$.
$. KadKadar !"#kar !"#ksa darah *an! rendsa darah *an! rendah 123 ah 123 mmmm"&L"&L4. Ge'a"a ne#r4. Ge'a"a ne#r!"!"ikikpenpenik ik se
sepeper(i r(i )i)in!n!#n#n!% !% menmen!a!an(n(#k#k% % s#s#"i( "i( )e)er)r)i5ai5ara% ra% ininkkrrdidinanasi% si% peperiri"ak"ak## )er)eda% !an!!#an 6is#a"% pares(esi% m#a" saki( kepa"a.
)er)eda% !an!!#an 6is#a"% pares(esi% m#a" saki( kepa"a. 3.
3. Hi"anHi"an!n*a d!n*a den!an en!an 5epa( k5epa( ke"#hae"#han ses#dn ses#dah ke"ah ke"ainan )ainan )ikimikimia dikia dikreksi.reksi. Hip!"ikemia '#!a dapa( di)edakan men'adi
Hip!"ikemia '#!a dapa( di)edakan men'adi /.
/. ,r,r#e #e hihipp!"!"ikikememi% i% didi(a(andndai ai deden!n!an an kakadadar r !"!"#k#kssa a dadararah h sesewakwak(# (# 2 2 7878 m!&d"
m!&d" $.
$. KmKma hip!a hip!"ike"ikemi% di(mi% di(andandai den!ai den!an kadaan kadar !"#kr !"#ksa darah sewasa darah sewak(# 2 38k(# 2 38 m!&d"
m!&d" 3.
3. ReReakaksi si hihipp!"!"ikikememi% i% *a*ai(i(# # )i)i"a "a kakadadar r !"!"#k#kssa a dadarah rah sese)e)e"#"#mnmn*a *a nanaikik%% kem#dian di)eri )a( hip!"ikemi dan m#n5#" (anda0(anda hip!"ikemia kem#dian di)eri )a( hip!"ikemi dan m#n5#" (anda0(anda hip!"ikemia nam#n kadar !"#ksa darah nrma".
nam#n kadar !"#ksa darah nrma". 9.
9. ReReak(ak(if if hihipp!"!"ikeikemimi% % (im(im)#)#" " (a(andnda0(a0(ananda da hihipp!"!"ikikememi i 3030: : 'am 'am seses#s#dadahh makan. +iasan*a mer#pakan (anda predia)e(ik a(a# (er'adi pada an!!(a makan. +iasan*a mer#pakan (anda predia)e(ik a(a# (er'adi pada an!!(a ke"#ar!a *an! (erkena dia)e(es me"i(#s.
ke"#ar!a *an! (erkena dia)e(es me"i(#s.
;
;.. EE,,IIOOLLOOGGII
E(i"!i hip!"ikemia pada dia)e(es me""i(#s 1DM4 E(i"!i hip!"ikemia pada dia)e(es me""i(#s 1DM4 /.
/. HipHip!"!"ikemikemia ia padpada s(a s(adiadi#m #m dindinii $.
$. HipHip!"!"ikemikemia da"ia da"am ranam ran!ka p!ka pen!en!)a)a(an DM(an DM a.
a. PePen!n!!#!#nanaan an InIns#s#"i"inn ).
). Pen!!#naan S#"fn*Pen!!#naan S#"fn*"#rea"#rea 5.
5. +a*+a*i *i *an! an! "ah"ahir dir dari ari i)# i)# paspasien ien DMDM 3.
3. HipHip!"!"ikemikemia *ania *an! (ida! (idak )erkk )erkai(aai(an denn den!an DM!an DM a.
a. HipHiperierins#ns#"in"inesmesme a"ime a"imen(en(er paser pas5a !as5a !as(rek(rek(m(mii ).
). Ins#"inmaIns#"inma 5.
5. PePen*n*akaki( i( haha(i (i )e)erara(( d.
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e.
e. HHipippipi(#(#i(i(ararisismm
D
D.. MMAANNIIFFEESS,,AASSI KI KLLIINNIISS Manifes(asi
Manifes(asi k"inis k"inis *an! *an! me"ip#(ime"ip#(i /
/.. LLaappaarr $
$.. MM##aa""0m0m##nn((aahh 3.
3. P#P#5a5a(%(%k#k#"i"i( di( din!n!inin 9
9.. SSakakii( k( keeppaa""aa :
:.. NNaaddi 5i 5eeppaa(( 7
7.. HHiipp((eennssii <.
<. IrIrriri(a(a)i)i"i"i(a(ass
Manifes(asi se)a) per#)ahan f#n!si sere)ra" Manifes(asi se)a) per#)ahan f#n!si sere)ra" /
/.. SSakakii( k( keeppaa""aa $
$.. KKmmaa 3.
3. KeKes#s#"i"i(an (an dada"a"am )m )erferfikikir ir 9.
9. Ke(Ke(idaidakmakmamp#mp#an dan da"am a"am )er)erknknsensen(ras(rasii :.
:. PePer#r#)a)ahahan dan da"am s"am sikikap emap emssii
E
E.. PPAA,,OOFFIISSIIOOLLOOGGII Dia
Dia)e()e(es es ke(ke(asasididsis sis disdise)ae)a)ka)kan n "e"eh h (id(idak ak adaadan*a n*a insins#"i#"in n a(a# a(a# (id(idak ak 5#k#pn*a '#m"ah ins#"in *an! n*a(a% keadaan ini men!aki)a(kan !an!!#an pada 5#k#pn*a '#m"ah ins#"in *an! n*a(a% keadaan ini men!aki)a(kan !an!!#an pada me(a)"isme kar)hidra(% pr(ein% "emak% ada (i!a !am)aran k"inis *an! pen(in! me(a)"isme kar)hidra(% pr(ein% "emak% ada (i!a !am)aran k"inis *an! pen(in! pada dia)e(es ke(asidsis.
pada dia)e(es ke(asidsis. /
/.. DDeehhiiddrraassii $.
