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f Yenny Agus itna ,Diana Nataila, Brigitta Hardiana ,Gabrie lKasih , , o n i m r a ll e B s u il i g r i V , n a w a it e S o t n a it s i r K , o d E x il e F , i n u y h a W i r S a i s a t s a n A
s e n g A a s s i r a l C , r e h t s E a s o fi r
T and M .Rizki, who alway ssuppor tme i n t hei r
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p n in Ch irst .My thank salso go to n
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G A P E L T I
T ……… i S
E G A P L A V O R P P
A ………... ii Y
T I L A N I G I R O S ’ K R O W F O T N E M E T A T
S ………. vi
E G A P N O I T A C I D E
D ………. v
I S A K I L B U P N A U J U T E S R E P N A A T A Y N R E
P ………... v i T
C A R T S B
A ……….. v ii
B
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T N E M E G D E L W O N K C
A ……… xi
S T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T ……… xi
N O I T C U D O R T N I 1 R E T P A H
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d n u o r g k c a B 1 .
1 oft heStudy………. 1 m
e l b o r P 2 .
1 Formulaiton………... 5 3
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1 Objecitve soft heStudy……… 5 4
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1 Benefti soft heStudy……… 6 5
.
1 Deifniitono fTerms………. 6 d
i e h tr a p A 1 . 5 .
1 ………. 6 n
o it a g e r g e S 2 . 5 .
1 ……….. 7 s
k c a l B e h T 3 . 5 .
1 ……… 8 s
e ti h W e h T 4 . 5 .
1 ……… 8
2 R E T P A H
C REVIEWOFRELATEDLITERATURE……… 1 0 1
.
2 Reviewo fRelatedStudies……….. 1 0 .
2 2 Reviewo fRelatedTheo ires……… 1 1` 2 2. .1 C iritca lApproaches……….. 1 1
.
2 22 . Apatrheid……….. 12 .
ii x .
22 3 .2. ThePracitce so fApa trheidt ot he s
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.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . a c ir f A h t u o S f o y r o t s i H 2 . 3 .
2 .. 17
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. k r o w e m a r F l a c it e r o e h T 4 .
2 .. 2 0
3 R E T P A H
C METHODOLOGY………...……… 2 1 1
.
3 Objec toft heStudy……….. 2 1 2
.
3 Approachoft heStudy………. 2 2 3
.
3 Methodoft heStudy……… 2 3
4 R E T P A H
C ANALYSIS………... 24 1
.
4 T hePracitce so fApatrheidi nSouthAfircaa sPorrtayed e
v o n e h t n
i l………. 24 e
h T 1 . 1 .
4 Condiitonoft heBlack sunde rApatrheid e
h t n i d e y a rt r o P s
a Novel………... 25 ’ s e ti h W e h t s a s k c a l B e h t r e v o n o it a g e r g e S 2 . 1 .
4
d i e h tr a p A n i g e b o t tr o f f
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4 2 9
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4 33
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4 . 43
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t c e f f E e h T 2 .
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S N O I S U L C N O C 5 R E T P A H
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t and respect s hi s own race .Bake r (1981 ) deifne sa race a s
s c it s ir e t c a r a h c e m a s e h t f o e l p o e p e m o s h c i h w n i s e i c e p s f o y t e ir a v r o s e i c e p s b u s
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il lairite soft hei rcharacteirsitc scouldbeseen f romt hei rskin’ scolor ,
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h 56 -68) .A swha tBake rsays ,aracei ssubspecies i n
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e d ir p e h t ,r e v e w o
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n w o r i e h t t a h t t p e c n o c s u o r e g n a
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d uth Afircal ong itmeago. I nSouth Af irca,t he
y c il o p a e m a c e b n o it a n i m ir c s i d l a i c a
r fromt heWhtiestos egregatet heBlacks .
é l n r e o
H deifnes segregaiton a sa poilcy which offend sal lnon-European
t r o s e ti h W e h t s e c a l p y c il o p s i h T . a c ir f A h t u o S n i e l p o e
p he European sin the
s k c a l B e h t r e v o y ti r o ir e p u
s a sa naitve o fSouth Afirca by dominaitng South
n a c ir f
A po ilitcal , social, and economic srtucture . The Whtie s are rteated
a n i y a t s s k c a l B e h t e li h w y l e v i s u l c x
e distance o f irght sequaltiy (a sctied in
s p m o h
T onandP iror ,1982 ,p .183 .)
n o t a P n a l A y b n e tt ir w l e v o n a n i d e t c i p e d s i n o it a g e r g e s f o n o it c a e h T
d e lt it n
e Cry ,TheBelovedCountry .Thi snove lconveyst hei deao fthesuffe irngo f .
