NATIONAL ACTION PLAN
ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE
National Action Plan
Addressing Climate Change
Published by:
State Ministry of Environment Jl. D.I. Panjaitan Kav. 24, Jakarta 13410 Tel: 62-21-851 7164, Fax: 62-21-8590 2521
e-mail: climate@menlh.go.id
November 2007
Keynote Speech
President of the Republic of Indonesia
on the Publication of National Action Plan to Combat Climate Change
My fellow countrymen and women,
In recent years, humans have faced a global threat that was never faced by earler generatons. Global warmng has led to clmate change that s already mpactng on the physcal and bologcal systems of our earth. Hgher temperatures have started to melt the ce-caps of the north and south pole. Sea levels have started to rse and to threaten coastal areas and ther nhabtants. In some places n Indonesa, ths rse measures 8 mm per year. Our country conssts of not less than 17,500 slands wth a coastlne of 81,000 km. The majorty of our populaton lves n coastal area – around 65% of the populaton of Java lves n coastal regons, for example. Indonesans are therefore vulnerable to the mpacts of clmate change. Clmate change has also changed the pattern of ranfall and evaporaton wth the potental to cause loods n some places and drought n others. Ths ssue therefore threatens lvelhoods n our country – both agrculture and isheres.
As a country that s vulnerable to ther mpacts, t s mportant for Indonesa to mtgate global warmng and clmate change. Indonesa would therefore reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emssons from the energy sector, and from land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF), whle also ncreasng carbon sequestraton. Indonesa recognses that we cannot acheve ths by ourselves. To avod or slow clmate change Indonesa calls on developed countres to fulil ther commtments to reduce GHG emssons. In ths way, Indonesa s ready to work together blaterally or multlaterally wth other countres to tackle clmate change.
opportuntes (pro-job), combned wth envronmental protecton (pro-environment) creates the bass for sustanable development.
My fellow countrymen and women,
It s now the tme to reform the patterns of development that we are used to. The envronmental paradgm should be nternalsed n all development sectors, ncludng the energy sector, forest and resource management, agrculture and farmng, spatal plannng and nfrastructure. Those nsttutons that are responsble for clmate change mtgaton and adaptaton must coordnate rapdly and systematcally. We must leave old patterns of development and change to sustanable development. We cannot blame nature’s response f we do not take acton to avod atmospherc damage and thus exacerbate clmate change.
Ths Natonal Acton Plan s a dynamc polcy nstrument that wll therefore perodcally need evaluaton, renewal and mprovement, n response to the dynamc of clmate change tself. I hope that ths Natonal Acton Plan can be mplemented well and serve as a gude for all sectors, n the centre and the regons, n mplementng development, now and n the future. Because of ths the Natonal Acton Plan must be ncorporated nto the Long Term Development Acton Plan 2005-2025 and the Medum Term Development Acton Plan.
I hope God gves strength and ablty to the Indonesan people to strve to combat the mpacts of clmate change, workng together wth the people of other natons to tackle ts causes. Amen.
Jakarta, November 2007 Presdent of the Republc of Indonesa
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Keynote Speech – President of the Republic of Indonesia iii
CHAPTER I BACKGROUND 1
1.1. Objective 2
1.2 Indonesia in the Context of Climate Change 3
1.3 The State of Indonesian’s Social-Ecological Crisis 6
1.3.1 Management of Space and Natural Resources 7
1.3.1.1 The Agrarian Crisis 7
1.3.1.2 Water Resources Crisis 8
1.3.1.3 Crisis on the Infrastructure in Settlement Centers 11
1.3.1.4 Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) Sector 12
1.3.1.5 Marine Sector 16
1.3.2 Management of Energy 18
1.4 Indonesia’s Commitment to Safeguard Global Climate 19
1.4.1 Mitigation Effort 20
1.4.2 Adaptation Effort 22
1.4.3 Efforts in Supporting Mitigation and Adaptation Simultaneously 24
CHAPTER II THE OBJECTIVE AND STRATEGY FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE ANTICIPATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE 27
2.1 The Past and Present of Development Pattern 27
2.2 The Objectives of National Development with Climate Change
Anticipation Agenda 28
2.2.1 Mitigation Agenda 28
2.2.2 Adaptation Agenda 29
2.3 The Principle of National Development Management 30
2.4 Time Frame for the Implementation of the National Action Plan 31
2.5 Speciic Strategy in Key Policies Areas 33
2.6 Production and Public Services Sectors 34
2.7 The NAP Spatial Scale and Time Limitation of and the Coverage of the Need
for Policy Integration 34
CHAPTER III NATIONAL ACTION PLAN TO ANTICIPATE CLIMATE CHANGE 37
3.1 Mitigation 37
3.1.1 Energy Sector 37
3.1.2 LULUCF Sector 48
3.1.3 Marine and Fisheries Sector 56
3.2 Adaptation 59
3.2.1 Water Resource Sector 61
3.2.2 Agriculture Sector 63
3.2.3. Coastal, Marine and Fisheries Sector 67
3.2.4. Infrastructure Sector 69
3.2.6 Forestry and Biodiversity Sector 71
3.2.7 Cross Sector 72
3.3. Institutional Capacity Improvement and Action to Develop and Implement
Mitigation and Adaptation Programs 72
3.3.1. Harmonization and Revision of Regulation and Policy Framework for
Sustainable Development Management 73
3.3.2. Technology 75
3.3.3. Funding 77
CHAPTER IV INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN ANTICIPATION
OF CLIMATE CHANGE 81
CHAPTER V IMPLEMENTATION OF ACTION PLAN 85
CHAPTER I
BACKGROUND
The most recent report from the Inter-governmental Panel on Clmate Change (IPCC 2007) shows that eleven of the twelve hottest years snce 1850 have occurred durng the last twelve years. The ncrease of average temperature from 1850-1899 to 2001-2005 has been 0.760C. Global sea level ncreased at
an average rate of 1.8 mm per year over the perod 1961 to 2003. The ncrease of sea level recorded over the 20th century s estmated at about 0.17 m. The IPCC report also stated that human actvtes have contrbuted to global warmng snce the mddle of 20th century. Ths global warmng wll contnue
to ncrease at a faster rate n the 21st century f there s no effort to address t.
Global warmng causes clmate change and ncreases the frequency and ntensty of extreme weather events. The IPPC concluded that global warmng could cause sgnicant change to bologcal and physcal systems, such as an ncrease n tropcal cyclone ntensty, changes n precptaton pattern, salnty of the sea, wnd pattern, the reproductve perod of anmals and plants, speces dstrbuton and populaton, epdemcs, and also nluence varous ecosystems n hgh lattude (ncludng the Arctc and Antarctc), hgh alttude locatons, as well as coastal ecosystems.
Based on the occurrence of dsasters recorded n OFDA/CRED Internatonal Dsaster Database (2007), the ten bggest dsaster events n Indonesa over the perod 1907 to 2007 occurred after 1990 and most of these dsasters were weather-related, partcularly loodng, followed by drought, forest ire and the ncrease of endemc dseases. These show that weather-related dsasters have been ncreasng n terms of ther frequency and ntensty. Economc losses from the ten bggest dsasters were almost 26 bllon USD, around 70% of whch can be attrbuted to the clmate.
100 thousand per year (SEI, IUCN and IISD, 2001). Early mplementaton of adaptaton efforts could reduce sgnicantly the losses caused by clmate change. Research has shown that every 1 USD spent on adaptaton could save about 7 USD cost that has to be spent on restoraton because of the mpact of clmate dsasters (Bemans et. al., 2006).
Clmate change wll also cause socal, populaton and cultural change. Varous socal studes found that patterns of socal relatonshp are related closely to clmate patterns - n other words, socal and cultural patterns are drectly nluenced by local clmatc condtons.