$. KeKehihi"an"an!a!an n e"ee"ek(k(rr"i"i(( 3
3.. AAssiiddssiiss
Apa)i"a '#m"ah ins#"in )erk#ran! '#m"ah !"#ksa *an! memas#ki se" akan Apa)i"a '#m"ah ins#"in )erk#ran! '#m"ah !"#ksa *an! memas#ki se" akan )erk#ran!
)erk#ran! p#"a% p#"a% di di sampin! sampin! i(# i(# prd#ksi prd#ksi !"#ksa !"#ksa "eh "eh ha(i ha(i men'adi men'adi (idak (idak (erkenda"i% ked#a fa5(r ini akan menim)#"kan hip!"ikemia. Da"am #pa*a #n(#k (erkenda"i% ked#a fa5(r ini akan menim)#"kan hip!"ikemia. Da"am #pa*a #n(#k m
menen!!hihi""aann!!kkaan n !!""##kkssa a **anan! ! ))eerr""e)e)iihhaan n ddaa""am am ((##))##hh% % !!iinn'a'a" " akakaann men!ekskresikan !"#ksa )ersama0sama air dan e"ek(r"i( 1seper(i na(ri#m dan men!ekskresikan !"#ksa )ersama0sama air dan e"ek(r"i( 1seper(i na(ri#m dan ka"i#m4. Di#resis sm(i5 *an! di (andai "eh #rinaria )er"e)ihan 1p"i#ria4 ini ka"i#m4. Di#resis sm(i5 *an! di (andai "eh #rinaria )er"e)ihan 1p"i#ria4 ini akan
akan men*men*e)a)kae)a)kan n dehiddehidrasi rasi dan dan kehi"akehi"an!an e"ek(r"i(. n!an e"ek(r"i(. pendpenderi(a eri(a ke(aske(asidsisidsis dia)e(i5 *an! )era( dapa( kehi"an!an kira0kira 7%: "i(er air dan sampai 988 hin!!a dia)e(i5 *an! )era( dapa( kehi"an!an kira0kira 7%: "i(er air dan sampai 988 hin!!a mE= na(ri#m% ka"i#m ser(a k"rida se"ama peride wak(# $9 'am.
mE= na(ri#m% ka"i#m ser(a k"rida se"ama peride wak(# $9 'am. Aki
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ke(n *an! )er"e)ihan se)a!ai aki)a( dari kek#ran!an ins#"in *an! se5ara nrma" ke(n *an! )er"e)ihan se)a!ai aki)a( dari kek#ran!an ins#"in *an! se5ara nrma" akan men5e!ah (im)#"n*
akan men5e!ah (im)#"n*a a keadaakeadaan n (erse)(erse)#(% )adan #(% )adan ke(n )ersifa( asam% ke(n )ersifa( asam% dan )i"adan )i"a )er(#mp#k
)er(#mp#k da"am da"am sirk#"asi sirk#"asi darah% darah% )adan )adan ke(n ke(n akan akan menim)#"kan menim)#"kan asidsisasidsis me(a)"i5.
me(a)"i5.
Pada hip!"ikemia rin!an ke(ika kadar !"#ksa darah men#r#n% sis(em Pada hip!"ikemia rin!an ke(ika kadar !"#ksa darah men#r#n% sis(em sa
sararaf f sisimpmpa(a(ik ik akakan an (e(eraran!n!sasan!n!. . PePe"i"impmpahahan an adadrerenana"i"in n ke ke dada"a"am m dadararahh men*e)a)kan !e'a"a seper(i perspirasi% (remr% (akikardi% pa"pi(asi% ke!e"isahan men*e)a)kan !e'a"a seper(i perspirasi% (remr% (akikardi% pa"pi(asi% ke!e"isahan dan rasa "apar.
dan rasa "apar.
Pada hip!"ikemia sedan!% pen#r#nan kadar !"#ksa darah men*e)a)kan Pada hip!"ikemia sedan!% pen#r#nan kadar !"#ksa darah men*e)a)kan se"0se" (ak (idak memper"eh 5#k#p )ahan )akar #n(#k )eker'a den!an )aik. se"0se" (ak (idak memper"eh 5#k#p )ahan )akar #n(#k )eker'a den!an )aik. ,a
,anda0(anda !an!!#an f#n!si pada sis(em nda0(anda !an!!#an f#n!si pada sis(em saraf p#sa( men5ak#p ke(idak saraf p#sa( men5ak#p ke(idak mamp#anmamp#an )erknsen(rasi%
)erknsen(rasi% saki( saki( kepa"a%6er(i!% kepa"a%6er(i!% knf#si% knf#si% pen#r#nan pen#r#nan da*a da*a in!a(% in!a(% pa(i pa(i rasa rasa didi dae
daerah rah )i))i)ir ir ser(ser(a a "id"idah% ah% )i5)i5ara ara pe"pe"% % !er!erakaakan n (id(idak ak (erk(erkrrdindinasi% asi% perper#)a#)ahanhan emsina"% peri"ak# *an! (idak rasina"% pen!"iha(an !anda dan perasaan in!in emsina"% peri"ak# *an! (idak rasina"% pen!"iha(an !anda dan perasaan in!in pin!san.
pin!san. Km)inasi Km)inasi dari dari !e'a"a !e'a"a ini ini 1di 1di sampin! sampin! !e'a"a !e'a"a adrener!ik4 adrener!ik4 dapa( dapa( (er'adi(er'adi pada hip!"ikemia sedan!.
pada hip!"ikemia sedan!.