s e ti h W e h t f o t s e u q n o c e h t f o t l u s e r e h t s a a c ir f A h t u o S n i s k c a l B e h
t Thesetitng
e h t n e h w , 6 4 9 1 n i s i e m it f
l a i c o s , l a c i m o n o c e , l a c it il o p e h t t s d i m a g n i v il e r e
w , and even racia lproblems i n
. y rt n u o c e h t
a t u o b a s ll e t l e v o n e h
T n old Angilcan Black p ires t namely Stephen
. o l a m u K m o l a s b A , n o s s i h r o f k o o l o t g r u b s e n n a h o J o t s e o g o h w o l a m u K
i , n o s s i h g n i d n if n i y e n r u o j s i h h g u o r h
T ti sr evealedi nt henovelt hatt hel and in
a c ir f A h t u o
S i spoo ;r t hepeople ,especially t he Blacks, canno tculitvatet hel and
a y e h t e s u a c e b l l e
w re benighted and t hey do no tknow how t o plant crops .The
e h t r o f s r e t s u l c e r a e r e h T . d e t a r a p e s e r a s k c a l B e h t d n a s e ti h W e h t f o s n w o t e m o h
t n e r e f fi d e h t n i e v il s e ti h W e h T . s m u l s e r a e s o h t y ll a u s u d n a n o i g e r a n i s k c a l B
n e r e f fi d y ti c r i e h t d li u b d n a n o i g e
r ltyf romt heBlacks .Meanwhlie,t hepopulaiton
s k c a l B e h t f
o i sgetitng l arger ,which d irvest heyoungster soft heBlacks ot move
r i e h t m o r
f villages toJohannesburg ,oneoft hemertopoltianciitestohaveabette r
r e s c il b u P . s e n i m d l o g n i g n i k r o w y b e fi
l vice sand sufifcien t rtanspo traiton are
d e d i v o r p y l n
o in big ciites, wheret he Whtie s ilve decenlty whlie t hevillage so f
f o e n O . e li tr e f n u e r a s d n a l ri e h t d n a r o o p e r a s k c a l
B et h ciites Sin outh Afirca i s
h c i h w , g r u b s e n n a h o
J late rbecome sthe reason why the governmen tbulids so
e r e h t s e n i m y n a
m os theBlack syoungster sandadul tmale smovet heret ol ookf o r
e r a s r e y o l p m e e h t d n a s e e y o l p m e e h t s a s e n i m e h t n i k r o w s k c a l B e h T . s b o j
.s e ti h W e h t s y a w l a
f o l l a y o l p m e t o n n a c g r u b s e n n a h o J , r e v e w o
H et h Black jobseeker s
u n e h t e s u a c e
b mbe roft hej obseekersi shighert hant ha tof et h mines .A sar esutl ,
s r e t s g n u o y k c a l B e h
t are unemployed and there are only few o fthem who are
. g r u b s e n n a h o J n i g n i v il t a l u f s s e c c u
r e t c a r a h
c si nt henove lwho i ssuccessfuli n ilvingi n Johannesburg .In f act ,there
e r
a o wnly f e Black people who aresuccessful there .Those who canno twork i n
e h t k a e r b y e h T . s d e e n r i e h t l li fl u f o t y ti c e h t n i s l a n i m ir c e m o c e b s e n i m e h t
e s u o h ’ s e ti h
W s ,rob them and kli lthem to ge tmoney whlie some o fthe Black
n i e g a g n e n e m o
w prosttiuiton and ilquo r rtading .In t he nove,l t hose who go t o
r i e h t o t k c a b e m o c r e v e n g r u b s e n n a h o
J village so reven neverwrtieanyl etterst o
s t n e r a p r i e h
t ni thei rhomeland .s
In the c stiie ,the pubilc service sare separated into two tha tare fo rthe
. s k c a l B e h t r o f d n a s e ti h
W Fo r example, the governmen t provide s pub ilc
h W e h t r o f n o it a tr o p s n a
rt tie sseparately from the Blacks .The Whtie s rteats the
s k c a l
B dfiferenltya tmanyaspect swhichraise sas egregaitoncondiitont owardt he
.s k c a l B
s a w l e v o n s i h
T chosen because thi snove lconvey s the stiuaiton tha t
.s k c a l B e h t e t a g e r g e s s e ti h W e h t w o h s y a rt r o
p Moreove,r t hepubilcaiton yea ro f
s i l e v o n e h
t 1948, t hesameyea rwhen Apatrheid wasl egailzed i n South Afirca .
y h w s i t a h
T ,t herearemanypracitce so fApatrheidt ha tareporrtayedi nt henove.l
s i h s a h , n o t a P n a l A , r o h t u a e h t e s u a c e b l e v o n e h t d a e r o t g n it s e r e t n i s i ti , s e d i s e B
h t a r s e h s a d e s u o t s e s o o h c e h , e l p m a x e r o F . g n it ir w n i e l y t s n w
o ert hanquotaiton
e h t f o g n i m a n e h T . s r e t c a r a h c e h t n e e w t e b n o it a s r e v n o c a n i g e b o t s k r a m
n u o s l a s i s r e t c a r a h
c iquebecauseAlan Paton referst o some Bibilca lname swho
o t y r o t s r a li m i s e v a
h the characters’ .One o fthe proof si sthe son o fStephen
, o l a m u
K the main character ,whosenamei sAbsalom .In t he Bible ,Absalom i s
n o il l e b e r n i r e h t a f s i h t s n i a g a p u s e s ir o h w d i v a D g n i K f o n o s e h
o l a m u K n e h p e t S f o n o s e h t , m o l a s b A f o y r o t s e h t o
t , who goest o Johannesburg
u a c e b r e h t a f s i h s tr u h d n
a se o fan assassinaiton o faWh tie man .Besides ,many
s e it il a e r t a e r
g can be discovered abou tSouth Af irca in the novel .Therefore ,
h t u o S t u o b a n o it a m r o f n i e r o m e v i g y a m l e v o n s i h t g n i d n a t s r e d n u d n a g n i d a e r
. e r o f e b n w o n k r e v e n a c ir f
A Ther esearcher’sr eason rfo choosingt henoveli salso
n e h t g n e rt
s e d by the realtiy tha trace discirminaiton case salway sexis tin the
l e v o n e h t f o r o h t u a e h t , n o t a P n a l A , r e v o e r o M . y t e i c o
s , wa saWhtieacitvis twho
r o f d e l g g u rt
s theBlacks ’irght .s
n o it a l u m r o F m e l b o r P 2 . 1
a n
I nalyzing t henove,l t herearet wo problem srelated t o t he t opicoft he
: s w o ll o f s a d e t a l u m r o f e r a s m e l b o r p e h T . y d u t s
s ’ n o t a P n a l A n i d e y a rt r o p s e c it c a r p d i e h tr a p A e r a w o H .