The explanaton above shows that a systematc and ntegrated effort by the global communty to reduce the rate of global warmng, combned wth efforts to ncrease the copng capacty towards clmate change has become necessary. Fundamental changes to the development plannng system are therefore needed. The present and future clmate should become one of the man factors n determnng the basc plan of natonal development, for the short, medum and long term.
Addressng clmate change n the context of development requres effectve clmate change mtgaton, and also a development system that s reslent to long-term clmate change mpacts. Ths effort requres a cross-sectoral approach at natonal, regonal and local level. Adaptaton efforts must be combned wth mtgaton, because adaptaton wll not be effectve f the rate of clmate change exceeds adaptaton capablty. Mtgaton s an effort to reduce green house gas emssons from varous sources and ncrease ther absorpton by varous snks, thus reducng the burden of clmate change mpacts on future generatons.
1.1 Objective
must therefore be contnuously evaluated and mproved perodcally by varous stakeholders.
1.2 Indonesia in the context of Climate Change
The Republc of Indonesa s the largest archpelagc state n the world, consstng of ive major slands and about 30 smaller groups of slands, totallng some 17,500 slands. It s stuated between 06°08’ N and - 11°15’ S, and between 94°45’ - 141°05’ E. Indonesa consst of 3.1 mllon km2 of sea
(62% of the total area) and about 2 mllon km2 of land area (38% of the
total area), wth the shorelne length of 81.000 km. If the Exclusve Economc Zone wth an area of 2.7 mllon km2 s ncluded than the total jursdcton of
Indonesa s 7.8 mllon km2.
Most of the slands of Indonesa are vulnerable to earthquakes and hgh waves. Ths s due tothe poston of Indonesa, whch s stuated between two shelves, namely the Sunda Shelf, an extenson of the Asan land mass and the Arafura-Sahul Shelf, part of the combned Australan and New Gunean land mass. These two shelves separate the Islands nto three group of slands: Java, Sumatra and Kalmantan, whch are located wthn the Sunda Shelf, that starts from the coast of Malaysa and Indo Chna. The depth of the seas on ths shelf s not more than 233 m. The sea around Iran Jaya and Aru slands, whch are on the Sahul –Arafura Shelf, has a depth of around 233 m. The sea surroundng the sland groups of Nusa Tenggara, Maluku and Sulawes, whch are stuated between the Sunda and Sahul- Arafura Shelves, has a depth of over 5000 m.
Indonesa, wth ts huge number of slands and vast coastlne, has a very hgh coastal populaton - 65% of the populaton of Java lve n the coastal regon, for example. Ths makes them partcularly vulnerable to clmate change mpacts such as sea-level rse. Indonesa also has extensve forest area but at the same tme faces the threat of forest damage and s prone to natural dsasters (volcanc and tectonc earthquake, tsunam, etc.) and extreme weather events (long dry season and loods). Furthermore, t also has hgh levels of urban polluton, fragle ecosystems such as mountan area and peat land, wth economc actvtes that are stll very dependent on fossl fuel and forest products and has dficultes n shftng to alternatve fuels.
subtropcal regon). For example, Jakarta n July wll experence temperature ncrease of 1.42oC every hundred years whle n January ths igure 1.04oC.
Furthermore, n the Indonesan regon south of equator (such as Java and Bal) the begnnng of rany season on average wll retreat and the ntensty of ranfall durng the rany season wll ncrease, whle durng the dry season the ranfall wll decrease. Therefore the rsk of lood and drought wll ncrease. The opposte s projected to occur for ranfall patterns north of equator. Sea levels are also changng. Research conducted n varous locatons n Indonesa shows that the sea level has rsen 8 mm per year (Bakosurtanal, 2002). If greenhouse gas emssons are not reduced, then t s expected that the sea level could rse 60 cm by the year 2070 (ADB, 1994).
Over past four decades, weather-related dsasters such as lood, drought, storm, landslde and forest ire have caused much loss of lfe and lvelhood, destroyng economc and socal nfrastructure as well as causng envronmental damage. In many places n the world, the frequences and ntenstes of these dsasters have tended to ncrease (Svakumar, 2005). Flood and storm wnds cause 70% the total dsaster and the remanng 30% s caused by drought, landslde, forest ire, heat wave damage, etc.
Based on the last 10 years (1993-2002) of montorng of rce cultvaton, conducted by the Department of Agrculture, the average area of agrcultural land affected by drought has reached 220,380 hectare, wth harvest falure over 43,434 ha, equvalent to the loss of 190,000 ton of dred gran. Whle the area mpacted by loodng s 158,787 ha wth the harvest falure n 39,312 ha (equvalent to 174,000 ton dred gran) (Rzald, 2003). Accordng to the Agrculture Department, n January-July 2007, the area of agrcultural land that experenced drought was 268,518 ha, wth 17,187 of t sufferng harvest falure. The result s a reducton of rce producton of 91,091 ton of dred gran.
The decrease of ranfall because of clmate varablty and seasonal varaton wth the ncrease of temperature, has sgnicant effects on water reserves. In El Nño years, the water volume n reservors has decreased sgnicantly (far below normal level), partcularly durng the dry seasons (June-September). Many power plants have produced electrcty below normal capacty n these years. Data from 8 reservors (4 small reservors and 4 large reservors n Java) have shown that durng the El Nño years of 1994, 1997, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2006, most of the power plants operatng wth these 8 reservors have produced electrcty below ther normal capactes (Indonesa Country Report, 2007).
The ncrease of sea surface temperature, partcularly durng the 1997 El Nño, has caused serous problems to coral reef ecosystems. Wetlands Internatonal (Burke et al., 2002) reports that the 1997 El Nño destroyed about 18% of the coral reef ecosystem n Southeast Asa. Coral bleachng occurred n many places such as East Sumatra, Java, Bal and Lombok. In the Serbu slands about 90 – 95% of coral reefs at the depth of 25 m have experenced coral bleachng.
Weather varaton such as the El Nño – Southern Oscllaton (ENSO) has contrbuted to the spread of dseases such as malara, dengue fever, darrhea, cholera and other vector-borne dseases. The World Health Organzaton (WHO) has found that the spread of malara s trggered by above-normal ranfall and also nluenced by unstable weather transtons such as rapd changes from heavy ranfall to hot sunny days. Ths condton ncreases the rate of mosquto breedng.
In Indonesa the ncrease of ranfall above normal level occur partcularly durng La Nña years (wet years). Dengue fever cases also ncrease sgnicantly durng these perods. The ncdence of dengue fever n several bg ctes n Java has ncreased consstently, based on the 1992 to 2005 perod data (Indonesa Country Report, 2007).
Accordng to the Department of Marne Affars and Fsheres, n just two years (2005-2007), Indonesa has lost 24 small slands: three n Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD), three n North Sumatra, three n Papua, ive n Rau Islands, two n west Java, one n South Sulawes, and seven n the regon of Serbu Islands, Jakarta. Most of these slands are lost because of eroson, worsened by commercal mnng actvty. In addton, the Aceh tsunam n 2004 also destroyed three local small slands. The loss of these slands, partcularly along the boundary wth other States wll have legal mpact that wll harm Indonesa. The loss of these slands (orgnally used as a reference pont for the boundary between Indonesa and other States) wll reduce the area of Indonesan seas.
The dverse ecosystems n Indonesa nluence the cultural characterstcs of the communty. Hghland and lowland communtes have dfferent characterstcs, for example. These features are closely related to geographc and ecologcal characterstcs. The fundamental changes to the mcro clmate pattern and the water avalablty wll nluence the socal system and the patterns of nteracton of the local communty. The antcpaton of clmate change n varous Indonesan regons should therefore become an mportant consderaton n every step of adaptaton and mtgaton of clmate change.