Pada hip!"ikemia )era( f#n!si sis(em saraf p#sa( men!a"ami !an!!#an Pada hip!"ikemia )era( f#n!si sis(em saraf p#sa( men!a"ami !an!!#an *an! san!a( )era(% sehin!!a pasien memer"#kan per("n!an ran! "ain #n(#k *an! san!a( )era(% sehin!!a pasien memer"#kan per("n!an ran! "ain #n(#k men!a(asi hip!"ikemia *an! di deri(an*a. Ge'a"an*a dapa( men5ak#p peri"ak# men!a(asi hip!"ikemia *an! di deri(an*a. Ge'a"an*a dapa( men5ak#p peri"ak# *an! men!a"am
*an! men!a"ami i disridisrien(asi% seran!an ke'an!en(asi% seran!an ke'an!% % s#"i( di s#"i( di )an!)an!#nkan dari (id#r #nkan dari (id#r a(a#a(a# )ahkan kehi"an!an kesadaran.
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F
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G
G.. PPEEMMEERRIIKKSSAAAAN N PPEENNUUNN??AANNGG /.
/. PemeriPemeriksaan !ksaan !"#ks"#ksa darah a darah se)e"#m se)e"#m dan sesdan ses#dah s#dah s#n(ik#n(ikan dekan deks(rsa.s(rsa. $.
$. PePerprpanan'a'an!n!an an pepen!n!awawasasan an p#p#asasa% a% (e(es s prprimimer er #n#n(#(#k k h*h*pp!"!"ikikememiaia%% perpan'an!an*a 19@0<$ 'am4 se(e"ah pen!awasan p#asa.
perpan'an!an*a 19@0<$ 'am4 se(e"ah pen!awasan p#asa. 3.
3. ,,es )eres )er5amp5amp#r maka#r makanannan% (es % (es ini di !#naini di !#nakan 'ika andkan 'ika anda a memmemp#np#n*a*ai i (an(andada p#asa 1$ 'am PP4
p#asa 1$ 'am PP4 9.
9. ,e,es #rins #rine di e di simpan simpan #n(#k #n(#k men5amen5ari s#)sri s#)s(ansi (ansi ke(nke(n.. :.
:. ,e,es ini s ini '#!a '#!a men5ari men5ari (es pa(es pan5reas an5reas a(a# p(a# pen*aken*aki( endi( endkrinkrin..
H
H.. PPEENNAA,,AALLAAKKSSAANNAAAANN aa GG""##kkssa a rraa""
Se(
Se(e"ah e"ah di!di!nsnsa a hiphip!"!"ikeikemi mi di(di(e!ae!akkakkan n denden!an !an pempemerikeriksaan saan !"#!"#ksksaa darah kapi"er% )erikan /80$8 !ram !"#ksa ra". Dapa( )er#pa r(i% pisan! darah kapi"er% )erikan /80$8 !ram !"#ksa ra". Dapa( )er#pa r(i% pisan! a(a# kar)hid
a(a# kar)hidra( ra( kmpkmp"eks "ainn*a. Pada "eks "ainn*a. Pada pendependeri(a ri(a *an! s#"i( *an! s#"i( mene"amene"ann dapa( di)erikan mad# a(a# !e" !"#ksa pada m#ksa m#"#(.
dapa( di)erikan mad# a(a# !e" !"#ksa pada m#ksa m#"#(. )
) G"#ksa in(ra6enaG"#ksa in(ra6ena
Pada pasien kma hip!"ikemi di)erikan in'eksi !"#ksa 98 in(ra6ena $: Pada pasien kma hip!"ikemi di)erikan in'eksi !"#ksa 98 in(ra6ena $: mL *an! dien5erkan $ ka"i
mL *an! dien5erkan $ ka"i
In'eksi !"#ksa 98 in(ra6ena $: mL In'eksi !"#ksa 98 in(ra6ena $: mL /
/ ff""aasshh ++ii""a a kkaaddaar r !!""##kkssa a 778800BB8 8 mm!!&&ddLL / / ff""aassh h ddaappaa(( m
meenniinn!!kkaa((kkaan n kkaaddaar r !"#ksa $:0:8 m!&dL. !"#ksa $:0:8 m!&dL. K
Kaaddaar r !!""##kkssa a **aann!! diin!inkan C /$8 m!&dL diin!inkan C /$8 m!&dL $ f
$ f""asashh ++ii""a ka kadadaar !r !""##kksa sa 338800778 m8 m!!&&ddLL 3
3 ff""asashh ++ii""a ka kadadaar !r !""##kksa sa 2 32 38 m8 m!!&&ddLL
55 +i+i"a "a )e)e"#"#m m sasadadar% dir% di"a"an'n'#(#(kakan n ininf#f#s s mama"("(ssa a /8/8 a(a(a# a# !"!"#k#kssa a /8/8 kem#dian di#"an! $: 55 !"#ksa 98 sa
kem#dian di#"an! $: 55 !"#ksa 98 sampai penderi(a sadar.mpai penderi(a sadar. d
d InIn'ek'eksi me(isi me(i" " prprededniniss""n n 7$7$%: %: /$/$: : m! in(m! in(rara6en6ena a dadan n dadapapa( ( didi#"#"anan!.!. Dap
Dapa( a( dikdikm)m)inainasi si denden!an !an in'in'ekseksi i fenfeni(i(in in 3 3 /88 m! /88 m! in(in(ra6ra6ena ena a(aa(a## feni(in ra" 3 /88 m! se)e"#m makan.
feni(in ra" 3 /88 m! se)e"#m makan.
ee InIn'ek'eksi efesi efedridrin $: n $: 0:0:8 m! 8 m! 1)1)i"i"a a (i(idadak k adada a kkn(n(ra indra indikikasiasi4 4 a(a(a# in'a# in'ekeksisi !"#ka!n / m! in(ram#sk#"ar. Ke5epa(an ker'a !"#ka!n sama den!an !"#ka!n / m! in(ram#sk#"ar. Ke5epa(an ker'a !"#ka!n sama den!an pem)erian
pem)erian !"#ksa !"#ksa in(ra6ena. in(ra6ena. +i"a +i"a penderi(a penderi(a s#dah s#dah sadar sadar den!anden!an pem)erian !"#ka!n% )erikan $8 !ram !"#ksa ra" dan di"an'#(kan den!an pem)erian !"#ka!n% )erikan $8 !ram !"#ksa ra" dan di"an'#(kan den!an
98
98 !r!ram am kakar)r)hhididra( ra( dada"am "am )e)en(n(#k #k (e(ep#p#n! n! #n#n(#(#k k memempmper(er(ahahanankakann pem#"ihan.