1 Cry , The
y rt n u o C d e v o l e
B ? t
a h W .
2 are the effect so fApatrheid pracitce sporrtayed in Alan Paton’ s
? y rt n u o C d e v o l e B e h T , y r C
y d u t S e h t f o s e v it c e j b O 3 . 1
e h t n i d e t a l u m r o f e r a t a h t s n o it s e u q e h t r e w s n a o t d e d n e t n i s i y d u t s s i h T
. e r o f e b d e t n e s e r p n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r
p Fris,tt her esearcheri seagert o know how
s e c it c a r p d i e h tr a p
A porrtayed in Alan Paton’ sCry ,The Beloved Country are . l
a e v e r o t r e g a e s i r e h c r a e s e r e h t , d n o c e
S wha tthe effect so fApatrheid pracitces
s ’ n o t a P n a l A n i d e y a rt r o
y d u t S e h t f o s ti f e n e B 4 . 1
d u t s e h t f o s ti f e n e b e h
T y can be divided into three patr ,s namely the
e h t , y d u t s e h t h g u o r h T . s r e d a e r e h t r o f s ti f e n e b e h t d n a r e h c r a e s e r e h t r o f s ti f e n e b
e h T . a c ir f A h t u o S f o y r o t s i h d n a e r u t a r e ti l n o e g d e l w o n k e r o m n i a g n a c r e h c r a e s e r
f o e g d e l w o n k e h t n e d a o r b o t r e h c r a e s e r e h t s p l e h y d u t
s thetheo ire sofl tierature ,
f o y r o e h
t Apatrheid, da n the stiuaiton before i twa slegailzed in South Afirca
l e v o n e h t h g u o r h
t .
e h t d n a t s r e d n u o t s r e d a e r e h t s p l e h y d u t s e h
T pracitce so fsegregaitont ha t
e h t w o h d n a , s k c a l B e h t o t o d s e ti h W e h
t condiitons o fthe Black sunde r
n o it a g e r g e
s in South Afirca, which i sfound in the nove lCry ,The Beloved Country i . s The reader sarei nvtied t o seehow t heBlack ssuffered i n Apatrheid
a r
e ,how the segregaiton o fthe Whtie sove rthe Black scaused disorde rin the
B f o m e t s y
s lack ssociety .Thi sstudy i salsohelpfulf orthef u trherr esearchers to
r e h t o e ri u q c
a aspects foundi nt henove lbette .r
s m r e T f o n o it i n if e D 5 . 1
d i o v a o t r e d r o n I . y d u t s s i h t n i d e s u e r a h c i h w s m r e t e m o s e r a e r e h T
g n i d n a t s r e d n u s i
m and miscomprehension in the study ,the researcher includes
s m r e t f o n o it i n if e
d concerning to the study o fAlan Paton’ snovel ,Cry ,The y
rt n u o C d e v o l e
B asf o llow .s
d i e h t r a p A 1 . 5 . 1
d n a , l a c it il o p , c i m o n o c e , l a i c o s s a d i e h tr a p A s e n if e d ) 6 5 9 1 ( k n a b ll a W
s a b e h t n o n o it a g e r g e s l a u x e
s e c a r e h t f o n o it a r a p e s e t e l p m o c r o f s d n a t s e n o t u
b .( p 83) .A sWallbank says ,
s e v l o v n i d i e h tr a p
A someaspect sbasedonr ace .Actually, t hi snove ldoe sno tuse
e h t l a e v e r o t y lt c e ri d ” d i e h tr a p A “ d r o w e h
t separaitonbetweent heWhtie sandt he
a c ir f A h t u o S n i s k c a l
B sinceApa trheids ystemhadno tbeenl egailzedyet.
s y s l a c it il o p a s i d i e h tr a p A , y d u t s s i h t n
I tem appiled by the Whtie s
il o p s i h T . t n e m n r e v o
G itca l system oppresse s the Black s o f South Af irca ,
discirminaitng and putitng t hemt ot hesecond-clas scaste .Theappilcaiton oft hi s
a r a p e s e h t s e d u l c n i y c il o
p iton i n schools , rtanspo traiton ,pubilcservices ,and t he
t n e m e c r o f n
e ofr ule so rlaws ,whichareproftiablef ort heWhtie sand harmfulf o r
c a l B e h
t k .sThi snove’l ssetitngi si n1946 ,twoyear searile rbeforeApatrheidwa s
a c ir f A h t u o S n i d e z il a g e
l in 1948 .Throught hi sstudy,i tcouldbeproven t hatt he
n i s e ti h W e h t y b s k c a l B e h t r e v o n o it a g e r g e
s the nove lha ssimliairite sto the
d i e h tr a p
A system ,whichwa sappiledi nSouthAfircadu irng1948-1994.