1.3 The State of Indonesian’s Social – Ecological Crisis
The accumulaton of ecologcal damage over the last generaton has sent a dangerous sgnal. Economc management wthout any consderaton of ts socal and ecologcal mplcatons contrbutes to the loss of human safety and socal securty.
communty economc hstorcal base, and ths has apparently accelerated ecologcal damage n varous areas of Indonesa.
1.3.1 Management of Space and Natural Resources
Over ths tme the management of development processes has not yet used a strct accountng model that ensures the securty of space, land, water and all ts publc resources. In addton, nsttutonal and ndvdual practces regardng land use and natural resources are subject to sectoral stpulatons that are not well mplemented or evaluated at local and central levels. Wth those two weaknesses, there has untl now been a deepenng and extenson of the crss that not only covers the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) as determne by Kyoto Protocol but also cover the scarcty and conlct of nterest over rghts and access to land, water and local natural resources ncludng mnng materals, forest and marne bomass, as well as regonal nfrastructures.
1.3.1.1 The Agrarian Crisis
development n the green zone for water catchment n Puncak, Bogor, West Java. Ths s not an solated case, n varous forms t also occurs n other areas n Java and other man slands. The rchness of natural resources themselves has created complex problems, such as has occurred n the slands outsde Java. Ther explotaton frequently creates an expensve socal and ecologcal mpact on the local communty as well as to the ntegrty of local ecosystems. The form of extensve ndustral forest explotaton that has occurred n the man slands such as Kalmantan and Sumatra has caused a crss that s very dficult to restore. Although over ths tme t has been controlled wth varous regulatons and montorng and control nstruments, the ndustral-scale explotaton has an mportant role n the deforestaton process and the emergence of llegal forest product producton regmes that are more dficult to control.
1.3.1.2 Water Resource Crisis
It can not be dened that water s very mportant for lvelhoods. Lack of access to drnkng water and santaton, along wth bad envronmental condtons have a dangerous mpact on the human health. Smlarly, the avalablty of water for food producton s also a very mportant contrbutor to food securty.
Accordng to data from the Envronmental Status Report (2002), Indonesan water consumpton s around 3,169x106 m3, wth projectons that by 2000
consumpton wll be about 6,114x106 m3, and 8,903x106 m3 by 2015, wth
the percentage of ts ncrease between 10% per year (1990-2000) and 6,67% per year (2000-2015).. Based on calculatons made by Drectorate General of
Water Resource, Java (wth hgh populaton and hgh ndustral actvtes), Bal and East Nusa Tenggara already suffer water deict. Ths deict wll ncrease n lne wth the ncrease of populaton and economc actvtes.
The avalablty of water, for varous needs of the domestc/human settlement sector, agrculture, isheres, anmal husbandry, ndustry and envronment s very dependent on the clmate, so t s very vulnerable to clmate change. The total water collecton facltes (reservors, ponds etc.), wth total capacty of around 5% of run-off, s only able to guarantee supply to about 10% (700,000 ha) of the total area of the exstng rrgated network. The supply of clean water through new ppng system only covers about 37% of the urban populaton and about 8% of the rural populaton. The rest s suppled by the use of groundwater, partcularly shallow ground water, thus t s vulnerable, both n terms of quantty and qualty, partcularly durng the dry season. Because water supply from surface water s not suficent to fulill the water need of ndustral actvtes, many ndustres use deep groundwater resources. The excessve use of ground water (over the supply capacty) causes land subsdence that creates areas vulnerable to lood and salt water ntruson. The key soluton s suficent budget allocaton to buld water resource nfrastructure together wth the polces to manage the use of groundwater consstently.
Fundamental changes to water resources wll also cause change n socal systems. The area that at present s recognzed as havng an abundance of water wll experence major change. Ths wll tend to ncrease the change n the pattern of actvtes from agrculture to non agrcultural actvty as well as an ncrease of mgraton rate from rural area to sem-urban and urban area.
Ths results n loodng durng the rany season and drought durng the dry season.
Polluton of rver water s already at a dangerous level. Based on the water qualty crtera n year 2001/2002, none of the rvers n Indonesa satsfy the 1st-Class and 2nd-Class of the qualty standard, especally n the downstream
secton whch was domnated by the 3rd Class. The low dscharge of the rver
durng the dry season also results n poor water qualty because of polluton. Ths condton wll be worsened by the mpact of clmate change that tends to ncrease the ntensty of the ranfall durng the rany season and decreases the ranfall sharply durng dry season, as well as lengthenng the perod of dry season.
In general, clmate change wll nluence a number of weather parameters ncludng: temperature, ranfall, pressure, humdty, wnd speed and drecton, cloud condton and solar radaton. The change of ranfall wll effect water-related sectors, such as water resources, agrculture, nfrastructure (nclude settlement, transportaton, hydro power plant and spatal planng), isheres, swamp and peat as well as coastal areas.
The mpacts of clmate change on water-related sectors are, among others: • Increasng the occurrence of extreme weather that has the potental to
cause lood, landslde and drought. These wll ncrease the damage to nfrastructure; reduce food producton, lead to ndvdual property loss and human casualtes, ncludng the threat of storm and hgh waves that wll endanger the safety of shppng. The threat of storms could also create refugees from populatons lvng n low-lyng areas, coastal areas and small slands;
• Decrease the contrbuton of hydro power to the total supply of energy; • Increase the coastal length that experence eroson;
• The threat of salt water ntruson could cause:
− Reduced qualty and quantty of fresh water supply durng dry season that wll ncrease the processng cost for drnkng water;
− Threat of salt water ntruson to the sources of drnkng water (water ntake stes n rvers) because of sea level rse;
− Damage to the functon of rce ield as agrculture land and also damage the functon of the rver as fresh water resource;
− Damage to the structure of buldngs;
− Socal, economy and envronmental problems n the affected area. • Dsrupton to nland water transportaton n Kalmantan, because the
decrease of rver water level durng dry season wll prevent the passage of large shps;
• Increased probablty of ire on peat land because of hgher temperature and lower ranfall durng the dry season;
• Threaten mangrove habtat and coral reef as well as ish populaton n Indonesan waters.
• Increase the threat to bodversty because of changes n land use and vegetaton coverage and the ncrease of human populaton.
• Increased threat of dsease such as malara, dengue fever, cholera and others.
1.3.1.3 Infrastructure Crisis in Settlement Centers
Untl now, the regonal nfrastructure development model has tended to put pressure on rural settlement and producton areas n varous ways as has been mentoned above. Mtgaton efforts through control of deforestaton wll face conlct wth local lvelhoods. Rural poverty wll put new pressure on forest regons, as well as the expanson of the explotaton of ndustral forest products. Moreover, a smlar crss becomes the man drver of mgraton from agrculture and/or rural regons to the urban centers.
Urban areas, wth lmted nsttutonal capacty, and wthout support from the polcy framework or suficent fundng focussed on safety and welfare of the cty populaton, are not well prepared to cope wth ths urbanzaton process. Problems of clean water, waste, buldng and housng codes, as well as publc transportaton nfrastructure have pushed the systemc crss n cty centers.
On average, the Indonesan populaton produce about 2.75 lters of waste per person each day. For example, Jakarta wth a populaton of 12 mllons could produce up to 33,000 m3 of waste per day. Because the exstng nfrastructure
Ctes are stll usng the open dumpng waste management n landill stes, so the methane gas produced by the anaerobc decomposton process wll be released to the atmosphere and create global warmng (global warmng potental per molecule of CH4 s 21 tmes greater than a molecule of CO2).