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ff +i+i"a "a kkma hipma hip!!"i"ikekemimia a (er(er'ad'adi i papada pasida pasien *anen *an! ! memendndapapa( s#"fa( s#"fnni"i"#r#reaea se)aikn*a pasien (erse)#( dirawa( di r#mah saki(% karena ada risik 'a(#h se)aikn*a pasien (erse)#( dirawa( di r#mah saki(% karena ada risik 'a(#h km
kma a "a!"a!i i se(ese(e"ah "ah s#ns#n(ik(ikan an dekdeks(rs(rsa. sa. PemPem)er)erian ian dekdeks(rs(rsa sa di(di(er#er#skanskan den!an inf#s deks(rsa /8 se"ama 3 hari. Mni(r !"#ksa darah se(iap den!an inf#s deks(rsa /8 se"ama 3 hari. Mni(r !"#ksa darah se(iap 307 'am seka"i dan kadarn*a diper(ahankan B80/@8 m!. Hip!"ikemia 307 'am seka"i dan kadarn*a diper(ahankan B80/@8 m!. Hip!"ikemia karena s#"fni"#rea ini (idak efek(if den!an pem)erian !"#ka!n.
karena s#"fni"#rea ini (idak efek(if den!an pem)erian !"#ka!n.
II.. KKOONNSSEEP P DDAASSAAR R AASSUUHHAAN KN KEEPPEERRAA--AA,,AANN aa.. PPeenn!!kkaa''iiaann
Pengkajian Primer Pengkajian Primer
/
/.. AiAirwrwa*a*s s kka'a'i i kekeppa(a(enenan an 'a'a"a"an n nnafafas as ppasasieien% n% adada a (i(idadaknkn**aa sp#(#ma(a# )enda asin! *an! men!ha"an!i 'a"an nafas
sp#(#ma(a# )enda asin! *an! men!ha"an!i 'a"an nafas $
$.. ++rreeaa((hhiinn! ! kkaa''i i ffrreekk##eennssi i nnaaffaass% % ))##nn**i i nnaaffaass% % aaddaa (idakn*a pen!!#naan (( )an(# pernafasan
(idakn*a pen!!#naan (( )an(# pernafasan 3.
3. ;ir;ir5#"5#"a(ia(in kn ka'i na'i nadi% adi% 5ap5api""ai""ar* rer* refi""fi"" Pengkajian Sekunder
Pengkajian Sekunder Pen!ka'ian head ( (e Pen!ka'ian head ( (e
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/.. DaDa(a s(a s##)*)*ekek(i(if f •
• Riwa*a( pen*aki( dah#"#Riwa*a( pen*aki( dah#"# •
• Riwa*a( pen*aki( sekaran!Riwa*a( pen*aki( sekaran! •
• S(a(#s me(a)"ik in(ake makanan *an! S(a(#s me(a)"ik in(ake makanan *an! me"e)ime"e)ihi hi ke)#ke)#(#han(#han ka"ri
ka"ri%infek%infeksi si a(a# pen*aki(0pa(a# pen*aki(0pen*aken*aki( i( ak#( "ain% ak#( "ain% s(ress s(ress *an!*an! )erh#)#n!anden!an fak(r0fak(r psik"!is dan s5ia"%
)erh#)#n!anden!an fak(r0fak(r psik"!is dan s5ia"% )a(0)a(0 )a
)a(an (an a(aa(a# # (era(erapi pi "ain"ain*an*an! ! memmempenpen!ar#!ar#hi hi !"i!"iksksa a dardarah%ah% pen!hen(ian ins#"in a(a# )a( an(ihiper!"ikemik
pen!hen(ian ins#"in a(a# )a( an(ihiper!"ikemik ra".ra". $
$.. DaDa(a (a OO)*)*ekek(i(iff •
• Ak(i6i(as & Is(iraha(Ak(i6i(as & Is(iraha( Ge'
Ge'a"a a"a LemLemah% ah% "e(i"e(ih% h% s#"s#"i( i( )er)er!er!erak&ak&)er)er'a"a'a"an% n% krakram m (((%(% (
(n#n#s s ((((memen#n#r#r#n% n% !a!an!n!!#!#an an isis(r(rahaha(a(&(&(idid#r #r ,,aandnda a ,
,aakkikikarardidia a dadan n (a(akikippnenea a papadda a kekeadadaaaan n isis(r(rahaha( a( a(a(a#a# ak(ifi(asLe(ar!i&disrien(asi% kma
ak(ifi(asLe(ar!i&disrien(asi% kma •
• Sirk#"asiSirk#"asi Ge'
Ge'a"a a"a AdAdan*an*a a riwriwa*aa*a( ( hiphiper(eer(ensinsi% % IM IM ak#ak#(% (% k"ak"a#di#dikaskasi%i% ke)
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ada% disri(mia% kreke"s% dis(ensi 6ena '#!#"aris% k#"i( panas% ada% disri(mia% kreke"s% dis(ensi 6ena '#!#"aris% k#"i( panas% kerin!% dan kemerahan% )"a ma(a 5ek#n!
kerin!% dan kemerahan% )"a ma(a 5ek#n! •
• In(e!ri(as& E!In(e!ri(as& E!
Ge'a"a S(ress% (er!an(#n! pada ran! "ain% masa"ah finansia" Ge'a"a S(ress% (er!an(#n! pada ran! "ain% masa"ah finansia" *an!
