Mengelola Konflik Dalam Proyek

(1)

IGKDGEAEH CAKJEMC @HEHI ^\A]GC

Iwkfwek}h Cakjemc

8+

8+ H`hk}h ~g|lg`hhk a~mkm% pwowhk `hk kmehm }hkd `mhkwp 3H`hk}h ~g|lg`hhk a~mkm% pwowhk `hk kmehm }hkd `mhkwp 3 <+

<+ Vg|mkdk}h ~g|dhkpmhk ~g|vakme }hkd vglgewik}h iwkdcmk pm`hc vhemkd cgkhe%Vg|mkdk}h ~g|dhkpmhk ~g|vakme }hkd vglgewik}h iwkdcmk pm`hc vhemkd cgkhe%

6+

6+ VhemkVhemkd d igigkpigigkpmkdchk lhdmhkk}mkdchk lhdmhkk}h h hdh| ~gcg|ohhk `m hdh| ~gcg|ohhk `m lhdmhklhdmhkk}h hchk k}h hchk lg|bhvmlg|bhvme+e+

Eglmb fg~hp hphw lhmc+ Eglmb fg~hp hphw lhmc+

`g~h|pgigk ! hkph|h wvg| wvg| `hk cakp|hcpa|% hkph|h pmi ~|a}gc `hk vphj jwkdvmakhe+`hk cakp|hcpa|% hkph|h pmi ~|a}gc `hk vphj jwkdvmakhe+

Cakjemc hkph|h

Cakjemc hkph|h wvg| wvg| `hk cakp|hcpa| vw`hb hchk iwkfwe cgpmch cg`whk}h pg|emlhp`hk cakp|hcpa| vw`hb hchk iwkfwe cgpmch cg`whk}h pg|emlhp wkpwc kgdavmhvm cakp|hc+ Ihvmkd)ihvmkd ~mbhc lmhvhk}h hchk eglmb igigkpmkdchk wkpwc kgdavmhvm cakp|hc+ Ihvmkd)ihvmkd ~mbhc lmhvhk}h hchk eglmb igigkpmkdchk ~m

~mbhckbhck}h }h vgkvgk`m|`m|m m `h|`h|m~hm~h`h `h igkigkdgidgilhklhkdchk dchk cg~gcg~g|fh|fh}hh}hhk k `hk `hk vhevhemkd mkd lgclgcg|og|ohvhihvhihh wkpwc igkfh~hm cgvg~hchphk }hkd vhemkd igkdwkpwkdchk+

wkpwc igkfh~hm cgvg~hchphk }hkd vhemkd igkdwkpwkdchk+ Vh

Vhpw pw ~m~mbhbhc c mkmkdmdmk k igigk`k`h~h~hphpchchk k cgcgwkwkpwpwkdkdhk hk vgvgigigkpkph|h|h h ~m~mbhbhc c ehehmk mk bhbh|w|wvv igkhkd

igkhkddwkd dwkd cg|wdmcg|wdmhk+ hk+ ^mbhc ^mbhc wvg| mkdmk hdh| lmh}h ~|a}gck}h imkmiwi vgigkph|hwvg| mkdmk hdh| lmh}h ~|a}gck}h imkmiwi vgigkph|h ~m

~mbhc bhc cakcakp|hp|hcpacpa| | lg|lg|bh|bh|h~ h~ wkpwkpwc wc igkigk`h~h`h~hpchpchk k cgwcgwkpwkpwkdhk kdhk ihcihcvmivmiwi+ wi+ VgpVgpgehgehbb cakp|hc `mphk`hphkdhkm% ihvmb hchk iwkfwe cgiwkdcmkhk cakjemc hkph| cg`whk}h+ cakp|hc `mphk`hphkdhkm% ihvmb hchk iwkfwe cgiwkdcmkhk cakjemc hkph| cg`whk}h+ P

Pg|g|wpwphih hih wkpwkpwc wc ogogkmkmv v cacakpkp|h|hc c lmlmh}h}h h ~e~ewv wv `mi`mihkhkh h ~|~|ajajmp mp lhlhdm dm cacakpkp|hc|hcpapa| | h`h`hehehbhb ~g|vgkphvg `h|m lmh}h% cakp|hcpa| cw|hkd ~g`wem pg|bh`h~ ~gkdgewh|hk vgigkph|h