Based on study of CH4 gas emsson conducted at waste dumpng locaton at Jelekong-Bandung (Drejana, 2007), each kg of waste could release 0.0003335 kg of CH4 to the atmosphere. The populaton of Indonesa n 2000 was 205.1 mllon wth populaton growth of 1.33% (BPS, 2000). If t s assumed that the waste densty s 196.4 kg/m3 (Saptn, 2007), then the amount of methane gas
released to the atmosphere n 2006 could reach 40 tons, equvalent to 841 tons of CO2.
The rapd ncrease of ar polluton along wth the ncrease of populaton actvtes n transportaton, ndustry, servce and household sectors, has caused an ncrease of lung nfecton, and other dseases such as cancer, reduced chld ntellgence, and chldren wth autsm born wth heavy metals exceed the permtted lmt. Moreover, fuel combuston n motor vehcle produces polycyclc aromatc hydrocarbons (PAH) whch s a carcnogen. Acd ran also occurs n Indonesa wth ranfall pH between 4.5 and 5. The general standard to determne acd ran s a ranfall pH below 5.6.
1.3.1.4 Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) Sector
In the forestry sector, the hghest decrease of land coverage occurred n the
perod 1997 – 2000 whch was 2.83 mllon ha (forest and non forest area) per year, wth the hghest rate occurrng n Sumatra wth 1.15 mllon ha per year, followed by Kalmantan wth 1.12 mllon ha, Sulawes wth 692 thousand ha, Maluku 294 thousand ha and Papua wth 156 thousand ha per year (see Fgure 1).
Figure 1. The rate of the decrease of forest coverage n 1997 – 2000 (thousands Ha per year)
The rate of decrease on forest coverage above has been smaller n the perod of 2000-2005, reducng to 1.08 m ha per year.
About 60% of Indonesa’s greenhouse gas emssons come from the LULUCF sector (Indonesa: The Frst Natonal Communcaton, 1999). An nternatonal scentic publcaton stated that forest and peat land ire n Indonesa n 1997 contrbuted 13-40% of the global carbon emsson (Page, et. al., 2002). Although the calculaton technques used are debatable among experts, Indonesa nonetheless must conduct efforts to reduce forest and land ires. CO2 emsson because of forest and peat land ire n Indonesa can be seen n the followng Fgure 2.
as agrculture, plantaton, settlement. mnng, regonal nfrastructure) and degradaton (the decrease of forest qualty because of llegal loggng, forest ire, over-cuttng, land clearance by slash and burn, and shftng cultvaton.
Figure 2. CO2 emsson (mllon ton) due to forest ire n Indonesa (from Hel et.al., 2007)
Postve value of SOI = La Nña; Negatve value of SOI = El Nño Source: Australan Bureau of Meteorology
Figure 3. The number of hot spot per year and SOI (Southern Oscllaton Index) n Indonesa, 2002-2007
In the agrculture sector, accordng to calculaton by Agrculture Department, emssons n 2005 were 96.42 mllon tons of CO2e (Table 1). Most of t (62%) comes from rce ield,
Table 1. Green house gas emission from agriculture sector
Agriculture Activities GHG Emission (million ton CO2e)
Rce ield 61.781
Husbandry 19.338
Agrculture Land 3.750
Land ire (bush, savannah, shftng cultvaton) 3.619 Burnng of agrculture waste (straw, rce, corn,
sugar cane etc.) 7.932
1.3.1.5 Marine Sector
The seas play an mportant role n global carbon cycle. Almost half of the oxygen that we use comes from photosynthess n the seas. Smlarly wth the forest, n the sea there are carbon storage and release processes. The total carbon store n the ocean s about 50 tmes the amount that exsts n the atmosphere. As shown by Fgure 4, the exchange mechansm of the ocean s very dynamc so the ocean could store and release sgnicant amount of carbon. The carbon exchange value n the ocean s about 90 bllon ton per year released to the atmosphere and 92 bllon ton per year absorbed. The dfference, whch s about 2 – 3 bllon tons per year s the carbon stored n the marne bomass lvng n the surface. The carbon store n the ntermedate and deep sea amounts to 38,000 – 40,000 bllon tons. As a comparson, land vegetaton produces a carbon cycle of 60 bllon ton of carbon released to the atmosphere and 61 bllon ton of carbon absorbed (see the followng Fgure 4).
The marne carbon cycle s conducted through two mechansms, whch are physcs and bology (bologcal pump). CO2 gas n atmosphere enters the sea because there are dfferences between CO2 partal pressure n the sea and n the atmosphere, and the capacty of the sea to dssolve ths substance. CO2 gas n the ar s absorbed by saltwater and used by phytoplankton at the sea surface. The contrbuton of phytoplankton to global carbon absorpton s nearly 50%. Through photosynthess and respraton, phytoplankton carres out carbon exchange durng the day and nght tme. Part of the CO2 gas produced by phytoplankton s released back to the atmosphere and part of t s stored or transfer to deep sea or sedment of sea bottom. Besde phytoplankton, other marne bota also conducts carbon exchange, such as coral reef, sea grass and mangrove.
In a smlar way to land vegetaton, phytoplankton has chlorophyll that can absorb the spectrum of solar radaton. In addton, solar energy s also absorbed by salt water that causes the varaton of sea surface temperature. Ths mechansm can be recorded by satellte. Through ths remote sensng technology, the amount of prmary producton and sea surface temperature can be calculated so the carbon lux can be estmated. Carbon lux estmaton should be supported by contnung observaton regardng the marne bota’s capablty to conduct bologcal pump and other factors that nluence the qualty of the marne envronment.
Indonesa as an archpelagc state has 5.8 mllon km2 marne area, wth
potental coral reef area about 61,000 km2, sea grass of 30,000 km2 and
mangrove forest wth an area of 93,000 km2. Therefore, Indonesan seas have
large potental to absorb (carbon snk) and release carbon (carbon emtter).
1.3.2 Management of Energy
In energy sector, Indonesan energy consumpton has growth rapdly snce 1970. In the perod 1970-2003 the growth of inal energy consumpton n Indonesa reached 7% p.a., whle the growth of global energy consumpton was only 2% p.a. At that tme energy conservaton n Indonesa was not yet optmal and stll lmted to the development of renewable energy. Indonesan energy polcy up to 2003 stll placed fossl fuel as man energy source wth 95% of the total energy, wth renewable energy only 5%.
From Natonal Communcaton data n 1994, energy consumpton n Indonesa conssted of consumpton n domestc (household) and commercal buldngs, ndustry, transportaton, and power plant that release around 170.02 mllon tons of CO2. Emssons from energy consumpton consttuted 25% of the total Indonesan emsson whch was 748.6 mllon tons. However, total emssons from the Indonesas energy sector are stll very small compared to developed countres. Data from the Internatonal Energy Agency shows that n 1994, global emsson of CO2 from energy consumpton (combuston of fossl fuel) was around 21 bllon tons. Therefore, Indonesan CO2 emsson from energy consumpton n 1994 only contrbuted around 0.81% of global emssons.
Populaton and economc growth along wth technology development wll ncrease CO2 emsson. Wthout nterventon to reduce ths emsson, the energy sector of Indonesa wll emt about 1,200 mllon tons of CO2 n 2025 (PE-UI, 2006). Ths can be seen n the followng Fgure 5.
1.4 Indonesia’s Commitment to Safeguard Global Climate
Indonesa has gven specal attenton to envronmental management snce the early 1980s. The extent of socal ecologcal damage up to now remans a real stmulus for Indonesa to take stronger ntatves n restorng and managng the envronment.