*an! )erh#)erh#)#n!)#n!an an den!aden!an n kndkndisi isi . . ,a,anda nda AnAnsie(as% sie(as% pekapeka ran!san!
ran!san! •
• E"iminasiE"iminasi Ge
Ge'a"'a"a a PePer#r#)a)ahahan n pp"a "a )e)erkrkememih ih 1p1p""i#i#riaria4% 4% nnk(k(#r#riaia%% ra
rasasan*n*ereri&i&(e(er)r)akakarar% % kekes#s#"i"i(a(an n )e)erkrkememih ih 1i1infnfekeksisi4% 4% ISISK K )ar#&)er#"an!%
)ar#&)er#"an!% n*eri(ekan n*eri(ekan a)dmen% a)dmen% diare.,adiare.,anda nda UrineUrine en5
en5er% er% p#5p#5a(% a(% k#k#ninnin!% !% p"p"i#ri#ri i 1 1 dapdapa( a( )er)erkemkem)an)an!me!men'an'adidi "
"i!i!#r#riaia&a&an#n#riria% a% 'i'ika ka (e(er'r'adadi i hihipp66"e"emimia a )e)erara(4(4% % #r#rinin )erka)#(% )a#
)erka)#(% )a# )#s#k 1)#s#k 1infeksi4% infeksi4% a)dmen keraa)dmen keras% s% adan*a adan*a asi(es%asi(es% )isin! #s#s "emahdan men#r#n% hiperak(if 1diare4
)isin! #s#s "emahdan men#r#n% hiperak(if 1diare4 •
• N#(risi&;airan N#(risi&;airan
Ge'a"a Hi"an! nafs# makan% m#a"&m#n(ah% (idak mema(#hi Ge'a"a Hi"an! nafs# makan% m#a"&m#n(ah% (idak mema(#hi die(%
die(% peninpenin!ka(an !ka(an mas#kmas#kan an !"#k!"#ksa&kar)sa&kar)hidrahidra(% (% pen#rpen#r#nan#nan )era(
)era( )adan"e)ih )adan"e)ih dari dari )e)erapa )e)erapa hari&min!!#% hari&min!!#% ha#s%ha#s% pen!!#naan
pen!!#naan di#re(ik di#re(ik 1,hiaid4,a1,hiaid4,anda nda K#"i( K#"i( kerin!&)ersisik%kerin!&)ersisik% (#r!r 'e"ek% kekak#an&dis(ensia)dmen% m#n(ah% pem)esaran (#r!r 'e"ek% kekak#an&dis(ensia)dmen% m#n(ah% pem)esaran (irid 1penin!ka(an ke)#(#hanme(a)"ik den!an penin!ka(an (irid 1penin!ka(an ke)#(#hanme(a)"ik den!an penin!ka(an !#"a darah4% )a# ha"isi(sis&manis% )a# )#ah 1napas ase(n4 !#"a darah4% )a# ha"isi(sis&manis% )a# )#ah 1napas ase(n4 •
• Ne#rsensri Ne#rsensri Ge'
Ge'a"a a"a P#sP#sin!in!&pe&peninnin!% !% saksaki( i( kepkepa"a% a"a% kesekesem#(m#(an% an% ke)ke)as%as% ke"emahan pada ((% pares(esi% !an!!#an pen!"iha(an,anda ke"emahan pada ((% pares(esi% !an!!#an pen!"iha(an,anda Di
Dissririenen(a(asisi% % memen!n!anan(#(#k% k% a"a"erer!i!i% % s(s(#p#prr&k&kmma a 1(1(ahahapap "an'#(
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La
Lappar ar ##dadarara% % ))a(a(##k k deden!n!anan&(&(ananpa pa spsp##(#(#m m pp#r#r##"e"enn%% frek#ensi pernapasan menin!ka(
frek#ensi pernapasan menin!ka( •
• KeamananKeamanan Ge
Ge'a"'a"a a K#K#"i"i( ( kekerinrin!% !% !a!a(a"(a"% % #"#"k#k#s s k#k#"i"i(,(,aandnda a DemDemamam%% diaph
diaphresis% resis% k#"i( k#"i( r#sak% r#sak% "esi&#""esi&#"serasi% serasi% men#rmen#r#nn*#nn*akek#akek#a(ana(an #m#m
#m#m&ren(an&ren(an! ! !erak% pares(esia&pa!erak% pares(esia¶"isis ra"isis (( (( (ermas#(ermas#k k ((0((0 (( pernapasan 1'ika kadar ka"i#m men#r#n den!an 5#k#p (( pernapasan 1'ika kadar ka"i#m men#r#n den!an 5#k#p (a'am4
(a'am4 •
• Seks#a"i(asSeks#a"i(as
Ge'a"a Ra)as 6a!ina 15ender#n! infeksi4Masa"ah imp(en Ge'a"a Ra)as 6a!ina 15ender#n! infeksi4Masa"ah imp(en pada pria% kes#"i(an r!asme pada wani(a
pada pria% kes#"i(an r!asme pada wani(a •
• Pen*#"#han&pem)e"a'aranPen*#"#han&pem)e"a'aran Ge
Ge'a'a"a "a FaFak(k(r r reresisik k keke"#"#arar!a !a DMDM% % 'a'an(n(#n#n!% !% s(s(rrkeke%% hip
hiper(eer(ensinsi.Pe.Pen*en*em)#m)#han han *a*an! n! "am"am)a()a(% % penpen!!#!!#naanaan n )a)a(( seper(i
seper(ii i s(erids(erid% % di#re(di#re(ik ik 1(hiai1(hiaid4% d4% di"an(di"an(in in dan dan fen)fen)ar)i(a"ar)i(a" 1dapa(
1dapa( meninmenin!ka(ka!ka(kan n kadar kadar !"#k!"#ksa sa darah4darah4. . M#n!M#n!kin kin a(a#a(a# (id
(idak ak memmemer"#er"#kan kan )a)a( ( diadia)e()e(ik ik ses#ses#ai ai pespesanaanan. n. RenRen5an5anaa pem#"an!an
pem#"an!an M#n!kin M#n!kin memer"#kan memer"#kan )an(#an)an(#an da
da"a"am m pepenn!a!a(#(#raran n ddiiii(% (% ppenen!!))a(a(anan% % ppererawawa(a(an an ddiriri%i% peman(a#an (erhadap!"#ksa darah.
peman(a#an (erhadap!"#ksa darah. ).