~g|vgkphvg `h|m lmh}h% cakp|hcpa| cw|hkd ~g`wem pg|bh`h~ ~gkdgewh|hk vgigkph|h wvg| wvg|

bh|wv vg|mkd igig|mcvh vgdheh vgvwhpw pgkphkd ~|a}gc+ bh|wv vg|mkd igig|mcvh vgdheh vgvwhpw pgkphkd ~|a}gc+

Mkm hchk igimfw ~g|lg`hhk+ Bhvme hcbm| `h|m ~|a}gc owdh ihvmb igiwkdcmkchk Mkm hchk igimfw ~g|lg`hhk+ Bhvme hcbm| `h|m ~|a}gc owdh ihvmb igiwkdcmkchk pg|oh`mk}h cakjemc hkph|h

pg|oh`mk}h cakjemc hkph|h wvg| wvg| `hk `hk cakp|hcpa|cakp|hcpa|++

Cakjemc `hehi A|dhkmvhvm ^|a}gc Cakjemc `hehi A|dhkmvhvm ^|a}gc

^gewhkd mkm hchk lgvh| lmeh cgeai~ac)cgeai~ac }hkd lgcg|oh `hehi ~|a}gc ^gewhkd mkm hchk lgvh| lmeh cgeai~ac)cgeai~ac }hkd lgcg|oh `hehi ~|a}gc igi~wk}hm ~g|lg`hhk `hehi bhe pwowhk `hk bh|h~hk% lglg|h~h bhe pm`hc ogehv vmh~h igi~wk}hm ~g|lg`hhk `hehi bhe pwowhk `hk bh|h~hk% lglg|h~h bhe pm`hc ogehv vmh~h }hkd bh|wv igilwhp hphw lg|tgkhkd wkpwc igilwhp cg~wpwvhk% igihkd h`h cakjemc }hkd bh|wv igilwhp hphw lg|tgkhkd wkpwc igilwhp cg~wpwvhk% igihkd h`h cakjemc hkph| mk`mzm`w `hehi ~|a}gc+

hkph| mk`mzm`w `hehi ~|a}gc+ ^|m

^|ma|ma|mphv phv ~gcg~gcg|oh|ohhk% hk% oh`oh`the the `hk `hk heaheachvm chvm vwivwilg|lg|`h}`h}h h h`hh`hehb ehb vwivwilg|lg|)vwi)vwilg| lg| ~

~apapgkgkvmvmhe he pgpg|o|oh`mh`mk}k}h h cacakjkjememc c `h`hehehi i a|a|dhkdhkmvmvhvhvm m ~|~|a}a}gcgc+ + A|A|hkhkd)d)a|ha|hkd kd `h`h|m |m `m`mzmzmvmvm jwk

jwkdvmadvmakhe khe bh|wbh|wv v igeigehcwchcwchk hk ~|m~|ma|ma|mphv phv `he`hehi hi igkigkdhedheachachvmcvmchk hk vwivwilg|lg|`h}`h}h h ch|ch|gkhgkh vg|m

vg|mkdckdchem hem lg|blg|bh`hh`h~hk ~hk `gk`gkdhk dhk ~h|~h|h h ihkihkhoghog| | ~|a~|a}gc }gc }hk}hkd d igkigkdmkdmkdmkdmkchk chk ~|a~|a}gc}gc)) ~|a}gc }hkd `mcgeaehk}h lg|bhvme+ Cglg|bhvmehk mkm vhkdhp `m`wcwkd aegb pg|vg`mhk}h ~|a}gc }hkd `mcgeaehk}h lg|bhvme+ Cglg|bhvmehk mkm vhkdhp `m`wcwkd aegb pg|vg`mhk}h

vwilg|`h}h }hkd igih`hm+ vwilg|`h}h }hkd igih`hm+

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Ihkjhhp H`hk}h Cakjemc Ihkjhhp H`hk}h Cakjemc

8+ Lmvh igkdbhvmechk m`g)m`g lh|w }hkd eglmb lhmc 8+ Lmvh igkdbhvmechk m`g)m`g lh|w }hkd eglmb lhmc

igk}gegvhmchk ihvhehb igk}gegvhmchk ihvhehb 6+

6+ IgiwkIgiwkfwechfwechk k ihvheihvhehb hb ehih ehih cg cg ~g|iwch~g|iwchhk hk `hk `hk cgvg~hccgvg~hchphk hphk pgkphpgkphkd kd h`hk}h`hk}hh ihvhehb pg|vglwp

ihvhehb pg|vglwp

0+ Igihfw a|hkd wkpwc igkogehvchk ~hk`hkdhkk}h 0+ Igihfw a|hkd wkpwc igkogehvchk ~hk`hkdhkk}h

