• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

Era Digital (Pergeseran Paradigma Dari Hukum Modern Ke Post Modernisme)

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Membagikan "Era Digital (Pergeseran Paradigma Dari Hukum Modern Ke Post Modernisme)"

Copied!
7
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

(5$',*,7$/

3(5*(6(5$13$5$',*0$'$5,+8.8002'(51

.(326702'(51,60(

,VNDQGDU:LEDZD )DNXOWDV+XNXP8QLYHUVLWDV0XULD.XGXV -O/LQJNDU8WDUD*RQGDQJPDQLV%DH.XGXV (PDLO,VNDQGDUZLEDZD#\DKRRFRP $EVWUDFW &RQVWUXFWLRQODZFXUHQWO\EXLOWE\WKHÀRZRISRVLWLYLVPDPHJDPHWDQDUDWLYHZULWWHQODZZKRVH DSSOLFDWLRQXVLQJWKHPHWKRGV\OORJLVPH7KLVLVWKHSDUDGLJPRIPRGHUQODZ7KHGLJLWDODJHDüHFWV WKHOLYHVRIPDQ\¿HOGDLQFOXLGLQJWKH¿HOGRIODZ7KHSDUDGLJPRIPRGHUQODZLVGHHPHGXQDEOHWR VROYHSUREOHPVWKDWRFFXULQVRFLHW\$QHZSDUDGLJPIRUVROYLQJWKHSUREOHPQDPHO\WKHSDUDGLJP RI3RVW0RHUQLVPZKLFKLQWHUSUHWVWKHODZLVDOHJDOPLFURQDUDWLYHZKLFKDODZWKHGLYHUVLW\RI OHJDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ:ULWWHQODZLVLQWHUSUHWHGLQFRQWH[WDQGVHHQDVDIUDPHSHUIRUPHQFHSUREOHPV LQVRFLHW\ .H\ZRUGV3DUDGLJP0RGHUQ3RVW0RGHUQLVP/HJDO0HWD1DUDWLYH/HJDO0LFUR1DUDWLYH $EVWUDN

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¿VLHQ 0RGHUQ PHQMDGL VHEXDK LGHQWLWDV \DQJ VHRODK KDUXV PHOHNDW SDGD VHPXD SHUDQJNDW NHKLGXSDQ PDQXVLD 6LVDQ\D GLDQJJDS NXQR WUDGLVLRQDO GDQ NHWLQJJDODQ]DPDQ3HUNHPEDQJDQVDLQVGDQ WHNQRORJL WHODK PHQ\HEDENDQ SHOEDJDL SHUXEDKDQGLELGDQJSROLWLNHNRQRPLVRVLDO GDQEXGD\D6DODKVDWXSHUNHPEDQJDQVDLQV GDQ WHNQRORJL \DQJ WHQJDK PHODMX GHQJDQ VDQJDWSHVDWDGDODKSHUNHPEDQJDQGLELGDQJ

WHNQRORJL LQIRUPDVL +DO LQL DQWDUD ODLQ GLWDQGDL GHQJDQ NHODKLUDQ LQWHUQHW \DQJ VHFDUDNHLOPXDQGLVHEXWVHEDJDLUXDQJPD\D F\EHUVSDFH

&\EHUVSDFH PHQMDGL SURGXN GLJLWDO WHUNLQL\DQJPDPSXPHQHURERVEDWDVUXDQJ GDQZDNWXWHUPDVXNQHJDUD\DQJVHODPDLQL GLEDWDVL ROHK ZLOD\DK WHUULWRULDO 0HQXUXW +RZDUG 5KHLQJROG F\EHUVFSDFHDGDODK VHEXDKUXDQJLPDMLQHUDWDXUXDQJPD\D\DQJ EHUVLIDWDUWL¿FLDO GLPDQD VHWLDS RUDQJ PHODNXNDQ DSD VDMD \DQJ ELDVD GLODNXNDQ GDODP NHKLGXSDQ VRVLDO VHKDULKDUL GHQJDQ

$3(GL$WPDMD³.HGDXODWDQ1HJDUD'L5XDQJ0D\D.ULWLN88,7('DODP3HPLNLUDQ6DWLSWR5DKDUGMR´-XUQDO 2SLQLR-XULV9RO0HL6HSWHPEHUKOP

(2)

FDUDFDUD \DQJ EDUX 0HODOXLF\EHUVSDFH VHPXDRUDQJWHUKXEXQJPHODOXLLQWHUQDWLRQDO QHWZRUN LQWHUQHW GDSDW VDOLQJ EHULQWHUDNVL GHQJDQVLDSDSXQNDSDQSXQGLPDQDSXQ