). Dia!nsa Keperwa(anDia!nsa Keperwa(an /
/ Kek#raKek#ran!an n!an 6"#m6"#me 5ae 5airan iran )&d )&d kehi"akehi"an!an n!an !as(ri5 !as(ri5 )er"e))er"e)ihan% ihan% diare%diare% m#n(ah
m#n(ah% % mas#kmas#kan an di di )a(asi)a(asi% % ka5a# men(a"% di#resis sm(i5% in(akeka5a# men(a"% di#resis sm(i5% in(ake *an! k#ran!
*an! k#ran! $
$ N#N#(r(risisi% i% peper#r#)a)ahahan% k#ran% k#ran! dari ke)#n! dari ke)#(#(#han (#)han (#)#h )&d #h )&d pepen#n#r#r#nanann mas#k
mas#kan an ra"% anreksia% m#a"% ra"% anreksia% m#a"% "am)#"am)#n! n! pen#hpen#h%n*er%n*eri i a)da)dmen%men% per#)ahan kesadaran.
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Diagnosa Keperawatan/ Diagnosa Keperawatan/
Masalah Kolaborasi Masalah Kolaborasi
Tujuan dan Kriteria Hasil Tujuan dan Kriteria Hasil
Defisit olume !airan Defisit olume !airan +erh#)#n!an den!an +erh#)#n!an den!an 0Keh
0Kehi"ani"an!an !an 6"6"#me #me 5air5airanan se5ara ak(if
se5ara ak(if 0K
0Kee!!a!a!a"a"aan n mmekekaanniismsmee pen!a(#ran pen!a(#ran DS DS 0Ha#s 0Ha#s DO DO 0Pen#r#nan (#r!r k#"i(&"idah 0Pen#r#nan (#r!r k#"i(&"idah 0M
0Memem)r)ran an mm#k#kssa&a&kk#"#"i(i( kerin!
kerin! 0P
0Peneninin!k!ka(a(an an deden*n*#( #( nanadidi%% pen#r#nan (ekanan darah% pen#r#nan (ekanan darah% pen#r#nan
pen#r#nan
6"#me&(ekanan nadi 6"#me&(ekanan nadi 0Pen!isian 6ena men#r#n 0Pen!isian 6ena men#r#n 0Per#)ahan s(a(#s men(a" 0Per#)ahan s(a(#s men(a" 00KKnnsseenn((rraassi i ##rriinnee
menin!ka( menin!ka( 00,,eemmppeerraa((##r r ((##))##hh menin!ka( menin!ka( 0K
0Kehehi"i"anan!!an an ))erera( a( ))adadanan se5ara (i)a0(i)a se5ara (i)a0(i)a 0Pen#r#nan #rine #(p#( 0Pen#r#nan #rine #(p#( 0HM, menin!ka( 0HM, menin!ka( 0Ke"emahan 0Ke"emahan "#!$ "#!$
F"#id )a"an5eF"#id )a"an5e
H*dra(inH*dra(in
N#(ri(ina" S(a(#s Fd and F"#id In(ake N#(ri(ina" S(a(#s Fd and F"#id In(ake Se
Se(e(e"a"ah h didi"a"ak#k#kakan n (i(indndakakan an kekepeperarawawa(a(ann se
se"a"amama... . dedefifisisi( ( 66"#"#mme e 5a5airiran an (e(erara(a(asisi den!an kri(eria hasi"
den!an kri(eria hasi"
MeMempmperer(a(ahahanknkan an #r#rinine e ##(p(p#( #( seses#s#aiai den!an #sia dan ++% +? #rine nrma"%
den!an #sia dan ++% +? #rine nrma"%
,,eekakananan n dadarahrah% % nanadidi% % s#s#h# h# (#(#)#)#h h dada"am"am )a(as nrma"
)a(as nrma"
,idak ada (anda (anda dehidrasi% E"as(isi(as,idak ada (anda (anda dehidrasi% E"as(isi(as (#r!r k#"i( )aik% mem)ran m#ksa "em)a)% (#r!r k#"i( )aik% mem)ran m#ksa "em)a)% (idak ada rasa ha#s *an! )er"e)ihan
(idak ada rasa ha#s *an! )er"e)ihan
Orien(asi (erhadap wak(# dan (empa( )aik Orien(asi (erhadap wak(# dan (empa( )aik
?#m"ah dan irama pernapasan da"am )a(as?#m"ah dan irama pernapasan da"am )a(as nrma"
nrma"
E"ek(r"i(% H)% Hm( da"am )a(as nrma"E"ek(r"i(% H)% Hm( da"am )a(as nrma"
pH #rin da"am )a(as nrma" pH #rin da"am )a(as nrma"
In(ake ra" dan in(ra6ena adek#a(In(ake ra" dan in(ra6ena adek#a(