7+ Igk}glhlchk pgchkhk }hkd hchk igkvpmiwehvm ~g|bhpmhk `hk c|ghpmzmphv vgvga|hkd 7+ Igk}glhlchk pgchkhk }hkd hchk igkvpmiwehvm ~g|bhpmhk `hk c|ghpmzmphv vgvga|hkd :+

:+ IgilgIgilg|mchk |mchk cgvgicgvgi~hphk ~hphk cg~h`h cg~h`h vgvga|hkvgvga|hkd d wkpwc wkpwc igkdwoigkdwom m ch~hvmch~hvmphvphv cgihi~whkk}h

cgihi~whkk}h

vwh

vwhpw pw cgocgogkwbgkwbhk hk }hk}hkd d hcbhcbm|km|k}h }h igkigkdbhdbhvmevmechk chk cg~cg~wpwwpwvhkvhk)cg)cg~wp~wpwvhwvhk k }hk}hkd d cw|hcw|hkdkd lg|iwp

lg|iwpw+ w+ VglhemVglhemck}h cakjemc ck}h cakjemc }hkd pg|oh`m }hkd pg|oh`m hcmlhhcmlhp p h`hk}h`hk}h h ~g|lg`h~g|lg`hhk hk a~mkm ihw~wka~mkm ihw~wk ~g|v~gcpmj hchk igkmilwechk `mvcwvm)`mvcwvm `hk igkmkdchpchk ~gigfhbhk ihvhehb ~g|v~gcpmj hchk igkmilwechk `mvcwvm)`mvcwvm `hk igkmkdchpchk ~gigfhbhk ihvhehb

vg|ph mkazhvm)mkazhvm+ vg|ph mkazhvm)mkazhvm+

Vwhpw cakjemc }hkd pg|oh`m hkph| cgeai~ac }hkd vhemkd lg|vhmkd hchk vhkdhp Vwhpw cakjemc }hkd pg|oh`m hkph| cgeai~ac }hkd vhemkd lg|vhmkd hchk vhkdhp lg|ihkjhhp `hehi wvhbh igkmkdchpchk cgcai~hchk% cgg|hphk% vgihkdhp `hehi vwhpw lg|ihkjhhp `hehi wvhbh igkmkdchpchk cgcai~hchk% cgg|hphk% vgihkdhp `hehi vwhpw

cgeai~ac `hk mkpgkvmphv ~g|vhmkdhk+ cgeai~ac `hk mkpgkvmphv ~g|vhmkdhk+

Cakjemc Vgehih Vmcewv Bm`w~ ^|a}gc Cakjemc Vgehih Vmcewv Bm`w~ ^|a}gc

@h

@h|m |m vwvwhphpw w vpvpw`w`m m }h}hkd kd `m`mehehcwcwchchkk PbhiPbhibhmbhmk k `hk `hk TmTmegiegiakak }hk}hkd d igiigimkpmkphh ~gk`h~hp `h|m

~gk`h~hp `h|m vg|hpwv a|hkd ihkhog| ~|a}gc pgkphkd vwilg| cakjemc }hkd pg|oh`m vg|hpwv a|hkd ihkhog| ~|a}gc pgkphkd vwilg| cakjemc }hkd pg|oh`m `hehi ihkhogigk ~|a}gc

`hehi ihkhogigk ~|a}gc % `mpgiwchk pmdh ~gk}glhl wphih cakjemc+% `mpgiwchk pmdh ~gk}glhl wphih cakjemc+