&\EHUVSDFH WHODK PHQMHOPD PHQMDGL UXDQJ SXEOLNSXEOLFVSKHUH VHEDJDLPDQD GLXQJNDSNDQ ROHK +XEHUPDV ,QWHUQHW PHQMDGL PHGLD GLVNXVL SXEOLN \DQJ WHUEXND EDJL VHWLDS LQGLYLGX WHQWDQJ EHUEDJDL WHPD WDQSD SHPEDWDVDQ&\EHUVSDFH MXJD WHODK PHQJDOLKNDQNHJLDWDQPDQXVLD\DQJVHPXOD GLODNXNDQ GLGXQLD Q\DWD .HKDGLUDQHPDLO ZHEORJ FKDW ZHEFDP VDPSDL GHQJDQ IDFHERRN GDQWZLWHU NHPXGLDQ DGDQ\DH OHDUQLQJHFRPPHUFHGDQHEDQNLQJPHQMDGL PHGLD EDUX EHUDNWLYLWDV \DQJ VHODPD LQL GLODNXNDQVHFDUD¿VLN

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

%HUGDVDUNDQ XUDLDQ GL DWDV PDND S HQ X O L V DN DQ P HPDS D U N DQ PH Q J H Q DL EDJDLPDQD FDUD VXSD\D VHPXD LQIUDVWUXNWXU KXNXP \DQJ VHODPD LQL GLEDQJXQ VLDS PHQJKDGDSLSUREOHPDWLNDGLGXQLDPD\DHUD GLJLWDO" % 3HPEDKDVDQ 6HWHODK NHPHUGHNDDQ ,QGRQHVLD EHUWHNDGXQWXNPHPEDQJXQKXNXPQDVLRQDO \DQJEHUGDVDUNDQNHSULEDGLDQEDQJVDPHODOXL SHPEDQJXQDQKXNXP6HFDUDXPXPKXNXP ,QGRQHVLD GLDUDKNDQ NH EHQWXN KXNXP WHUWXOLV .RQVWUXNVLKXNXP\DQJVHODPDLQL EHUODNX GLEDQJXQ GDUL SDKDP SRVLWLYLVPH \DQJ EHUVLIDW IRUPDO WLQGDNDQ ¿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ÀHNVLEHO GLEXDW ROHK SHQJXDVD \DQJ EHUZHQDQJ GDQ WLGDN WHUNDLW VDPD VHNDOL GHQJDQ NXDOLWDV NHSDVWLDQ KXNXP GDQ NHDGLODQ.HEHUODNXDQKXNXPGL]RQDQHJDUD <DVUDI$PLU3LOLDQJ³3XEOLF6SDFHGDQ3XEOLF&\EHUVSDFH5XDQJ3XEOLNGDODP(UD,QIRUPDVL´WHUVHGLDGLZHEVLWH KWWSZZZERJRUQHWLGNILGNISXEOLFVSDFHGDQSXEOLFF\EHUVSDFHUXDQJSXEOLNGDODPHUD LQI GLDNVHV SDGD WDQJJDO$SULO $QGL+DP]DK$VSHN$VSHN3LGDQDGLELGDQJ.RPSXWHU-DNDUWD6LQDU*UD¿NDKOP

$EGXO:DKLGGDQ0RKDPPDG/DELE.HMDKDWDQ0D\DQWDUD&\EHUFULPH%DQGXQJ5H¿ND$GLWDPDKOP 5HQQ\16.RORD\³3HUNHPEDQJDQ+XNXP,QGRQHVLD%HUNHQDDQ'HQJDQ7HNQRORJL,QIRUPDVL'DQ.RPXQLNDVL´

-XUQDO+XNXP8QVUDW9RO1R-DQXDULKOP

6XWDQG\R:LJQMRVRHEURWR+XNXP'DODP0DV\DUDNDWSHUNHPEDQJDQGDQPDVDODK0DODQJ%D\XPHGLD 3XEOLVKLQJKOP

6DWMLSWR5DKDUGMR,OPX+XNXP%DQGXQJ&LWUD$GLW\D%DNWLKOP

(3)

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ÀHNVLEHO VHUWD EHUODNX QDVLRQDO PHQJDODPL NHVXOLWDQ PHQJDNRPRGLU SHUNHPEDQJDQ WHNQRORJLLQIRUPDWLND\DQJEHJLWXFHSDW

