8ipertemuan 6 penginderaan persepsi

(1)

Pengindera

an,Persepsi

,

(2)

1.

(3)

Syar

at

peng

indra

an ?



KEK

UAT

AN

OBJ

EK



ADA

NYA

PER

HAT

IAN

MAN

USIA



KES

EHA

TAN

(4)

Sudu

t pan

dang

dala

m

peng

indra

an ?

•

Pen

gatu

ran

men

urut

sud

ut p

anda

ng

ruan

g.

•

Pen

gatu

ran

men

urut

sud

ut p

anda

ng

wak

tu.

•

Pen

gatu

ran

men

urut

sud

ut p

anda

ng

Ges

talt.

•

Pen

gatu

ran

men

urut

sud

ut p

anda

(5)

PERSEPSI

Kemampuan otak dalam menerjemahkan

stimulus

disebut dengan

PERSEPSI

.

Persepsi merupakan proses untuk

(6)

(7)

•

Receiving Stimuli

(External & Internal)

Selecting Stimuli

External factors : Nature, Location,Size,contrast, Movement,repetition,similarity Internal factors : Learning,

needs,age,Interest,

[image:7.720.71.666.34.496.2]

Organizing

Figure Background , Perceptual Grouping ( similarity, proximity, closure, continuity)

Response

(8)

(9)

Persepsi



Persepsi terhadap bentuk



Persepsi terhadap kedalaman



Persepsi terhadap konstansi

(10)

(11)

Pengaruh Perbedaan sudut pandang dalam

Pengindraan dan Persepsi dalam

Pembelajaran

Persepsi manusia baik berupa persepsi positif

maupun negatif akan mempengaruhi tindakan yang

tampak . Tindakan positif biasanya akan muncul

apabila kita mempersepsi seseorang secara positif

dan sebaliknya.

Sebagai contoh ketika kita mempersepsi siswa A

adalah siswa yang pandai maka kita akan

(12)

Peneli

tian ko

menta

r orang

tua te

rhadap

perilak

u anak

, Pene

muan

Jack C

anfield

(dalam

DePor

ter, 199

0)

Setiap

hari a

nak m

endap

atkan

:



460 ko

menta

r nega

tif



75 kom

entar p

ositif

S

ubjek

(13)

Pengamatan Persepsi Prasangka

• Dari su

dut pand

ang man

a kita m

engama

ti

perilaku

akan m

empeng

aruhi pe

rsepsi

yang ter

bentuk

• Persep

si manu

sia baik

+ maupu

n – akan

mempen

garuhi ti

ndakan

yang tam

pak

(14)

(15)

PENGERTIAN MEMORI, TERCAKUP DALAM TIGA

TAHAPAN/PROSES YAITU :

IN

STORAGE

(16)

(17)

MEMORI JANGKA PENDEK

• Disebut juga

immediate memory

dan

short term memory

.

• Informasi dalam memori ini bertahan hanya beberapa

detik.

• Contoh menghafalkan nomor telepon atau nomor plat

motor, setelah kita berhasil menghafalkan nomor

tersebut dan menggunakannya maka informasi tersebut

cenderung dilupakan atau hilang

• Kapasitas memori jangka pendek berkisar antara 2-7

digit

• Informasi yang ada pada memori ini sangat berarti atau

cenderung diulang maka kemungkinan besar informasi

tersebut bisa masuk memori kerja maupun memori

(18)

MEMORI KERJA

•

Memori kerja atau working memory dapat menyimpan

informasi dari

beberapa menit hingga beberapa jam

dan memberi waktu yang cukup untuk secara sadar

memproses, melakukan refleksi, dan melaksanakan

suatu kegiatan berfikir (Gunawan, A. W, 2003).

•

Informasi yang masuk dalam memori kerja juga

memungkinkan masuk ke memori jangka panjang jika

informasi tersebut bermakna dan sering diulang.

(19)

MEMORI JANGKA PANJANG

• Memori jangka panjang atau long term memory

merupakan kemampuan untuk menyimpan

informasi cenderung menetap/permanent.