n o it a g e r g e S 2 . 5 . 1
il o p a s a n o it a g e r g e s s n o it n e m é l n r e o
H c ywhich wa soffensivet o al lnon
-o t s e ti h W e h t m o r f e m a c y c il o p s i h t f o a e d i e h T . a c ir f A h t u o S n i s n a e p o r u E
u t a t s f o r e tt a m a n i fl e s ri e h t e d u l c x
e sandp irvlieges .Thist ypeo fsegregaitonwa s
e m a s e h t g n i v e i h c a m o r f m e h t n i a t e r o t s k c a l B e h t r e v o n o it a g e r g e s t n a n i m o d
c o
s ia land po ilitca lsrtuctureastheWh ties’ .The irght soft heBlack sweredenied
r o ir e f n i n i t u p e r e w y e h t d n
a tiyt okeep t hesocia ldistance(a sctiedi n Thompson
.) 3 8 1 . p , 2 8 9 1 , r o ir P d n a
e r g e s , y d u t s s i h t n
I gaitonhast hesamemeaningasApatrheid .Beinar tand
e r g e s t a h t n i a l p x e ) 3 0 0 2 ( w o b u
x e y ll u f s a w t i t u
b tended in tweniteth century in the form o fApatrheid system
. ) 1 . p
( Dvo irn ( 1952) statest hatt hepracitce so fsegregaiton andApatrheid have
e m a n t n e r e f fi d e v a h y e h t t u b k o o lt u o e m a s e h
t s because t he name o fApatrheid
n e v i g s a
w byNaitona lPatry unde rDanie lMalanast heP irmeMiniste rwho won
.) 3 . p ( 8 4 9 1 n i n o it c e l e l a r e n e
g So, i n t hi sstudy, t henameo fApatrheid i scoined
h t u o S n i s e ir u t n e c h t e it n e w t d n a h t e it e n i n g n ir u d n o it a g e r g e s f o e c it c a r p e h t o t
. a c ir f A
3 . 5 .
1 TheBlacks
b “ d r o w e h t t a h t e t a t s ) 2 8 9 1 ( r o ir P d n a n o s p m o h
T lack” denote sal lthe
s a w n i k s e s o h w s n a c ir f A h t u o
S no tconsidereda s“whtie. ”Thi sgroupi ncludest he
, y d u t s s i h t n i e li h w n a e M . a c ir f A h t u o S f o s e l p o e p n a i s A d n a , d e r o l o C , n a c ir f A
o t r e f e r s k c a l B e h
T naitveSouth Afircans whoseskin’ scolori sblack .They are
e h T . s e ti h W e h t r e tf a s s a l c d n o c e s e h t n i d e c a l
p governmen t rteat sthe Black s
y lr i a f n
u .The Blacks do no thave any irghtsi n poilitcs ,economy, and social el fi
.s e ti h W e h t e k il
4 . 5 .
1 TheWhties
ThompsonandP iror( 1982 )deifnetheWhtie sa speoplewhoareaccepted
y l e v i s u l c x e g n i e b s
a European o rCaucasoid descent swho were formelry called
.) 4 3 . p ( a c ir f A h t u o S n i s n a e p o r u
E A sThompson and Piro rsay ,the Whtie sare
e v a h o h w e s o h
t physica lfeature sa sEuropean descendant swhose skin i s failry
a p m o c e ti h
w red t o t he South Af ircan naitve swho havedark skin. In t hi sstudy ,
h c t u D d n a h s it ir B e h t o t s r e f e r s e ti h
n i k s r i a f e v a h y e h
T , which srtengthens thei rcastesystemi nwhicht heydeemt ha t
e ti h w e v a h o h w e s o h
0 1
2
R
E
T
P
A
H
C
E
R
U
T
A
R
E
T
I
L
D
E
T
A
L
E
R
F
O
W
E
I
V
E
R
h c s i h
T apteri sdividedi ntof oursecitons .Thef ris tsecitoni sthereviewo f
s e i d u t s d e t a l e
r .The second seciton is review o frelated theo ires. The thrid i s
f o w e i v e
r the histo irca lbackground o fSouth Af irca ,and the las ti stheoreitca l
. k r o w e m a r f
s e i d u t S d e t a l e R f o w e i v e R 1 . 2
t n
I hi spatrthe researcherwli lpresen tsomestudie so n thenovel ,Cry ,The y
r t n u o C d e v o l e
B .These studie swere conducted by two researcher so fSanata y
ti s r e v i n U a m r a h
D whousedt henove lCry ,TheBelovedCountryast heobjec to f e
h
t ri study .Seitawan (2001 ,) t hrough hi sanalysis ,found t ha tAlan Paton used a
o s n i n o it i s o p , e c n e u lf n i s ’ r e t c a r a h c y lt s e ir
p ciety ,andr eilgiou saspec tass rtategies
d n a l e v o n e h t n i d e il p m i t n e m e t a t s s i h f o s t c a f e h t t u o b a e r u s s r e d a e r e h t e k a m o t
. y r o t s e h t f o s e u l a v s u o i g il e r e h t t n e s e r p e r o t
y d u t s r e h t o n a d e t c u d n o c i n a y r u
S usingt henove lCry ,TheBelovedCountry
n
i 2003 . Sheanalyzedt hef amliyvaluedisappearancei nt henovel .Sheexplored
d e n i a t s u s s a w s k c a l B e h t r e v o n o it a g e r g e s h c i h w n i l e v o n e h t f o d n u o r g k c a b e h t
e h t f o e fi l e h t g n i d u l c n i a c ir f A h t u o S n i e l p o e p f o e fi l e h t d e c n e u lf n i ti w o h d n a
e u l a v e h t d e t a r g e t n i s i d n o it i d n o c t a h T . r e t c a r a h c n i a
m so f famliy tha t were
, e v o l s a d e b ir c s e
Theaim oft hi sstudy i st o analyzet hesegregaiton and discirminaiton ove r
l e v o n e h t n i d n u o f a c ir f A h t u o S n i s k c a l B e h
t Cry ,The Beloved Counrty. The 6
4 9 1 n i s i l e v o n e h t f o g n it t e
s whichwa stheeraofs egregaitonove rBlacks .Some
r e t a l s r a e
y , t hesegregaiton wa swel lknown a sApatrheid ,atferthegovernmen to f
, a c ir f A h t u o
S theWh ties, legailzedthediscirminaitonovert heBlacksin1948 .
s e i r o e h T d e t a l e R f o w e i v e R 2 . 2
e s s u c s i d n o it c e s s i h
T s some theo ire s on ltierature and et h theory o f
s e h c a o r p p a l a c it ir c s i y r o e h t t s ri f e h T . d i e h tr a p
A , which consis t o f ifve
s e h c a o r p p
a , deifnedbyRohrberge randWoods rJ .Thes econdt heory ei st h review
a c ir f A h t u o S n i s i t a h t d i e h tr a p A n
o .These theo ire sare used in the study to
e h t r e w s n
a quesitonsi nproblemf ormulaitonoft hes tudy.