+XNXP \DQJ VHODPD LQL GLEDQJXQ GHQJDQ NRQVWUXNVL DVDV OHJDOLWDV DVDV WHUULWRULDO GDQ SHUEXDWDQ GLSDQGDQJ VHEDWDV VHFDUD¿VLN+XNXPMXJDVHPDNLQSUDJPDWLV GHQJDQ WXMXDQ VHRODK PHQJDNRPRGLU VHPXD SUREOHP GL PDV\DUDNDW DWDX PHQJDQGXQJ WXMXDQ HNRQRPL SROLWLN SHQJXDVD \DQJ VHPXDQ\DMHODVEHUVLIDWVHVDDWGDQVHWHPSDW . H K D G L U D Q 8 Q G D Q J 8 Q G D Q J W H Q W D Q J 3RUQRJUD¿ GDQ 8QGDQJ 8QGDQJ WHQWDQJ ,QIRUPDVL GDQ 7UDQVDNVL (OHNWURQLN P L V D O Q \ D \ D Q J E H U W X M X D Q X Q W X N PHQDQJJXODQJL PDUDNQ\D SRUQRJUD¿ SRUQRDNVL VHUWD EHUEDJDLF\EHUFULPHMXVWUX WLGDN WHUOLKDW KDVLOQ\D GDQ NRQWUDSURGXNWLI 8QGDQJXQGDQJ\DQJWHUNDLWGHQJDQVXPEHU GD\D DODP 6'$ VHULQJNDOL PHQXQMXNNDQ NHWLGDNEHUSLKDNDQQ\D NHSDGD PDV\DUDNDW QDPXQ NHSDGD NHSHQWLQJDQ HNRQRPL SROLWLN

SHQJXDVD GHQJDQ NDSLWDOLV DVLQJ 'L VLQL KXNXP KDQ\D GLEXDW ROHK DNWRUDNWRU \DQJ EHUNHSHQWLQJDQ

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

&\EHUVSDFH \DQJ GLNHQDO SXOD GHQJDQ LVWLODK GXQLD YLUWXDO GDQ GXQLD PD\DQWDUD PHPLOLNL NDUDNWHULVWLN \DNQLZLWKRXW ERXQGDU\KRXUV RQOLQH,QWHUDFWLYH +\SHUOLQN1R OLFHQVH1R FHQVRUVKLSDQG (ýFLHQF\ .H VHPXD NDUDNWHU WHUVHEXW PHQMDGL SHUPDVDODKDQ WHUVHQGLUL GDODP NRQWHNV KXNXP NKXVXVQ\D WHUNDLW EHUEDJDL KXEXQJDQ SHUGDWD PDXSXQ NHWLND WHUMDGL NHMDKDWDQ

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

%DUGD1DZDZL$ULHI7LQGDN3LGDQD0D\DQWDUD3HUNHPEDQJDQ.DMLDQ&\EHU&ULPH'L,QGRQHVLD3HUVDGD

-DNDUWD5DMD*UD¿QGRKOP

(4)

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¿VLNGDQWHUMDGLWUDQVDNVLSHUWXNDUDQXDQJGDQ EDUDQJ'LUXDQJF\EHUVSDFHVHPXDWUDQVDNVL MXDO EHOL VHUWD SURPRVLQ\D PHODOXL LNODQ GLODNXNDQ VHFDUD RQOLQH GDQ PHQJDEDLNDQ VHPXD NHZDMLEDQ DGPLQLVWUDVL SDMDN GDQ KXNXP NHSHUGDWDDQ \DQJ GLDWXU QHJDUD( F R P P H UF H P H Q M D G L N D Q S U R V H V U X P L W SHUGDJDQJDQ DQWDU SURYLQVL EDKNDQ DQWDUD QHJDUD PHQMDGL OHELK VHGHUKDQD FHSDW GDQ H¿VLHQ %HEHUDSD GLDQWDUDQ\D WLGDN SHUOX PHPLOLNL SHUXVDKDDQ UHVPL QDPXQ FXNXS PHPLOLNLEORJMXDOEHOLEDUDQJ