(20)

Bebera

pa fakto

r yang

berpen

garuhte

rhadap

penyim

panan i

nforma

si jangk

a panja

ng

adalah

:

1. Inform

asi yang

berhubu

ngan de

ngan

keselam

atan hid

up

2. Inform

asi yan

g berh

ubungan

denga

n

memban

gkitkan

emosi

3. Inform

asi yang

masuk a

kal dan

(21)

(22)

FAKTO

R-FAK

TOR Y

ANG

MEMP

ENGA

RUHI L

UPA

• Decay

teori,

lupa ter

jadi kare

na wakt

u,

lama tid

ak dimu

nculkan

• Interfe

rensi te

ori,

informa

si yang

disimpa

n

saling b

ercamp

ur/tump

ang tind

ih

• Motiva

ted forg

etting

, inform

asi yang

ada

diharap

kan unt

uk dilup

akan

• Sebab

fisik,

kecelak

aan, am

nesia, u

sia

• Sebab

psikis,

stress, d

epressi,

(23)

MENI

NGKA

TKAN

KAPA

SITAS

MEM

ORI

•

Meng

organ

isasi

kan d

alam

kelo

mpok

terten

tu : m

eggo

longk

an tia

p 3 d

igit da

lam

meng

hapa

l nom

or hp

•

Meto

de m

nemo

nik

: meji

kuhib

iniu, m

au jad

i

koboi

haru

s bisa

naik

unta

•

Meto

de lo

ci

: men

gasos

iasika

n den

gan b

enda

yang

famili

ar

•

Mem

buat

pene

kana

n tert

entu

:

digar

is

bawa

hi,dib

aca k

eras,

samb

il dipr

(24)

(25)

(26)

(27)

Definisi

“ The study of perception is concerned with identifying the process through which we interpret and organize sensory information to

produce our conscious experience of objects and object relationship.”

“ Perception is the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us. It involves deciding which information to notice, how to categorize this information and how to interpret it within the framework of existing knowledge.

“ A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

(28)

•

Sensation

–

The processes by which our sense organs

receive information from the environment.

•

Transduction

–

The process by which physical energy is

converted into sensory neural impulses.

•

Perception

–

The processes by which people select,

organize, and interpret sensations.

(29)

(30)

The Perceptual Process

1.Sensation

– An individual’s ability to

detect stimuli in the

immediate environment.

2.Selection

– The process a person

uses to eliminate some

of the stimuli that have

been sensed and to

retain others for further

processing.

3.

Organization

–

The process of placing

selected perceptual

stimuli into a framework

for “storage.”

4.

Translation

–

The stage of the

perceptual process at

which stimuli are

(31)

•

Receiving Stimuli

(External & Internal)

Selecting Stimuli

External factors : Nature, Location,Size,contrast, Movement,repetition,similarity Internal factors : Learning,

needs,age,Interest,

[image:31.720.71.666.34.496.2]

Organizing

Figure Background , Perceptual Grouping ( similarity, proximity, closure, continuity)

Response

(32)

Bottom-Up Processing

Prior Knowledge, Experience,

etc.

Stimuli Processing

Perception

Stimuli Input

(33)

Top-Down Processing

Stimuli Processing

Perception

Stimuli Input

Prior Knowledge,

Experience, etc.

Prior Knowledge,

Experience, etc.

Personality Temperament Culture Social Class Values

Beliefs Prejudices _Attitudes

Immediate Mental Set Presence of Authority Present Fatigue Energy Level Prior Stimuli Perceived Occupation Education

Needs, Moods

Mental Health Knowledge Vocabulary Specific Life

Experiences Long-term

Memory Schemas

(34)

Top-Down &

Bottom-Up Processing

etc.

Stimuli Processing

Perception

Stimuli Input

(35)

Factors influencing perception

A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes

distort perception. These factors can reside in the

perceiver

, in the object or

target

being perceived or in

the context of the

situation

in which the perception is

(36)

•

Factors influencing Perception

Factors in the perceiver

• Attitudes • Motives • Interests • Experience • Expectations Perception

Factors in the Target

• Novelty • Motion • Sounds • Size • Background • Proximity • Similarity

Factors in the situation

• Time

(37)

Person Perception:

Making Judgments

(38)

Attribution Theory

When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused.

observation Interpretation Attribution of cause

Consistency Consensus Distictinctiveness Individual behavior Internal External Internal External Internal External H L H L H L

(39)

Distictiveness

Does this person behave in

this manner in other situation

Yes High Consistency No Low Consistency No Low Consensus Yes High Consensus YES Low Distinctiveness NO High Distinctiveness Consensus

Do other person Behave in the Same manner?