Although Indonesa does not have any oblgaton to reduce ts greenhouse gas emssons, t does have an nterest n playng an actve role n global efforts to tackle clmate change. Indonesa ratied the Unted Natons Framework Conventon on Clmate Change through Act No.6, n 1994. Ten years later, Indonesa ratied the Kyoto Protocol through Act No. 17, n 2004. Ths commtment now requres a thorough effort and real acton, coverng all sectors that contrbute to greenhouse gas emssons and carbon sequestraton. Ths commtment must also be mplemented along wth efforts to mprove welfare and envronmental qualty, whch s relected n the management of consumpton and producton prortes for mtgaton and adaptaton.
Indonesa has conducted several natonal strategy studes on the energy and forestry sectors n relaton to the above commtment. In addton, through comprehensve studes, Indonesa has dentied several potental programs to reduce emssons from the ol and gas, forestry, transportaton, and sold waste sectors and from the applcaton of new and renewable energy.
The formulaton of natonal strategy along wth ts Natonal Acton Plan (NAP) for mtgaton and adaptaton to clmate change represents gudance to that effort. The NAP s a dynamc nstrument that must be examned perodcally and revsed and mproved n ts effectveness accordngly. Ths gudance must also be clear to show to all relevant partes how to mplement actons n managng the producton and consumpton sectors as well as soco-ecologcal change. The acton plan wth mplementaton methodologes, montorng and control of the executon must be able to overcome the low degree of coordnaton between stakeholders and other exstng nsttutons as well as socal obstacles at the present tme.
government polces and programs n the NAP.
It s urgent to adjust publc polcy as well as the relevant legal nstruments, partcularly n mtgaton and adaptaton of development prorty sectors, ncludng energy consumers (such as power plant, ndustry, transportaton and commercal and domestc), trade, forestry, agrculture, isheres/marne, mnng and nfrastructure.
The large spatal scale and the mplementaton target of the NAP requres a new and shorter chan of control on montorng and measurement, to evaluate performance n order to overcome the fragmentaton of the tasks of all the man sectors. Therefore, publc polcy nstruments to gude sustanable development along wth NAP, ncludng the supportng economc and iscal nstruments, should be accompaned wth the means to ntegrate the mplementaton of the socal-ecologcal targets of the NAP, n order to contnuously montor and measure the changes.
A seres of ntegrated actons should be carred out to drve varous changes to the nature and modaltes of nvestment and the low of goods and resources to restore the socal-ecologcal damage throughout the Indonesan archpelago.
Indonesa has carred out several actons to mplement the Conventon and Protocol n antcpaton of clmate change, whch cover the mtgaton and adaptaton effort, ncludng, among others:
1.4.1 Mitigation Effort
Institutional development
• Establshment of the Natonal Commsson on the Clean Development Mechansm based on Mnstry of Envronment Decree No.206/05 as Desgnated Natonal Authorty (DNA) to gve natonal approval to CDM project proposals that have satsied sustanable development crtera. The Natonal Commsson on CDM conssts of nne departments, and s chared by Deputy III, State Mnstry of Envronment.
Energy Sector
• Act N0. 17/2006 concernng the change on Act No.10/1055 regardng custom regulatons that gve free or reduced mport tax for clean technology equpment
• Act No.30/2007 concernng Energy
• Presdental Instructon No. 10/2005 concernng Energy Savng
• Presdental Instructon No. 1/2006 concernng Supply and Applcaton of Bofuel as alternatve fuel.
• Presdental regulaton No. 5/2006 concernng Natonal Energy Polcy • Department of Energy and Mneral Resource Mnsteral Regulaton
No. 1122K/30/MEM/2002 regardng Small Scale Power Plant usng renewable energy
• Department of Energy and Mneral Resource Mnsteral Regulaton No. 0002/2004 regardng polcy on renewable energy development and energy conservaton (green energy development)
• Department of Energy and Mneral Resource Mnsteral Regulaton No. 0031/2005 about gudance for the mplementaton of Energy Savng. • Department of Energy and Mneral Resource Mnsteral Regulaton
No. 002/2006 regardng Medum Scale Power Plant wth renewable energy.
• Montorng of Ar Polluton emsson from ndustry sector that has been conducted by State Mnstry of Envronment through Company Performance Evaluaton Program (PROPER) and transportaton sector trough Blue Sky program on motor vehcle emsson test.
• Rural Energy Self Suficent Program for electrc energy sources such as at Subang by usng hydro power. Untl 2006, almost all ctes/dstrcts n South Sulawes have bult more than 3000 unts of solar energy power plant.
• Implementaton of Cleaner Producton Program (CPEE/Cleaner Producton) and Energy Eficency for energy ntensve ndustry such as cement, steel, fertlzer, pulp and paper, textle, power plant etc.
• Regulate and Ban the mport of envronmentally unfrendly goods. • State Mnstry of Envronment Mnster Regulaton No.7/2007 regardng
statc source emsson standard for boler
LULUCF Sector
• Addressng Forest Fre
and Land Fre.
o Preventve Forest Fre effort that conssts of satellte montorng, ield montorng of companes, ar qualty montorng, and communty empowerment to change the practce of land clearng from slash and burn to not usng ire or controllng ire. The mplementaton of ths preventve effort s conducted by ncreasng the communty partcpaton whle at the same tme s used to ncrease communty ncome (related wth poverty allevaton) of farmer n areas vulnerable to ire, among other through dstrbuton of techncal equpment to clear the land wthout ire, and tranng for farmer.
o Establsh Manggala Agn that has a duty to montor, prevent and address the forest ire.
• Issued the Presdental Instructon No.4/2005 regardng the elmnaton of llegal tree cuttng n forest area and ts dstrbuton throughout the Republc of Indonesa terrtory. In ths decree, the Presdent has ordered 12 mnstres, prosecutor, polce, the armed forces and the leader of local governments to accelerate the elmnaton of llegal tree cuttng n forest area and ts dstrbuton throughout the Republc of Indonesa terrtory. • Addressng looded land and prevent the occurrence of loodng. The
objectve of ths management s to prevent methane gas emsson and the accumulaton of domestc waste because of lood.
Capacity Building
• To encourage CDM project actvtes n Indonesa, CDM tranng actvtes have been conducted for key stakeholders, whch are relevant government agences, local government, communtes, prvate sector, legslatve, assocaton, heads of companes, unverstes. These actvtes have been conducted n ive regons, namely Sumatra, Java, Kalmantan, SUMAPAPUA (Sulawes, Maluku and Papua, as well as Bal and Nusa Tenggara).
1.4.2 Adaptation
Institutional Development
LULUCF Sector
• Integrated Coastal Management has been conducted through mangrove forest plantng actvtes n the north of Java (Pemalang, Batang, Brebes, Pekalongan, Tegal), east coast of Sumatra and several provnces (Nangroe Aceh Darussalam, North Sumatra). The purpose of ths program among others are to empower the communty ncludng women, to prevent the degradaton of coastal vegetaton that also functons as carbon sequestraton. Ths s also conducted to develop economc potental such as ecotoursm, coconut charcoal producton for coastal area to prevent the used of mangrove as source of energy. For example the mangrove plantng n Ulujam regency (Pemalang Dstrct), that also supports soft shell crabs farmng.
• Formulaton on draft Gudance for Water Conservaton (absorpton well and water reservor) and Natonal Water Saver Partnershp Movement. • Coral reef management has been conducted by transplantaton
method such as n Sabang waters. Coral transplantaton s a method by transplantaton and cuttng of lve colony of coral reef to be moved or planted n other places, for the purpose of acceleratng the regeneraton of the damage coral reef.
• Breakwaters are used to reduce eroson n coastal areas such as mplemented n Tanah Lot by usng Tetrapod model. However, not all stes can use the same model, because the technology used n one locaton s dependent on the pattern of local currents and waves.
