a degree of resistance to pests and diseases such as pest CPB (cacao pod borer), Helopeltis, P. palmivora and VSD (vascular streak dieback and Oncobasidium theobromae). CPB pest attack has penetrated throughout the centers of cacao in Indonesia and resulted in a loss of billions of dollars (Sulistyowati et al., 2004 and Parwoto et al, 2003). While Helopeltis attacks reported to lower production by 36.5 to 74.6% (Wardojo, 1994). The spread of the disease in Indonesia is very high, especially in centers of cacao type wet climate with rainfall levels are quite high. According to Keane, (1992), decrease in production due to disease can range between 10-90%, especially in the cacao regions wetter. The development of cacao plants need to be considered by genetics of the plant itself, the type of soil and climate conditions.

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287

4.CONCLUSION

1. Appearance to 33 specific Southeast Sulawesi of cacao clones and 2 clones national morphologically showed a different character trait and some clones have the same character. The clone is ADM 1-6, PMA 1-3, 1-3 LBS, PR 1-3, and BRH 3-5, 1-4 SSR, as well as Sulawesi 1 and 2.

2. The 33 clones were found in Southeast Sulawesi are morphologically some clones have indicated resistance properties CPB (C. cramerella), Helopeltis spp., Fruit rot (P. palmivora) and VSD (O.

theobromae).

3. Another advantage to 33 clones specific national of cacao production in Southeast Sulawesi is to have between 1.200-2.980 kg/ha/year, except Sulawesi 1 (2.136 kg/ha/year) and Sulawesi 2 (2.320 kg/ha/year) based on field data.

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