Consistency

Does this person behave

in this same manner at other

times ?

Internal Attribution

(40)

Shortcuts in judging others

• Selective Perception :

People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their

interests, background, experience and attitudes.

• Halo Effect :

Drawing a general impressions about an individual on the basis of a

(41)

• Contrast Effect :

Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that are effected by

comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or

lower on the same characteristics.

• Projection :

Attributing one's own characteristics to other people.

• Stereotyping :

Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which

(42)

Perceptual organization

• It is the process by which we group outside stimuli into recognizable and identifiable patterns and whole objects.

• Certain factors are considered to be important contributors on

assembling, organizing and categorizing information in the human brain. These are

- Figure ground

(43)

Figure-Ground Illustration

•Field-ground differentiation

– The tendency to distinguish

and focus on a stimulus that

is classified as figure as

(44)

PERCEPTUAL GROUPING

• Our tendency to group several individual stimuli into a

meaningful and recognizable pattern.

• It is very basic in nature and largely it seems to be

inborn.

• Some factors underlying grouping are

-continuity

(45)

Persepsi



Persepsi terhadap bentuk



Persepsi terhadap kedalaman



Persepsi terhadap konstansi

(46)

•

Perceptual Organization

•

Perceptual Constancies

•

Depth and Dimension

•

Perceptual Set

•

The World of Illusions

(47)

[image:47.720.72.690.67.491.2]

–

Drawings that one can

perceive in different

ways by reversing

figure and ground.

•

Gestalt Psychology

–

School of thought

rooted in the idea that

the whole is different

from the sum of its

parts.

Perceptual Organization

(48)

• Proximity

– Seeing 3 pair of lines in A

• Similarity

– Seeing columns of

orange and red dots in B

• Continuity

– Seeing lines that connect

1 to 2 and 3 to 4 in C

• Closure

– Seeing a horse in D

(49)

• Geons (geometric

icons) are simple 3D

component shapes.

• A limited number are

stored in memory.

• Geons are combined

to identify essential

contours of objects.

(50)

•

Size Constancy

–

The tendency to view an object as

constant in size despite changes in the

size of the retinal image.

•

Shape Constancy

–

The tendency to see an object as keeping

its form despite changes in orientation.

(51)

The Ames Room

• A specially-built room

that makes people seem

to change size as they

move around in it

• The room is not a

rectangle, as viewers

assume it is.

• A single peephole

(52)

• Even though these images cast shadows of

different shapes, they still are seen as

round.

(53)

•

Depth Perception

–

The use of visual cues to estimate depth and

distance.

•

Convergence

–

A binocular cue involving the turning inward of

the eyes as an object gets closer.

•

Binocular Disparity

–

A binocular cue whereby the closer an object is,

the more different the image is in each retina.

(54)

–

Distance cues that enable the perception of depth

with one eye.

• Relative Image Size • Texture Gradient • Linear Perspective • Interposition

• Atmospheric Perspective • Relative Elevation

• Familiarity

(55)

• Devised by Eleanor Gibson

and Richard Walk to test

depth perception in infants

and animals.

• Provides visual illusion of a

cliff.

• Caregiver stands across the

gap.

• Babies are not afraid until

about the age they can

crawl.

Depth and Dimension

(56)

• What is seen in the center figures depends on the

order in which one looks at the figures:

– If scanned from the left, a man’s face is seen.

– If scanned from the right, a woman’s figure is seen.

(57)

• The same physical

stimulus can be

interpreted differently

depending on

perceptual set, e.g.,

context effects.

• When is the middle

character the letter B

and when is it the

number 13?

Perceptual Set

(58)

–

Illusion in which

the perceived

length of a line

is altered by the

position of other

lines that

enclose it

The World of Illusions

(59)

–

Illusion in which the

perceived line length

is affected by linear

perspective cues.

• Side lines seem to

converge

• Top line seems farther

away

–

But the retinal images of

the red lines are equal.

The World of Illusions

(60)

Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E

Extrasensory Perception

• ESP refers to the ability to perceive

stimuli that are outside the 5 senses

– Telepathy:

the ability to read minds

– Clairvoyance:

the ability to perceive objects

or events

– Precognition:

the ability to predict the future