8+

8+ ^gkoh`thehk ~|a}gc%^gkoh`thehk ~|a}gc% <+

<+ ^|ma|mphv ~|a}gc `hk^|ma|mphv ~|a}gc `hk 6+

6+ Pgkhdh cg|oh+Pgkhdh cg|oh+

Vg`

Vg`hkdhkdchk chk ~gk~gk}gl}glhl hl }hk}hkd d ehmehmk k h`hh`hehb ehb ihvihvhehhehb b pgcpgckmv kmv `hk`hk p|p|h`g h`g ajj ajj bhvme bhvme jmvmcjmvmc%% h`imkmvp|hvm `hk a|dhkmvhvm% ~g|lg`hhk mkpg| ~g|vakhe `hk lmh}h+ Vwilg| cakjemc hchk h`imkmvp|hvm `hk a|dhkmvhvm% ~g|lg`hhk mkpg| ~g|vakhe `hk lmh}h+ Vwilg| cakjemc hchk lg|wlhb vgvwhm `gkdhk

lg|wlhb vgvwhm `gkdhk phbh~ ~|a}gc }hkd `mehewm+ H|pmk}h% cgpmch ~|a}gc ihvmb `hehiphbh~ ~|a}gc }hkd `mehewm+ H|pmk}h% cgpmch ~|a}gc ihvmb `hehi phbh~ cakvg~vm cakjemc pg|oh`m ch|gkh ~|ma|mphv ~|a}gc% ~|avg`w| h`imkmvp|hvm% Oh`the phbh~ cakvg~vm cakjemc pg|oh`m ch|gkh ~|ma|mphv ~|a}gc% ~|avg`w| h`imkmvp|hvm% Oh`the `hk pgkhdh cg|oh+ Lhdmhk jwkdvmakhe iwkdcmk hchk lg|lg`h ~gk`h~hp `gkdhk a|hkd `hk pgkhdh cg|oh+ Lhdmhk jwkdvmakhe iwkdcmk hchk lg|lg`h ~gk`h~hp `gkdhk a|hkd ~|a}gc igkdgkhm ~gcg|ohhk ihkh }hkd `m~|ma|mphvchk wkpwc `mcg|ohchk eglmb `hbwew% ~|a}gc igkdgkhm ~gcg|ohhk ihkh }hkd `m~|ma|mphvchk wkpwc `mcg|ohchk eglmb `hbwew% lh

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ihk

ihkhoghog| | ~|a~|a}gc }gc a|ha|hkd kd }hk}hkd d bh|bh|wv wv `mp`mpwdhvwdhvchk chk `hk `hk ~gk~gkoh`oh`thethehk hk ~|a~|a}gc }gc `m `m hkphkph|hh|h ~gcg|ohhk }hkd vgch|hkd h`h+

~gcg|ohhk }hkd vgch|hkd h`h+

Phlge Phlge

Bhvme Vpw`m Vwilg| wphih cakjemc `hk phbh~)phbh~ ~|a}gc Bhvme Vpw`m Vwilg| wphih cakjemc `hk phbh~)phbh~ ~|a}gc

Vmcewv Bm`w~ ^|a}gc Vmcewv Bm`w~ ^|a}gc I

Iwweehhmm VVggeeggvvhhmm

^|aogfp

^

^||mmaa||mmpphhv v ^^||mmaa||mmpphhv v OOhh``tthhee OOhh``tthhee ^

^||aavvgg``ww| | OOhh``tthhee PPggcckkmmvv MMkkppgg||~~gg||vv

OOhh``tthhee ^^||aavvgg``ww Pgkhdh Pgkhdh PgkhdhPgkhdh

P

Pggkkhhddh h PPggcckkmmvv ^^||mmaa||mmpphh ^|ma|mphv^|ma|mphv

Omch ~h`h phbh~ hcbm| ~|a}gc lhk}hc ~gcg|ohhk lgewi vgegvhm ihch oh`the hchk Omch ~h`h phbh~ hcbm| ~|a}gc lhk}hc ~gcg|ohhk lgewi vgegvhm ihch oh`the hchk igkoh`m vwilg| cakjemc+ Vgbmkddh hchk igilwhp a|hkd }hkd pg|emlhp `hehi ~|a}gc igkoh`m vwilg| cakjemc+ Vgbmkddh hchk igilwhp a|hkd }hkd pg|emlhp `hehi ~|a}gc ig|hvh cbhthp

ig|hvh cbhthpm| m| `hk lhbchk vp|gvv+ Vglgewi igihvwcm phbh~ lh|w `hk lhbchk vp|gvv+ Vglgewi igihvwcm phbh~ lh|w ~|a}g~|a}gc c }hkd ehmk}hkd ehmk hchk pg|oh`m ~g|ihvhehbhk heachvm pgkhdh cg|oh+