.
2 2 1. Criitca lApproaches
s d o o W d n a r e g r e b r h o
R ,.J r (1971) explain ifve c iritca lapproache sto
d n a t s r e d n
u the nature ,funciton ,and posiitve value o fltierature .The fris ti sthe
h c a o r p p a t s il a m r o
f . The ciritcs ni et h formails tapproach insis ton the tota l
. e u l a v c it e h t s e e h t f o y ti r g e t n
i T he p irmary goa l fo r formails t ciritc s i s to
s ti e p a h s o t t n e t n o c s 't x e t e h t h ti w r e h t e g o t k r o w s t n e m e l e h c u s w o h e n i m r e t e d
e r n o p u s t c e f f
e aders .The second is the biographica lapproach; i tinsist stha ta
y ti l a n o s r e p a f o n o it c e lf e r a s i tr a f o k r o
w , da n thati n t heestheitcexpeirencet he
d a e r e h t f o t r a p t s a e l t a t a h t d n a s s e n s u o i c s n o c s ’r o h t u a e h t s e r a h s r e d a e
r e sr’
o h t u a e h t o t s i e s n o p s e
r r’ spersonaltiy.I tattemptst ol earna smuchasi tcanabou t
. g n it ir w s i h d n a t s r e d n u o t r o h t u a e h t f o t n e m p o l e v e d d n a e fi l e h
o t e fi l s ’ r o h t u a e h t t u o b a n o it a m r o f n i e h t t e g o t s a h r e h c r a e s e r e h t , h c a o r p p a
r o h t u a e h t f o k r o w e h t d n a t s r e d n
u better .Thet hrid i sthes o-oci cutlura lhisto irca l
h c a o r p p
a . Theciritcsi nsistt hatt heonlywayt ol ocatet her ea lworki sr eferencet o
d n a s e d u ti tt a e h t s a d e n if e d s i n o it a z il i v i c e h T . ti s e c u d o r p t a h t n o it a z il i v i c e h t
s a s n o it c
a the subjec tmatter .I ti snecessaryt hat t heciritc i nvesitgatest hesocia l
y r e v e t o N . s t c e lf e r y li r a s s e c e n t i h c i h w d n a d e t a e r c s a w k r o w a h c i h w n i u e il i m
o i c o s e h t s e s u o h w c it ir
c -cutlura lhisto ircalf rameofr eferencecanbesaidt ohave
e e f o d y n a m t u b , t s e r e t n i l a r o m a h c u
s l t hatt hi sapproach can l ead t o an ethica l
g n i n r e c n o c t n e m e g d u
j the rtuth o fan author’ sstatements .The humanist sfo r
n i n e m s t c e f f a t a h t e fi l f o m s i c it ir c a s i e r u t a r e ti l t a h t w e i v e h t e k a t e l p m a x e
a v e h t s s e r p x e d l u o h s e r u t a r e ti l t a e r g t a h t d n a y t e i c o
s lue so forder ,resrtaint ,and
. y ti n g i d n a m u
h Thefoutrh i s mythopoeic approach .Themosti mpo trant t hing i s
t a h
t peoplehavet o pay acarefu latten itont o apattern i nt hew iritngand t o wha t
o s , t u o b a l l a s i y r o t s e h
t people can i nterpret t hesymbo la swhatt heautho rha s
. n w o h
s Themysitcalr elaitonship f ound i n astory can beexplained by using t hi s
. h c a o r p p
a The l ast i sthe psychologica lapproach which concern s tisel fwtih t he
h t l a c i g o l o h c y s p e h t n o d e s a b t c e j b o y r a r e ti l f o e c e i p a g n i z y l a n a f o s tr o f f
e eory
6 . p p
( -1 5 .)
2 . 2 .
2 Apartheid
n o it c e s s i h
T i sdivided i nto three pa trs .The fris tpa tri s t he de ifniiton o f
d i e h tr a p
A ,which discusse show the expetr sdeifne Apatrheid .Th e second i s
s i d ri h t e h t d n a , d i e h tr a p A n i g e b o t n o it a g e r g e
a c ir f A h t u o S n i s e ti h W e h t y b e n o d d i e h tr a p A f o s e c it c a r p e h t s e s s u c s i d
y ll a c ir o t s i
h .
d i e h t r a p A f o n o it i n if e D 1 . 2 . 2 . 2
d i e h tr a p
A , a word in Afirkaan (Afirkaan was a language used by
,r e n a a k ir f
A the populaiton o f the descendant so fthe Dutch and some othe r
n a y rt n u o c e h t d e r e u q n o c h s it ir B e h t e r o f e b a c ir f A h t u o S o t e m a c o h w s e ir t n u o
c d
c it il o p d i e h tr a p A d e h s il b a t s
e s in 1948) which mean s apatrnes s in Engilsh .
d i e h tr a p
A wa sas ystemofl ega lracials egregaitonenforcedbyt heNaitona lPa try
f o t n e m n r e v o
g SouthAfircabetween1948and1994 .Becauseoft hi ,sthe irght so f
n o n ' e h
t -whtie 'inhabtiant so fSouth Af irca were ilmtied by the Whties (“South
a c ir f
A under pA atrheid,”n.d. .)
2 . 2 . 2 .