"%! $ "%! $
•
• Per(ahankan Per(ahankan 55 ak#ra(
ak#ra( •
• Mni(r s(a(#sMni(r s(a(#s m
m##kksasa% % nnaa r(s(a(ik 4% 'ik r(s(a(ik 4% 'ik •
• Mni(r hasi"Mni(r hasi" 5airan 1+UN % 5airan 1+UN % ((a" pr(ein 4 ((a" pr(ein 4 •
• Mni(r 6i(a" sMni(r 6i(a" s •
• K"a)rasi peK"a)rasi pe •
• Mni(r s(a(#sMni(r s(a(#s •
• +erikan 5airan+erikan 5airan •
• +erikan +erikan pen!!pen!! 1:8 /8855&'a 1:8 /8855&'a • • DDrrn! n! keke"#"# makan makan •
• K"a)rasi K"a)rasi dd m#n5#" me)#r m#n5#" me)#r •
• A(#r kem#n!kiA(#r kem#n!ki •
• Persiapan #n(#Persiapan #n(# •
• Pasan! ka(e(erPasan! ka(e(er •
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Diagnosa
Diagnosa KeperawataKeperawatan/n/ Masalah Kolaborasi Masalah Kolaborasi
Rencana keperawatan Rencana keperawatan Tujuan dan Kriteria Hasil
Tujuan dan Kriteria Hasil Ketidakseimbangan
Ketidakseimbangan n
nuuttrriissi i kkuurraanng g ddaarrii kebutuhan tubuh
kebutuhan tubuh +erh#)#n!an den!an +erh#)#n!an den!an Ke
Ke(i(idadakmkmamamp#p#an an #n#n(#(#k k memas#kkan a(a# men5erna memas#kkan a(a# men5erna n#
n#(r(risi isi ""eh eh kakarenrena a fafak(k(r r )i"!is%
)i"!is% psik"!is psik"!is a(a#a(a# eknmi. eknmi. DS DS 0N*eri a)dmen 0N*eri a)dmen 0M#n(ah 0M#n(ah 0Ke'an! per#( 0Ke'an! per#(
0Rasa pen#h (i)a0(i)a se(e"ah 0Rasa pen#h (i)a0(i)a se(e"ah
makan makan DO DO 0Diare 0Diare 00RRnn((k k rraamm))##( ( **aann!! )er"e)ih )er"e)ih
0K#ran! nafs# makan 0K#ran! nafs# makan 0+isin! #s#s )er"e)ih 0+isin! #s#s )er"e)ih 0Kn'#n!(i6a p#5a( 0Kn'#n!(i6a p#5a( 0Den*#( nadi "emah 0Den*#( nadi "emah
"#!$ "#!$
aN#(ri(ina" s(a(#s Ade=#a5* f n#(rien( aN#(ri(ina" s(a(#s Ade=#a5* f n#(rien( )
) N#(ri(ina" S(a(#s fd and F"#id In(akeN#(ri(ina" S(a(#s fd and F"#id In(ake 5-ei!h( ;n(r"
5-ei!h( ;n(r" Se
Se(e(e"a"ah h didi"a"ak#k#kakan n (i(indndakakan an kekepeperarawawa(a(ann se
se"a"amama..n#n#(r(risisi i k#k#raran! n! (e(erara(a(asi si deden!n!anan indika(r
indika(r
A")#min ser#mA")#min ser#m
Pre a")#min ser#mPre a")#min ser#m
Hema(kri(Hema(kri(
Hem!")inHem!")in
,,(a" irn )indin! (a" irn )indin! 5apa5i(*5apa5i(*
?#m"ah "imfsi(?#m"ah "imfsi(
"%!$ "%!$
Ka'i adan*a a"er!iKa'i adan*a a"er!i
K"a)K"a)rasi rasi den!aden!a '#m"ah ka"ri dan '#m"ah ka"ri dan
>>akakinkan inkan die( die( *an*an sera( #n(#k men5e sera( #n(#k men5e
AA'a'arkrkaan n ppaasisieenn makanan harian. makanan harian.
Mni(r adan*a peMni(r adan*a pe
Mni(r "in!k#n!aMni(r "in!k#n!a
?adwa"kan pen!)?adwa"kan pen!) 'am makan
'am makan
Mni(r (#r!r k#"iMni(r (#r!r k#"i
Mni(Mni(r r kekerikekerin!an!a H) dan kadar H( H) dan kadar H(
Mni(r m#a" danMni(r m#a" dan
Mni(r p#5a(% keMni(r p#5a(% ke kn'#n!(i6a kn'#n!(i6a
Mni(r in(ake n#nMni(r in(ake n#n
InfInfrmrmasikasikan an padpad manfaa( n#(risi manfaa( n#(risi
K"K"a)a)rasi rasi denden!a!a s#p"em
s#p"emen en makanmakan in(ake 5airan *an! in(ake 5airan *an!