Capacity Building
• Plans to establsh clmate ield schools n 25 provnces (150 dstrcts/ ctes) to ncrease farmers’ understandng of clmate nformaton and ts applcaton. A clmate ield school has been establshed n Indramayu snce 2003. The establshment of Clmate Feld School s cooperaton between Department of Agrculture, Meteorologcal and Geophyscs Agency, local government and Insttute Pertanan Bogor (IPB) wth fundng from Natonal Oceanc and Atmospherc Admnstraton.
1.4.3 Efforts to Support Mitigation and Adaptation Simultaneously
Institutional Development
• Establshed Natonal Commttee for Clmate Change through Envronmental Mnsteral Decree No.53/2003. The members of ths Natonal Commttee are representatves from departments and nsttutons related to clmate change.
• Revson on Act No.23/1997 concernng Envronmental Management to nclude clmate change ssue.
• Formulaton of Presdental Regulaton concernng Clmate Change that wll be functon as umbrella to all actvtes related wth clmate change mpact, both n term of mtgaton and adaptaton.
LULUCF Sector
• Land Rehabltaton and Reforestaton
o Natonal Movement for Land rehabltaton (Gerhan) s a movement to replant forest over 59 mllon ha of crtcal land n Indonesa. Ths program wll be focused on 3 mllon ha of rver watersheds n Indonesa. In the perod of 2003-2007 an area of 4 mllon ha has been planted.
• Management of Peat Land
o Presdental Instructon No. 2/2007 concernng Revtalzaton and Rehabltaton of Sustanable Peat Land.
o Draft formulaton on Sustanable Peat Land Management.
o Mnstry of Envronment has conducted an nventory and mappng of peat characterstcs. Ths nformaton has been presented by State Mnstry of Envronment to the related local government and nsttutons for spatal plannng formulaton and permt requrement.
o Conduct peat envronment restoraton by dammng channels to ncrease and mantan the water level of the peat land.
• Rver watershed programs based n Forestry and Plantaton Mnstry No. 284/Kpts-II/1999 stated that 472 rver watersheds should be addressed, consstng of 62 prorty 1 rver watersheds, 232 prorty 2 rver watersheds and 178 prorty 3 rver watersheds.
• The Heart of Borneo s a name gven to 22 mllon ha of tropcal ran forest n Kalmantan that extends through Indonesa, Malaysa and Brune Darussalam. Ths regon conssts of conservaton and cultvaton areas that are managed for sustanablty. The Heart of Borneo declaraton was sgned on 12 February 2007 and ncluded the three countres’ commtment to manage the Kalmantan forest regon n a sustanable way.
• Improvement of land polcy. Effectve land polcy could ndrectly result n the reducton of emssons through the decrease of forest degradaton and deforestaton. The certanty of rghts and dutes partcularly related to land ttle can reduce negatve mpacts and make land users more capable to adapt the clmate change.
Marine Sector
• The APEC Marne and Fsheres Mnsteral Meetng n Bal n September 2005 adopted the “Bal Plan of Acton”. Ths document s a reference for Asa-Pacic countres n marne resource sustanable management to antcpate the mpact of clmate change to natonal development. • In September 2007 n the APEC Summt at Sydney, Australa, the 21
of the clmate change mpact at the regonal level through conservaton and preservaton of 75,000 km2 coral reef n the sx countres (CT-6).
CHAPTER II
THE OBJECTIVE AND STRATEGY FOR NATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT IN THE ANTICIPATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE
As an archpelagc state, Indonesa s partcularly vulnerable to the mpacts of clmate change. Furthermore, as a developng country, t does not have the capacty to adapt to clmate change as well as a developed country. Therefore, t s a concern that development conducted by the government wll be hampered by the mpacts of clmate change. The poor are the group most vulnerable to the mpacts of clmate change, and they are also the most mpacted group because of the obstructon of natonal development. Therefore any response to clmate change should nclude poverty allevaton. The trple track strategy whch s pro-poor, pro-job and pro-growth should become an ntegral part of the natonal strategy to address clmate change.
The natonal strategy addressng clmate change should therefore also be drected to socal engneerng development, so communtes can have a systematc, planned and thorough socal change n order to get socal and ecologcal beneit.
2.1 The Past and Present of Development Pattern
The soco-economc transformaton to mprove the qualty of lfe of the Indonesan people n the post-ndependence perod took place n the context of dynamc domestc and foregn poltcal economy, that was not always n accordance wth the natonal nterest. The focus of development that centers on economc growth, poltcal stablty, and equty takes place on a base of natural resource explotaton wthout consderaton of ts sustanablty. Therefore, the trple track strategy mentoned above, should be expanded wth the fourth track, namely pro-envronment, whch based on the sustanable development.
and mantanng the envronment have not yet become the prncple of development.
To ntegrate the trple track strateges, whch are pro-poor, pro-job and pro growth wth sustanable development prncples, the communty should receved necessary nformaton and be actvely nvolved. In ths way communty wllngness to accept change becomes a very mportant aspect that should be consdered. In addton, an ntegrated development pattern to delver sustanable development should be devsed.
2.2 The Objective of National Development with the Climate Change Anticipation Agenda
2.2.1 Mitigation Agenda
Management of the economc performance and qualty of lfe of the people should be strongly lnked to the reducton of greenhouse gas emssons and reduced energy ntensty of economc growth, to be consstent wth Indonesa’s commtment to global efforts to tackle clmate change. Mtgaton targets wll reman dficult to acheve as long as the barrers to the achevement of wellbeng and socal securty, and the mantenance of sustanable natural servces are also not reduced. The extenson of deforestaton and land degradaton partcularly n the last decade s an expensve lesson n the falure of economc management based only on the three fundamental prncples above.
At the level of socal lvelhoods, mtgaton and adaptaton objectves wll nteract wth publc atttudes. The promoton of atttudes and lfe-style patterns whch are consstent wth the mpact of clmate change should therefore be developed n a systematc and planned way
The strategy to delver mtgaton targets n the prorty economc sectors1
should therefore be formulated not only to take nto account each sector on ts own, but also to consder a broader framework ncludng human wellbeng, productvty and the sustanablty of natural servces. Although ths approach s not prmarly drven by Indonesa’s commtment under the
UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol, t nonetheless s a part of the strategy of natonal development that also plays a role to ensure the achevement of clmate change mtgaton targets.
2.2.2 Adaptation Agenda
Adaptaton to clmate change s a key aspect of the natonal development agenda, n order to acheve development patterns that are reslent to the mpacts of current and future clmate change. The long term objectves of the clmate change adaptaton agenda s the ntegraton of clmate change adaptaton nto natonal development plans.
Today, Indonesa s already vulnerable to the rsk of natural dsaster such as loodng, landslde, eroson, tropcal storms and drought, and n the future t wll have greater rsks because of clmate change. If concrete acton s not taken mmedately, then the Mllennum Development Goals related to poverty, hunger and health wll be dficult to acheve. Even those target that have been acheved over past decades wll also be threatened.
Therefore the clmate change adaptaton agenda should be mplemented through a sustanable development framework that ntegrates economc, socal and ecologcal aspects. Development that only focuses on economc targets wthout consderaton of natural resource sustanablty wll ncrease Indonesan vulnerablty to clmate change. The mplementaton of adaptaton actvty should be parallel wth poverty allevaton efforts and economc development targets for poor communtes, whch are the group most vulnerable to the mpact of clmate change.