2 Segrega itont oBeginApartheid
s a h n o it a g e r g e
S a closer elaiton wtih Apatrheid .Thi sdiscussion i saimed
g n i z y l a n a t
a ther elaiton between segregaiton andApatrheid .Beinatrand Dubow
e n if e d , ) 3 0 0 2
( segregaitona sase to fgovernmen tpoilcie sands ocia lpracitces tha t
e ti h W n e e w t e b p i h s n o it a l e r e h t d e r e d r
o s and Blacks .Whties here ruled a sthe
s k c a l B e li h w s r e z i n o l o
c w eere t ri h objects o fcolonizaiton .In the nineteenth
, y r u t n e
c the Dutch ,Boer ,Afirkaaner ,and B iritsh colonie shad enforced many
y ll u f d n a d e n if e r s a w f l e s ti n o it a g e r g e s e h t , r e v e w o H . n o it a g e r g e s f o s t n e m e l e
n i y r u t n e c h t e it n e w t e h t n i d e d n e t x
e t he form o fApatrheid (pp .1- .3 ) Dvo irn
2 5 9 1
( ) say s tha t Apatrheid system has the same ou ltook wtih the forme r
n o it a g e r g e
s before Apa trheid i spatented (p.188) .So ,Apatrheid and segregaiton
e r e
d , ) 3 0 0 2 ( w o b u D d n a t r a n i e B n o d e s a
B u irng 1900-1948 the pracitce so f
it a l s i g e l e r o b a c ir f A h t u o S n i n o it a g e r g e
s veAct swhichr emovedandr estirctedt he
n o n “ f o s t h g
ir -Whties” .Some o fthe Act swere Mine sand Work sAc tin 1911
(segregaiton in employment) , the 1913’ s Naitve s Land Act (segregaiton in
p d n a l n a c ir f A n o s n o it i b i h o r
p urchase,)t he1923’ sUrban Areas A ( ct segregaiton
, h tl a e h , n o it a c u d e s a h c u s s e c i v r e s d n a s e it il i c a f y n a M . )l a it n e d i s e r n a b r u n i
l a i c a r a n o d e d i v i d d n a d e t c ir t s e r y l e v i s s e r g o r p e r e w n o it a e r c e r d n a , n o it a tr o p s n a rt
3 . p p ( s i s a
b - .)4 So ,based on Beinar tand Dubow ,du irng t he itme o fsegregaiton
theB iritshgovernmenti ssuedmanyActst o ilmtit heBlacks ’ irghts.
ll e t ,) 3 0 0 2 ( w o b u D d n a t r a n i e
B tha ttherea rebeilever soft hei deologyt o
t n e r e f fi d f o y ti t n e d i t c n it s i d e h t e v r e s e r
p cutlure sand the interna lcoherence
w , n o it a g e r g e s h g u o r h
t hlie Ch irsitan –Naitonailst t hinker sexaggeratethi sbeile f
.) 1 1 . p ( n o it c n it s i d s e it it n e d i l a i c a r d n a , c i n h t e , l a n o it a n , l a r u tl u c g n it n e s e r p y
b T he
n o it a g e r g e s f o a e d
i formelry tended to disitnc tdfiferen tcutlures .La , ter thi s
y g o l o e d
i wa scorruptedandbecamet hereals egregaiton.
3 . 2 . 2 .
2 ThePracitce so fApartheidt otheBlacks
Educaiton sectorwa ssegregated bymean sof1953’ sBantuEducaitonAct ,
h c i h
w consrtucted a separate system o feducaiton fo rAf ircan student sand wa s
B e r a p e r p o t d e n g i s e
d lack peoplef o r ilving a sal abo irng clas .s I n 1959 ,separate
a e r c e r e w s e it i s r e v i n
u ted fo r Black , Colored, and Indian people . Exisitng
e w s e it i s r e v i n
u re no tpermitted t o enrol lnew Black students .Beside seducaiton
p s
a ec,t t henewspape rand Church wereused by t he Whtie governmentto bet he
a c ir f A h t u o S ( s k c a l B e h t o t n o it a g e r g e s f o l o o
) 3 6 9 1 ( d r a u q r a
M , the European sand non-Europeans should ilve in separate
d n a , s a e r a l a it n e d i s e
r thei reducaiton, r eilgiou sexercises ,amusements ,spo tr ,and
. ) 4 4 2 . p ( s e it i n e m a l a i c o s
8 0 0 2 ( y a r
B )explains t ha tdu irng Apartheid aer , t heWhtie swere provided
h ti
w the acces sto the mos tp irvlieged suburbs ,educaiton ,job ,s and posiitons ,
, s e rt a e h t , s e h c a e b o t s s e c c a e v i s u l c x e f o t n e t x e e h t o t n e v
e park ,s and pubilc
. s t e li o
t The Blacks ,conversely ,were excluded from these by law ,ruthlessly
n o n ' l l a , r e v e w o H . e c il o p e h t y b d e c r o f n
e -whties ' were disadvantaged and
c n a r f n e s i
d hised poilitcally .Ameniites and pubilc service swere subjec tto racia l
l a ti p s o h , s e c n a l u b m a d n a s i x a t s a h c u s n o it a z ir o g e t a
c s ,parks ,materntiy wards,
e v a r
g yards ,walkway soverr oads, andparkings pacesi nd irve-incinemas .