A(#r psisi semi f A(#r psisi semi f makan
makan
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Cancel Anytime. Diagnosa Keperawatan/ Diagnosa Keperawatan/ Masalah Kolaborasi Masalah Kolaborasi Rencana keperawatan Rencana keperawatan Tujuan dan Kriteria Hasil
Tujuan dan Kriteria Hasil Risiko infeksi
Risiko infeksi
Fak(r0fak(r risik Fak(r0fak(r risik 00 PrPrsedsed#r Inf#r Infasif asif
00 Ker#saKer#sakan kan 'arin!'arin!an daan dann penin!ka(an paparan penin!ka(an paparan
"in!k#n!an "in!k#n!an 00 Ma"Ma"n#(n#(risirisi
00 PeninPenin!ka(an !ka(an paparapaparann "in!k#n!an pa(!en "in!k#n!an pa(!en 00 ImImn#sn#s#pr#presiesi
00 ,i,idak adekdak adek#a( per(#a( per(ahananahanan sek#nder 1pen#r#nan H)% sek#nder 1pen#r#nan H)% Le#kpenia% penekanan Le#kpenia% penekanan respn inf"amasi4 respn inf"amasi4 00 Pen*Pen*akiaki( krn( krnik ik 00 Im#Im#nsns#pr#presiesi 00 MaMa"n"n#(#(risrisii
00 Per(ahPer(ahan pan primer rimer (idak(idak adek#a( 1ker#sakan k#"i(% adek#a( 1ker#sakan k#"i(% (ra#ma 'arin!an% (ra#ma 'arin!an% !an!!#an peris(a"(ik4 !an!!#an peris(a"(ik4 "#! $ "#! $
Imm#ne S(a(#sImm#ne S(a(#s
Knw"ed!e Infe5(in 5n(r"Knw"ed!e Infe5(in 5n(r"
Risk 5n(r"Risk 5n(r" Se
Se(e(e"a"ah h didi"a"ak#k#kakan n (i(indndakakan an kekepeperarawawa(a(ann se"a
se"amama paspasien ien (id(idak ak menmen!a"!a"ami ami infinfekseksii den!an kri(eria hasi"
den!an kri(eria hasi"
K"ien )e)as dari (anda dan !e'a"a infeksiK"ien )e)as dari (anda dan !e'a"a infeksi
Men#n'#kkan kemamp#an #n(#k men5e!ahMen#n'#kkan kemamp#an #n(#k men5e!ah (im)#"n*a infeksi
(im)#"n*a infeksi
?#m"ah "e#ksi( da"am )a(as nrma"?#m"ah "e#ksi( da"am )a(as nrma"
Men#n'#kkan peri"ak# hid#p seha(Men#n'#kkan peri"ak# hid#p seha(
S(a(#s im#n% !as(rin(es(ina"% !eni(#rinariaS(a(#s im#n% !as(rin(es(ina"% !eni(#rinaria da"am )a(as nrma"
da"am )a(as nrma"
"%! $ "%! $ •
• Per(ahankan (ek Per(ahankan (ek •
• +a(asi pen!#n'#+a(asi pen!#n'# •
• ;#5i (an!an se(i;#5i (an!an se(i keperawa(an keperawa(an •
• G#nG#nakaakan n )a')a'#%#% pe"ind#n!
pe"ind#n! •
• Gan(i "e(ak I pGan(i "e(ak I p pe(#n'#k #m#m pe(#n'#k #m#m •
• G#nakG#nakan an ka(e(eka(e(e infeksi kand#n! infeksi kand#n! •
• ,in!ka(kan in(ak ,in!ka(kan in(ak +erikan (erapi a +erikan (erapi a •
• MnMni(i(r r (an(andada "ka"
"ka" •
• Per(ahankan (ek Per(ahankan (ek •
• InsInspekpeksi si k#"k#"i(i( kemerahan% pana kemerahan% pana •
• Mni(r adan*aMni(r adan*a •
• Drn! mas#kaDrn! mas#ka •
• Drn! is(iraha(Drn! is(iraha( •
• A'arA'arkan pasienkan pasien infeksi
infeksi •
• Ka'i s#h# )adanKa'i s#h# )adan 'am
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Diagnosa
Diagnosa KeperawatKeperawatan/an/ Masalah Kolaborasi Masalah Kolaborasi
Rencana keperawatan Rencana keperawatan Tujuan dan Kriteria Hasil
Tujuan dan Kriteria Hasil %ntoleransi akti&itas
%ntoleransi akti&itas +erh#)#n!an den!an +erh#)#n!an den!an
•
• ,,iirraah h ++aarriinn! ! aa((aa## im)i"isasi
im)i"isasi •
• Ke"emahan men*e"#r#hKe"emahan men*e"#r#h •
• Ke(idakseim)an!anKe(idakseim)an!an an
an(a(ara ra s#s#p"p"ei ei kksi!si!enen den!an ke)#(#han
den!an ke)#(#han G
Gaa**a a hhiidd##p p **aann!! diper(ahankan.
diper(ahankan. DS
DS •
• MMee""apaprrkkan an sese55aarara 6
6eerr))aa" " aaddaann**aa k
kee""ee""aahhaan n aa((aa## ke"emahan.
ke"emahan. •
• AdAdan*a d*spne# a(a#an*a d*spne# a(a# ke(
ke(idaidakn*kn*amaamanan nan saa(saa( )erak(i6i(as.
)erak(i6i(as.
"#! $ "#! $
Se"f ;are ADLsSe"f ;are ADLs
,,"eransi "eransi ak(i6i(asak(i6i(as
Knser6asi ener!iKnser6asi ener!i Se
Se(e(e"a"ah h didi"a"ak#k#kakan n (i(indndakakan an kekepeperarawawa(a(ann se
se"a"ama ma . . PaPasisien en )e)er(r(""ereranansi si (e(erhrhadadapap ak(i6i(as den!an
ak(i6i(as den!an Kriteria Hasil $Kriteria Hasil $
+erpar(+erpar(isipasi da"am isipasi da"am ak(i6iak(i6i(as (as fisik (anpafisik (anpa dis
diser(aer(ai i penpenin!in!ka(ka(an an (ek(ekanaanan n dardarah% ah% nadnadii dan RR
dan RR
MamMamp# p# me"me"ak#ak#kan kan ak(ak(i6i(i6i(as as sehsehari ari harharii 1ADLs4 se5ara mandiri
1ADLs4 se5ara mandiri
Keseim)an!an ak(i6i(as dan is(iraha(Keseim)an!an ak(i6i(as dan is(iraha(
"%! $ "%! $
O)O)serser6a6asi si adad me"ak#kan ak(i me"ak#kan ak(i
KaKa'i 'i adadanan**aa ke"e"ahan ke"e"ahan
MnMni(i(r r n#(n#(riri adek#a(
adek#a(
Mni(r pasienMni(r pasien emsi se5ara ) emsi se5ara )
MMnini((r r rerespsp ak(
ak(i6ii6i(as (as 1(ak1(akii diapresis% p#5 diapresis% p#5
Mni(r p"a (Mni(r p"a ( pasien
pasien
K"a)K"a)rasikarasikann da"am meren5an da"am meren5an
+an(# k"ien #n(+an(# k"ien #n( mamp# di"ak#ka mamp# di"ak#ka
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