hchk pg|oh`m ~g|ihvhehbhk heachvm pgkhdh cg|oh+

^gigfhbhk Cakjemc ^gigfhbhk Cakjemc

Bh

Bhi~i~m| m| vgvgiwiwh h ~|~|a}a}gcgc% % cgcgfmfme e hphphw hw vgvg`g`g|b|bhkhkh h h~h~hlhlmemeh h vcvcheheh h lglgvhvh| | vgvgehehewew ig

igiwiwkdkdcmcmkckchk hk pgpg|o|oh`h`mkmk}h }h cacakjkjememc% c% chch|g|gkh kh h`h`hkhk}h }h mkmkpgpg|h|hcvcvm m hkhkphph| | lglglglg|h|h~h~h `g~h|pgigk% ihkwvmh `hk ~g|hehphk+ Owvp|w vwhpw }hkd hkgb+ lmeh pm`hc h`h vhih `g~h|pgigk% ihkwvmh `hk ~g|hehphk+ Owvp|w vwhpw }hkd hkgb+ lmeh pm`hc h`h vhih vgchem cakjemc+ H`h lglg|h~h igpa`h wkpwc igkdw|hkdm hphw igigfhbchk cakjemc% vgchem cakjemc+ H`h lglg|h~h igpa`h wkpwc igkdw|hkdm hphw igigfhbchk cakjemc% }hmpw ?

}hmpw ?

8+ Igkh|mc cgilhem cgvg~hchphk

8+ Igkh|mc cgilhem cgvg~hchphk "Tmpb`|htmkd-

"Tmpb`|htmkd-Omch pg|oh`m ~g|`glhphk }hkd vgkdmp% h`h lhmck}h igkwkddw `wew bmkddh cak`mvm Omch pg|oh`m ~g|`glhphk }hkd vgkdmp% h`h lhmck}h igkwkddw `wew bmkddh cak`mvm gia

giavmavmakhe khe }hk}hkd d pg|pg|oh`oh`m m lg|lg|cw|hcw|hkd% kd% vgbvgbmkdmkddh dh vgivgiwh wh ~mb~mbhc hc }hk}hkd d pg|pg|emlemlhp hp `he`hehihi ~g|`glhphk `h~hp lg|~mcm| og|kmb cgilhem+ ~g|`glhphk `h~hp lg|~mcm| og|kmb cgilhem+ <+ Igkdw|hkdm pmkdchp cg~gkpmkdhk cgpm`hcvg~hchphk "igkdhkddh~ pm`hc h`h <+ Igkdw|hkdm pmkdchp cg~gkpmkdhk cgpm`hcvg~hchphk "igkdhkddh~ pm`hc h`h cakjemc-Fh|

Fh|h h mkm mkm `me`mehcwchcwchk hk `gk`gkdhk dhk igkigkdhkdhkddhddh~ ~ cgpcgpm`hm`hcvg~cvg~hchhchphk phk }hk}hkd d pg|pg|oh`oh`m m pmpm`hc `hc ~g|khb h`h% lg|wvhbh wkpwc igkdgfmechk ~g|lg`hhk }hkd h`h `hk igkgchkchk ~g|khb h`h% lg|wvhbh wkpwc igkdgfmechk ~g|lg`hhk }hkd h`h `hk igkgchkchk cg~gkpmkdhk }hkd vhih% vglgewi cgpm`hcvg~hchphk mkm cgewh| `h|m ~|a~a|vm }hkd cg~gkpmkdhk }hkd vhih% vglgewi cgpm`hcvg~hchphk mkm cgewh| `h|m ~|a~a|vm }hkd vgbh|wvk}h+

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6+ Igkddwkhchk cgcwhvhhk

6+ Igkddwkhchk cgcwhvhhk "Ja|fmkd-

igkhkdhkd)che)chehb+ hb+ OmcOmch h mkdmkdmk mk igkigkdhpdhphvm hvm cakcakjemjemc c `gk`gkdhk dhk igkigkddwkddwkhchhchk k cgccgcwhvhwhvhhkhk eglmb lhmc `m`hvh|m `gkdhk igkddwkhchk ~gkdgphbwhk `hk cghbemhk }hkd fwcw~+ eglmb lhmc `m`hvh|m `gkdhk igkddwkhchk ~gkdgphbwhk `hk cghbemhk }hkd fwcw~+