The development of capacty to adapt to clmate change n the future should be based on experence and capacty buldng to address the present clmate rsk. Therefore, the adaptaton agenda to address clmate change should be lnked to the Natonal Acton Plan on Reducton of Dsaster Rsk (RAN-PRB). Ths RAN-PRB has been establshed by the Government of Indonesa as a commtment to Unted Resoluton 63/1999. The RAN-PRB objectve s to reduce rsk factors that cause dsaster ncludng those related to envronment and natural resources such as clmate change.
plans such as Medum and Long Term Development Plans; (2) Revew and adjust the exstng ntatves or programs, so they wll be reslent to clmate change; (3) Insttutonalze the use of clmate nformaton n order to have capablty to manage clmate rsk; (4) encourage local autonomy to ntegrate consderaton of clmate rsk nto local development plans; (5) strengthen the nformaton and knowledge to reduce present and future clmate rsk; (6) ensure the avalablty of domestc resources and fundng for adaptaton actvty and maxmze the use, probably wth the nternatonal support; (7) choose no regret opton, whch s conductng adaptaton acton wth or wthout clmate change so the beneit receve could be used to reduce the vulnerablty to clmate change, but also could be used for natonal development beneit; and (8) encourage a natonal dalog to accelerate mplementaton process of adaptaton agenda to clmate change n Indonesa.
2.3 The Principle of National Development Management
To acheve the above target and ts multple beneits, the Natonal Acton Plan should be montored and mproved contnuously based on the prncple of publc natonal development as follows:
First, harmonze all polces and legal nstruments to broaden economc actvty and mantan the compettveness of the man producton system followng the three requrements of soco ecology natonal development (human/ natural wellbeng, productvty and sustanablty of natural servces);
Second, the man nstrument for complance s the ntegraton and harmonzaton of spatal use along wth the utlzaton of publc resources to overcome the “status quo” that prevents the mplementaton of sustanable development n Indonesa;
Third, the achevement of clmate change mtgaton targets along wth socal ecology targets should be acheved through adaptaton of consumpton pattern and sustanable producton from all agents of change;
2.4 Time frame for the implementation of the National Action Plan
IMMEDIATE ACTION: 2007-2009
Over ths perod, the requred nstruments wth ther nsttutonal support of the Natonal Acton Plan should be acheved, as well as harmonzaton between sectors. In addton, mnmum requrements for nformaton nfrastructure requred for collaboraton between varous key actors s to be acheved. Informaton that should be collected ncludes the latest socal mappng so ts development can be followed perodcally. Socal mappng could be used for a polcy base that ntegrates populaton dynamcs (qualty, quantty and moblty) wth clmate change.
SHORT TERM ACTION: 2009-2012
Untl the end of the irst commtment perod of the Kyoto Protocol n 2012, the mplementaton of NAP n each of the mtgaton and adaptaton prorty sectors, partcularly energy, forestry, agrculture, mnng, publc works (nfrastructure) and health should be voluntary, to antcpate the new regme of clmate change mtgaton and adaptaton n effect after the end of the irst commtment perod. The new modaltes of publc affars must be measured,
especally the performance of nvestment development and economc expanson that could mprove socal ecology condtons throughout the country, and could mantan productvty and vtal producton systems such as food and other basc requrement. The level of restoraton of ther degradaton wll determne the achevement of Indonesan mtgaton of the clmate change, because of the Indonesan socal ecology condton as set out above.
From a socal angle, t s also expected that the ntegraton of basc culture-socal engneerng to a new way of lfe has been carred out, partcularly n the mtgaton and adaptaton sectors n forestry, agrculture and health that wll most nluence communtes. The ntegraton of socal aspects nto mtgaton and adaptaton of clmate change s drected to ntegraton of socal/ populaton dynamcs whch are: quantty (growth, brth/mortalty), qualty (degree of health, productvty and cohesvely) and moblty (dstrbuton/ mgraton) wth envronment factor (the avalablty of resource/ level of damage and polluton)
MEDIUM-TERM ACTION: 2012-2025
The performance of short term Natonal Acton Plan mplementaton whch wll be concluded n 2012 wth all ts evaluaton results wll become one of the man nputs to programmng and mplementaton of the medum-term acton plan. Durng the perod of ths medum term mplementaton, the achevement of those mtgaton targets from prorty sectors along wth the achevement of adaptaton target throughout the welfare sectors, from the negatve mpact of clmate change to the welfare supportng system and the sustanablty of the natural servces throughout Indonesa. In addton, the basc socal culture approprate to the long term antcpaton of clmate change must be developed. Specically, t should acheve dsaster rsk reducton that can easly be measured, expressed n terms of publc knowledge and awareness of the clmate change rsks, the avalablty of lfe supportng nfrastructure and vtal producton systems, among others.
LONG-TERM ACTION: 2025-2050
2.5 Specific Strategies in Key Policies Areas
The gudng prncples of natonal development, especally those that should be acheved through the mplementaton of the NAP, should be executed and expressed n the key polces that have hampered the achevement of natonal soco-ecologcal mprovement n the past. These aspects are as follow:
A. Reformng the mplementaton protocol for the management of publc affars and adjustment of the functon and role of publc nsttutons n general.
B. Reformng the iscal, monetary, and budget polces to make these three aspects of polces as the man supporter to the clmate change mtgaton and adaptaton, ncludng ts soco-ecologcal targets. In partcularly, these polces should maxmze the possblty of socal-ecology cost from all producton and consumpton sectors.
C. Reformng the nvestment polcy and creatng new nvestment actors whch focus on socal-ecology mprovement along wth clmate change mtgaton and adaptaton, to push the economc expanson whch s lexble and responsve to clmate change.
D. Vtalzaton of development polces and screenng the technology to guarantee the achevement of clmate change mtgaton and adaptaton targets along wth the soco-ecologcal mprovement throughout Indonesa.
E. Regonal mplementaton of management and utlzaton of publc resources, ncludng natural and man made resources, wth consderaton of populaton mgraton and changes as the result of clmate change. Integraton of development sectors should be based on spatal plannng that s sutable to the demand for restoraton of the envronment and enrchment of natural resources.
F. The two most mportant polcy areas n mtgaton and adaptaton (energy sector and LULUCF) should follow the above development gudance whch untl now remans fragmented nto ive polcy portfolos (agrculture, forestry, publc works, land and spatal plannng).
G. Development of nformaton that ntegrates all actons, purpose, targets and polces n all sectors.
H. Stressng n development plans to restore the envronment qualty whch s adjusted to trple track strategy (poor, growth, and pro-employment) and based on sustanable development.
J. Implement development polcy that lmts natural resource explotaton and encourages the effort of natural & human resource enrchment.
2.6 Production and Public Services Sectors
The prorty economc sectors n the mplementaton of the sustanable development strategy through the Natonal Acton Plan are as follows:
a. Agrculture; b. Forestry; c. Water resource; d. Marne and Fsheres; e. Energy;
f. Mnng;
g. Processng & Manufacture; h. Publc works;
. Toursm.
j. Populaton (quantty, qualty, and moblty of dstrbuton)
From both a mtgaton and adaptaton perspectve, the NAP should be capable of pushng the ntegraton and sharpenng of the purpose, target and polcy nstrumentaton of the followng polces area:
a. Health; b. Educaton;
c. Labor/employment; d. Populaton;
e. Regonal and settlement management, spatal plannng; f. Capacty Development on scence and technology; g. Capacty development on dsaster mpact management.
The NAP s a dynamc polcy nstrument that wll be evaluated, renewed and mproved perodcally n stages, and wll requre polcy ntegraton from mtgaton and adaptaton prorty sectors for ts mplementaton untl the medum perod (2025).
2.7 The NAP spatial scale and time limitation of and the coverage of the need for policy integration
the NAP should be mplemented wth full commtment from the Government of Indonesa and all other stakeholders.
CHAPTER III
NATIONAL ACTION PLAN TO ANTICIPATE CLIMATE CHANGE
As a response to the exstng clmate change, whch s expected to contnue n the future, ths Natonal Acton Plan s focusng on mtgaton and adaptaton efforts. Bascally, the mtgaton s an effort to prevent the worsenng of clmate change, whle adaptaton s a technque to adjust the way of lfe and ts means toward clmate change.