o s e s s e n i s u b n u r o t d e w o ll a t o n e r e w s k c a l
B rprofessiona lpracitces i n t he
a t u o h ti w " a c ir f A h t u o S e ti h w " s a d e t a n g i s e d s a e r
a n y permission .They were
a l e m o h " k c a l b e h t o t e v o m o t d e s o p p u
s nds" and se tup businesse sand pracitce s
tr o p s n a r T . e r e h
t aiton and civi lfaciilite sweresegregated .Black buse sstopped a t
, s n i a r T . s e n o e ti h w t a s e s u b e ti h w d n a s p o t s s u b k c a l
b hosptial ,s and ambulance s
d e t a g e r g e s e r e
w .Becauseoft hesmalle rnumber fo t eh whtiepaitent sandt hef ac t
,s l a ti p s o h e ti h w n i k r o w o t d e rr e f e r p s r o t c o d e ti h w t a h
t et h condiiton sin whtie
s l a ti p s o h k c a l b d e d w o r c r e v o n e tf o n i e s o h t n a h t r e tt e b h c u m e r e w s l a ti p s o h
a c ir f A h t u o S “
( underApatrheid,”n.d). .
l c x e e r e w s k c a l
B uded from ilving o rworking in Wh tie areas ,unles sthey
s s a p a d a
o i s i v o r p s i h t m o r f d e d u l c x e e r e
w n .Apas swasi ssuedonlyt oaBlackpersonwtih
i h c d n a s e s u o p S . k r o w d e v o r p p
a ldren had t o bel e tfi n Black homelands .A pas s
) n w o t e n o y ll a u s u ( t c ir t s i d l a ir e t s i g a m e n o r o f d e u s s i s a
w , con ifning t heholdert o
. y l n o a e r a t a h
t Wtihoutavaild pass ,aperson i ssubject to thearres tand t iralf o r
s ' n o s r e p e h t o t n o it a tr o p e d y b d e w o ll o f n e tf o s a w s i h T . t n a r g i m l a g e ll i n a g n i e b
d n a l e m o
h and prosecuiton o fthe employe r(fo remploying an illega lmigran)t .
p s n a v e c il o
P artolled the Whtie area sto round up illega lBlack sfound there
e ti h w n i e l p o e p e ti h w y o l p m e o t d e w o ll a t o n e r e w e l p o e p k c a l B . s e s s a p t u o h ti w
.) . d . n ” , d i e h tr a p A r e d n U a c ir f A h t u o S “ ( a c ir f A h t u o S
w e i v e R . 3 .
2 fo theHistorica lBackgroundo fSouthAfrica
h
T i s par t discusse s the histo irca l background o f South Af irca . The
a c ir f A h t u o S f o d n u o r g k c a b l a c ir o t s i
h i sused t o analyzet he study o fApatrheid .
t r a p s i h
T consist so ftwo secitons ,namely the geography o fSouth Afirca and
. a c ir f A h t u o S f o y r o t s i h
e G 1 . 3 .
2 ographyo fSouthAfrica
, a c ir f A h t u o
S of ifcially called the Repubilc o f South Afirca, i s an
y a M n O . a c ir f A f o p it n r e h t u o s e h t s e i p u c c o t a h t y rt n u o c t n e d n e p e d n
i 1961, ti
f o m r o f s ti d e g n a h c d n a h tl a e w n o m m o c e h t m o r f w e r d h ti
w independen t
A h t u o S . t n e m n r e v o
g f ircahast woofifciall anguages ,EngilshandalsoAfirkaans ,
T . s r e lt t e s h c t u D e h t y b d e p o l e v e d e g a u g n a l
a hecounrty hast wo captial swhich
n w o T e p a C e r
a ast he of ifcia lcaptial ,and Preto ira as t he adminisrtative captial .
n i y ti c t s e g r a l e h
m o r f m u t a d e h t d n a , s e li m e r a u q s 5 4 4 , 1 7 4 s i a c ir f A h t u o S f o a e r a e h T
0 6 9
1 ’ s censu sshow sthe populaiton o fSouth Afirca i s16,002,797 .Mos tof t he
s r e r u t c a f u n a m , s r e m r a f s a k r o w a c ir f A h t u o S n i e l p o e
p and miner ssince South
a c ir f
A a eret h Wo lrd’ sgreates tgoldproduce.r I tproduce saboutt wo-thridoft he
.s d n o m a i d f o t n e c r e p 0 3 t u o b a d n a d l o g s ’ d lr o w
“ t a h t s e t a t s ) 1 7 9 1 ( n o it a r o p r o C l a n o it a c u d E s e s ir p r e t n E d l e i
F the people o f
a c ir f A h t u o
S consis toftwobasicgroup ,st heWhtie sandnon-Whties .Aboutf ou
r-h tf
if oft hepeoplearenon-Whties ,andabou tone-iftfh a Wre hties .Theancestor s
s e ir t n u o c n a e p o r u E m o r f e m a c s e ti h W e h t f
o , such a sNethelrand ,Grea tBrtiain ,
d n a , e c n a r
F Germany .The Boer ,s t he fris tWhtie setlters i n South Afirca ,came
from Nethe lrand sstaritng i n t hemid-1600’s .Boeri st he Dutch word fo rfarmer .
s r e o B e h t f o s t n a d n e c s e d e h
T arecalledAf irkaners .Thenon-Whtie sareclassiifed
l a i c e p S . s n a i s A d n a , s d e r u o l o C , s u t n a B : s p u o r g n i a m e e r h t o t n i t n e m n r e v o g e h t y b
o t y l p p a s w a
l eachgroup” (p .412.)
a c i r f A h t u o S f o y r o t s i H 2 . 3 . 2
) 1 7 9 1 ( n o it a r o p r o C l a n o it a c u d E s e s ir p r e t n E d l e i
F also state ,s “ eT h tirbe so f
d n a 8 7 4 1 n I . a c ir f A h t u o S f o s t n a ti b a h n i t s ri f e h t e r e w s t o t n e tt o H d n a n e m h s u B
tr a B , 8 8 4
1 holomeu Dia sbecame t hefris twhtie man t o round t he Capeo fGood
n I . e p o
H 1652,theDutch EastI ndiaCompanysen tJanVanRiebeeckt o estabilsh
n a e p o r u E r e h t o r e t a l d n a n w o T e p a C o t s r e lt t e s h c t u D t h g u o r b e H . t n e m e lt t e s
a s
o B e h t d e n i o
j ers etlters .TheywereB iritsh ,French,andGerman” (p .41 2 .)
n I “ , s y a s ) 4 9 9 1 ( e n g i o c s a
G 1836,t heBoer smadet hei rGrea tTrek ,anaciton
s r e o B e h T . s n o it a n it s e d o w t o t n i d e d i v i d e r e w y e h T . e l u r h s it ir B e h
t , whowentt o
e p a C t s a
e Colonyf oundOrangeFreeStateandt hosewhowen ttosoutheas tCape
l a a v s n a r T d n u o f y n o l o
C ” (p .455) .