0+ Cai~|aim 0+ Cai~|aim

vgiiwh wh ~m~mbhbhc c iiwkwkdcdcmk mk iig|g|hvhvh h iigkgk`h`h~h~hppchchk k cgcg|w|wdmdmhk hk }}hkhkd d eeglglmb mb lglgvhvh| | `mlhk`mkdchk cgwkpwkdhk }hkd `m~g|aegb ~mbhck}h% vgbmkddh ~gigfhbhk mkm pm`hc `mlhk`mkdchk cgwkpwkdhk }hkd `m~g|aegb ~mbhck}h% vgbmkddh ~gigfhbhk mkm pm`hc bh|wv a~pmihe wkpwc cg~gkpmkdhk ~|a}gc+ bh|wv a~pmihe wkpwc cg~gkpmkdhk ~|a}gc+ 7+ Cakj|akphvm 7+ Cakj|akphvm ]

]hchckm km igigkdkdbhbh`h`h~m ~m ihihvhevhehb hb cacakjkjememc c vgfvgfh|h h|h ehehkdkdvwkvwkd+ d+ MkMkm m `m`mehehcwcwchchk k `g`gkdkdhkhk ig

igkdkdgkgkhehem m ihihvhvhehehb b `h`hk k ~a~apgpgkvkvm m ihihvhvhehehb b wkwkpwpwc c cgcgiwiw`m`mhk hk `m`mbhbh`h`h~m ~m vgvgfhfh|h|h eh

ehkdkdvwvwkdkd+ + ^h^h`h `h pmpmkdkdchchp p a|a|dhdhkmkmvhvhvm vm mkmkm m `h`h~h~hp p `m`miwiwehehm m `g`gkdkdhk hk igigililg|g|mcmchkhk cgvgi~hphk ~h`h vgiwh ~mbhc wkpwc pg|emlhp `hehi igkfh~hm cakvgkvwv igkdgkhm cgvgi~hphk ~h`h vgiwh ~mbhc wkpwc pg|emlhp `hehi igkfh~hm cakvgkvwv igkdgkhm pwo

pwowhk whk ~|a~|a}gc}gc% % |gkf|gkfhkh hkh h`ih`imkmmkmvp|vp|hvmhvm% % cglcglwpwwpwbhk bhk pgkpgkhdh hdh cg|cg|oh! oh! `hk `hk ~|m~|ma|ma|mphv)phv) ~|ma|mphv+ Vgiwh `mbh|h~chk wkpwc igkdgiwchchk h~h }hkd igkoh`m ~gk`h~hpk}h ~|ma|mphv+ Vgiwh `mbh|h~chk wkpwc igkdgiwchchk h~h }hkd igkoh`m ~gk`h~hpk}h igkdgkhm bhe)bhe pg|vglwp `hk `mbh|h~chk ~mbhc)~mbhc lmvh igkg|mih ~g|lg`hhk+ igkdgkhm bhe)bhe pg|vglwp `hk `mbh|h~chk ~mbhc)~mbhc lmvh igkg|mih ~g|lg`hhk+ @m vmkm bh|wv `m`hbwewchk fh|h lg|~mcm| hkhempmv "eadmv- lwchk giavmakhe+ Ehew @m vmkm bh|wv `m`hbwewchk fh|h lg|~mcm| hkhempmv "eadmv- lwchk giavmakhe+ Ehew ig

ig|gc|gch h ihihw w igigehehcvhcvhkhkhchchk k bhbhvmvme e cgcgvgvg~h~hchchphphk+ k+ OmOmch ch mkmkm m lmlmvh vh `m`mehehcwcwchchk k ihihchch cakj|akphvm ig|w~hchk fh|h pg|lhmc igk}gegvhmchk cakjemc+

cakj|akphvm ig|w~hchk fh|h pg|lhmc igk}gegvhmchk cakjemc+

Igkdgeaeh Cakjemc+ Igkdgeaeh Cakjemc+

Cmph vgpwow lhbth cakjemc pm`hc lmvh `mbmk`h|chk `hehi ~|a}gc `hk ig|w~hchk Cmph vgpwow lhbth cakjemc pm`hc lmvh `mbmk`h|chk `hehi ~|a}gc `hk ig|w~hchk vgv

vgvwhwhpw pw }h}hkd kd vgvgbhbhp p `gi`gim m cgcglglg|bh|bhvmvmehehk k ~|~|a}a}gc gc `hk `hk ~g~gk}k}gegegvgvhmhmhk hk pgpg|l|lhmhmc c h`h`hehehbhb cak

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(5)

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8+

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(6)

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(7)

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