To support the actvtes of clmate change mtgaton and adaptaton, then t requres strong enforcement of law and regulaton, good governance, socalzaton and ntensve educaton.
3.1 MITIGATION
The purpose of mtgaton s to reduce the emsson rate of Green House Gas (GHG), so t s stll on the level that could be tolerated. Carbon doxde gas s the largest n the current global emsson composton s. Although, Indonesa s not yet oblgated to reduce ts GHG emsson, but because t s vulnerable to the clmate change, then t s feel that t s necessary to conduct mtgaton n energy sector and LULUCF. Along wth data mprovement, than t s possble to nclude other sectors n the mtgaton effort.
To measure the effectveness of the mplementaton of varous mtgaton actvtes n varous sectors, the capacty development and nsttutonal system n conductng green house gas nventory wll receve specal attenton.
3.1.1 Energy Sector
In 2003, the composton of Indonesan energy consumpton consst of ol, wth 54.4% followed by natural gas wth 26.5%, coal wth 14.1%, hydropower plant wth 3.4%, geothermal wth 1.4% and other renewable sources wth 0.2%. In ths year, the CO2 emsson reaches 258.67 mllon tons. The energy crss whch s trggered by the ncrease of global ol prce that passes the level of US$ 70 per barrel n August 2005 n 2004 has force the Government of Indonesa to ncrease the fuel prce n October 1st 2005. In the begnnng of
natonal energy polces. In ths regulaton, t s expected that there wll be an ncrease of new and renewable energy consumpton percentage as well as energy conservaton effort.
The mx energy composton expected to be acheved n 2005 as nstructed by the presdental regulaton s as follows: ol, 20%, coal, 33%, natural gas, 30%, bo fuel, 5%, geothermal, 5%, other new renewable energy sources, 5% and lqueied coal 2%. Fgure 6 below show the effort to reduce CO2 emsson through varous programs, namely dversicaton and conservaton (n accordance wth Presdental Regulaton No.5, 2006), constructon of nuclear power plant, geothermal power plant (outsde the target of Presdental Regulaton No.5, 2006), and the mplementaton of Carbon Capture and Storage – CCS.
Figure 6. The effort to reduce CO2 emsson n energy sector through varous programs, whch are dversicaton and conservaton (Presdental Instructon), nuclear and geothermal electrc power plant and the mplementaton of CCS.
scenaro. If nuclear electrc power plant (exceed the Presdental Instructon’s target of 2%) cold reach 11.5% than the CO2 emsson could be reduced further to 20%. Optmzaton of geothermal electrc power plant to 8.4% of natonal energy could reduce further to 23%. Whle the mplementaton of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology on power plant sector wll reduce 40% of the CO2 the emsson n 2025.
To support the mtgaton effort n energy sector and to acheve the optmal energy mx as plan, then three man thngs have to be executed, as follows: • Energy dversicaton;
• Energy conservaton; and
• Implementaton of clean technology (such as Carbon Capture and Storage – CCS).
Lookng at the above statements, there are several problem solutons that should mmedately be taken as polcy n energy sector, among others are: 1. Energy Dversicaton
a. Mappng the potental, research and development on new energy and renewable energy that approprate wth the Indonesan characterstc
b. Gvng ncentve to the development and utlzaton of new energy and renewable energy.
c. Encourage for more reasonable prce (commodtes, technology and fuel) by calculatng and nclude the socal costs and envronmental costs (nternalzng the external cost) n the producton cost and/ or the sellng prce of that product and technology. For example, Nordhaus (2007) propose the amount of carbon tax s 30 USD per ton emsson of CO2.
d. Increase the local role n renewable energy development.
e. Encourage the economc growth based on low polluton energy growth by ncreasng the new energy and renewable energy utlzaton, wth eradcaton of fossl fuel subsdy gradually n stages. f. Conduct decentralzed energy system, among others trough sland
space grd system where the generaton system, transmsson and dstrbuton of electrc power s not totally centralzed, but t s arrange based on network per sland wth utlzaton of exstng local grd system. The decentralzed energy generaton should used local new energy and renewable energy
2. Energy Conservaton
a. Dssemnaton of Informaton about energy conservaton to the energy consumers.
b. Incentve and dsncentve through inancal mechansm
c. Regulaton to mplement energy conservaton to all user sector and mplement savng energy standard
d. Reduce energy ntensty, among other wth mplementaton of carbon labelng n producton of ndustry.
e. Utlze scence and technology to develop lght weght, functonal, eficent and have good qualty products.
f. Formulate and mplement energy savng buldng standards.
Implementaton of the above programs, need a strong commtment, a real realzaton program wth ts legal nfrastructure. For these reasons t needs the partcpaton of developed countres to help developng countres n energy technology transfer along wth ts inancal need. In ths matter one of the ways s to make use the Clean Development Mechansm (CDM) program.
Consderng the weakness-strength and the exstng opportuntes, then the achevement of energy technology development program should be based on geographc poston, populaton growth, economc growth, pattern and standard of lvng and envronmental along wth other mportant aspects, that as a whole should be mplemented n the form of long-term energy plan that be executed wsely. Besde that the factor of socal readness wll decde the antcpaton of energy consumers to address clmate change. Communty readness to change the pattern of energy consumpton should be conducted n every steps of energy polcy. Household base as socal analyss unt n the change natonal energy polcy that antcpatve to clmate change should be consder as one strategc approach.
Wth the lmtaton of non renewable energy sources, then to fulill future energy need, then t should mplement an ntegrated and optmal energy mx and have to be n the drecton to envronmentally frendly energy base, compare to the non renewable energy resource base. Therefore, technology mprovement and knowledge transfer n energy ield become very mportant to be developed.
ENERGY CONSERVATION
Part of the man target of the mplementaton of natonal acton plan for clmate change s to reduce energy ntensty through the eficency mprovement and clean technology mplementaton wth optmal socal ecology beneit from nvestment throughout all prorty producton system.
By ssung the Presdental Instructon No. 10, 2005 regardng Energy Savng and Mnstry of Energy and Mneral Resources Regulaton No. 0031, 2005 concernng the way to mplement energy savng, then snce 2006, t s easer to mplement the energy conservaton. The government of Yogyakarta has replaced street lght wth energy savng lght bulb and nstall the electrc meter for every ten street lght bulb. Ths actvty has mpacted the electrc cost sgnicantly (up to 500 mllon IDR per year). Ths type of actvty that has reduce the green house gas emsson from the energy savng actvty should be socalze to other local government by Mnstry of Envronment and could be proposed as CDM program.
Government, through Mnstry of Envronment wll prepare the gudance for nventory and determne the target for green house gas emsson reducton. Ths gudance wll be used by provncal and cty/dstrct local government, so they could save the energy from varous actvtes, such as household, ofice, hotel, street lght and other actvtes. At present, the energy savng lght bulb and other equpment related wth the energy savng stll expensve, so to compete wth the lght bulb wthout energy savng, t needs ncentve and iscal reducton n accordance wth paragraph 6 of Presdental Regulaton No. 5, 2006.
The mportance of energy savng way of lfe should be campagned contnuously to all layers of communty. Besdes usng varous meda and facltes, the energy savng educaton should also be entered n educaton actvtes, from the level play ground to the unversty.
The mplementaton of energy conservaton and renewable energy also receve push from global energy prce snce 2005. Sectors that use the energy start to mplement energy conservaton and utlze renewable energy although they face several obstacles, as follows:
• Deicency of nformaton regardng conservaton method and technology and the approprate renewable energy.