Du irng the Grea tTrek movemen to fthe Boer ,the B iritsh took conrto lo f
s a t i e d a m d n a 3 4 8 1 n i l a t a
N a B iritsh colony .In 1866, the Boer sdiscovered
m a i
d ondsi nanareaclaimedbyOrangeFreeState ,which madet heB iritshangry .
e h t o t e u
D B iritsh’ sjealousytowardst heBoers, a sanewcolonia lpoweri nSouth
, a c ir f
A du irng 1880-1881 t he Boer sfough tfort he freedom o fSouth Afircaand
d e t a e f e
d theBiritsh.I twa scalledt he1stBoe rWa.r
o t y ll a i c e p s e , s r e n g i e r o f e h t f o s r e w o p l a c it il o p e h t y n e d o t d e ir t s r e o B e h T
d e n i o j h s it ir B . d n a r s r e t a w ti W n i g n i n i m d l o g f o g n i d n if e h t r e tf a e m a c o h w e s o h t
r e n g i e r o f e h
t s (in Afirkaan scalled uiltanders )and attacked the Boer swtih the .
tl u s e r e h t s a s r e o B e h t f o g n i n n i
w Howeve,r in January 1900 ,Lord Robe tr sand
h w s r e o B e h t d e t a e f e d d n a s p o o rt h s it ir B e r o m t h g u o r b r e n e h c ti K d r o
L owerel ed
e h t t u b a ll ir e u g o t d e ir t d n a s ll i h e h t o t n a r s r e o B e h T . a h t o B s i u o L l a r e n e G y
b y
.r e w o p h s it ir B e h t o t d e r e d n e r r u s y ll a n if
e h t d e t a e rt y e h t d n a , a c ir f A h t u o S n i t n e m n r e v o g a e d a m h s it ir B e h T
o t d e il p p a s a w n o it a n i m ir c s i d l a i c a R . y l e v it a n i m ir c s i d a c ir f A h t u o S f o t n a ti b a h n i
. s w a l r i e h
t Cashmore (2004 )deifne st “hat racia ldiscirminaiton a sbehaviora l
d n a s p u o r g n i a tr e c f o s r e b m e m g n i y n e d t a d e m i a s i d n a m s i c a r f o n o i s s e r p x e
u o r g t u o b a y l b a r o v a f n u g n i k n i h
t p sandholdingnegaitvebeilefs”( p .345)
0 0 9 1 g n ir u d , ) 3 0 0 2 ( w o b u D d n a t r a n i e B n o d e s a
B -1948 , the B iritsh
c A y n a m s e u s s i t n e m n r e v o
k r o w e m a r F l a c it e r o e h T 4 . 2
t , y d u t s s i h t n
I he theo ire sand review sare needed in orde rto analyze a
t u o b a n o it a m r o f n i e m o s e v i g o t d e d e e n s i s e i d u t s d e t a l e r f o w e i v e R . k r o w y r a r e ti l
l e v o n n o m s i c it ir
c Cry ,The Beloved Country to be used i n analyzing t he work . .s
e i d u t s e h t p o l e v e d n a c r e ti r w e h t ,s w e i v e r e h t m o r F
s o o h c r e h c r a e s e r e h t , y d u t s s i h t n
I e soneoft he ifveapproache sproposedby
s d o o W d n a r e g r e b r h o
R .rJ (1971 )which i ssocio-cu tlura lhisto irca lapproach .(p
)
6 .Thi sapproach which concern sto the civiilzaiton which i sdeifned a sthe
z y l a n a o t d e s u s i s r e tt a m t c e j b u s s a s n o it c a d n a e d u ti tt
a et hepracitceo fApatrheid
. l e v o n e h t n
i Rohrberge randWood sJr .meniton socio-cutlura lhisto irca lconcern s
o
t civiilzaiton, in thi s study , civiilzaiton mean s the stiuaiton in poilitcal ,
, c i m o n o c
e ands ocials ystemi nt her ea lwo lrdhistory.Thes ocio- uc tlura lhisto irca l
t a h t l e v o n e h t n i d n u o f s t c a f l a c ir o t s i h e h t e z y l a n a o t d e s u s i y d u t s s i h t n i h c a o r p p a
. a c ir f A h t u o S f o y r o t s i h e h t o t d e r a p m o c e r a s t c a f e s o h t r e t a l
n i e t u b ir t n o c l li w t I . y d u t s s i h t n i y r o e h t d i e h tr a p A s y o l p m e r e h c r a e s e r e h T
e h t g n i g g i
d factua l aciton o f Apa trheid in South Afirca unde r the Whtie’ s
t n e m n r e v o
g .The ifnding o fthe history wli lsuppor tthe evidence o fApatrheid
d i e h tr a p A e t a rt s n o m e d o t d e s u e b l li w r e t a l y r o e h t s i h T . l e v o n e h t n i d n u o f s e c a rt
e h t n i d n u o f e r a t a h t s e c it c a r