3HUPDVDODKDQ \DQJ VDPD MXJD WHUMDGL SDGD KDN DWDV NHND\DDQ LQWHOHNWXDO +., \DQJ VXOLW GLMDJD ROHK QHJDUD PHODOXL KXNXPQ\D6HPXDGDSDWGLFRS\GLSHUEDQ\DN GDQ GLEDMDN WDQSD L]LQ SHPHJDQJ KDN FLSWD WHUOHELKODJLPHPED\DUUR\DOWLQ\D0XODLGDUL EXNX ODJX ¿OP VDPSDL GHQJDQ EHUEDJDL VRIWZDUH EHEDV VDMD GLDNVHV DQWDU QHJDUD XQWXNNHPXGLDQGLSHUEDQ\DNGLVHEDUNDQGDQ GLSHUMXDOEHOLNDQ 'L ELGDQJ NHVXVLODDQ EHUEDJDL EHQWXN NHMDKDWDQ GDQ SHODQJJDUDQ NHVXVLODDQ MXJD WHUMDGL %HUEDJDL EHQWXN ¿WQDKSHQFHPDUDQQDPDEDLNVDPSDLGHQJDQ SHUEXDWDQ DVXVLOD MXJD WHUMDGL )HQRPHQD F\EHUSRUQ F\EHUVH[ GDQF\EHUSURVWLWXWLRQ WHODK PHQJXEDK NRQVWUXNVL KXNXP EDKZD ]LQD GDQ SURVWLWXVL MXJD GDSDW GLODNXNDQ YLD GXQLD PD\D WDQSD KDUXV PHODNXNDQ KXEXQJDQ¿VLN %HUEDJDL GDPSDN SHUNHPEDQJDQ WHNQRORJL WHOHPDWLND GL DWDV PHQMDGL WDQWDQJDQEDJDLPDQDEHUKXNXPGLHUDGLJLWDO \ D Q J W L G D N P H Q J H Q D O E D W D V Q H J D U D %DJDLPDQD KXNXP PRGHUQ ÀHNVLEHO XQWXN G D S D W W H U X V E H U D G D S W D V L W H U K D G D S SHUNHPEDQJDQQ\D\DQJEHJLWXFHSDW+XNXP GLWXQWXW XQWXN GDSDW PHOLQGXQJL KDNKDN ZDUJDQHJDUDQ\DGDODPDNWLYLWDVGXQLDPD\D VHSHUWLSHQLSXDQGDODPHFRPPHUFHMDPLQDQ SHUOLQGXQJDQ +., GDQ WHUKLQGDU GDUL VHJDOD EHQWXNNRQWHQ\DQJPHQ\HVDWNDQGDQEHUEDX SRUQRJUD¿ .RQWHNV NHEHUODNXDQ KXNXP Q D V L R Q D O \ D Q J V H N W R U D O P H P H U O X N D Q UHRULHQWDVLVHFDUDJOREDONDUHQDLQWHUQHWWLGDN KDQ\D PHQJKXEXQJNDQ DQWDU RUDQJ DWDX RUDQJ GHQJDQ QHJDUD GDODP VDWX QHJDUD QDPXQVHDQWHUREXPL

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

'XQLD PD\D PHUXSDNDQ PHGLD GDQ F\EHUFRPPXQLW\ WHULNDW GHQJDQ KXNXP 0HQXUXW %DUGD 1DZDZL $ULHI ³SHUXVDNDQ GDQ SHQFHPDUDQ LQIRUPDVL GL PD\DQWDUD´ GDSDW GLVHEXW VHEDJDLF\EHUGDPDJH GDQ F\EHUSROOXWLRQ EDJLDQ GDULHQYLURQPHQWDO FULPH\DQJSHUOXGLFHJDKGDQGLWDQJJXODQJL 8SD\DLQLPHQXUXWQ\DMLNDGLOLKDWGDULVXGXW FULPLQDO SROLF\ XSD\D SHQDQJJXODQJDQ NHMDKDWDQ WHUPDVXNF\EHUFULPHGDQ F \ E H U S R U Q K D U X V G L O D N X N D Q G H Q J D Q S H Q G H N D W D Q L Q W H J U D O V L V W H P L N \ D L W X S H Q G H N D W D Q S H Q D O K X N X P S L G D Q D SHQGHNDWDQ WHNQRORJL WHFKQR SUHYHQWLRQ NDUHQDF\EHUFULPHVHEDJDLVDODKVDWXEHQWXN G D U L K L W H F K F U L P H S H Q G H N D W D Q EXGD\DNXOWXUDO SHQGHNDWDQ PRUDOHGXNDWLI WHUOHELK GHOLN NHVXVLODDQ GDQ SHQGHNDWDQ

$EGXO:DKLGGDQ0RKDPPDG/DELE2SFLWKOP

%DUGD1DZDZL$ULHI.DSLWD6HOHNWD+XNXP3LGDQD%DQGXQJ&LWUD$GLW\D%DNWLKOP

(5)

JOREDONHUMDVDPDLQWHUQDVLRQDO

'L VLVL ODLQ PDV\DUDNDW WHUGLUL DWDV EHUDJDPNHORPSRN\DQJDQWDUDVDWXGHQJDQ O D L Q P H P S X Q \ D L N H U D J D P D Q Q L O D L SDKDPSHUVHSVL GDQ SHQGDSDW \DQJ VHULQJ NDOL WHUMDGL GL VXDWX NHORPSRN VXDWX SHUEXDWDQ PHUXSDNDQ SHUEXDWDQ WHUODUDQJ QDPXQ GL NHORPSRN ODLQ EXNDQ PHUXSDNDQ SHUEXDWDQ WHUODUDQJ $SDELOD SHUEXWDQ WHUVHEXW GLODNXNDQ PHODOXL GXQLD PD\D PHQMDGL VXDWX SHUVRDODQ DSDNDK SHUEXDWDQ WHUVHEXW PHUXSDNDQ SHUEXDWDQ PHODQJJDU KXNXP DWDX WLGDN 8QGDQJ XQGDQJ DSDELOD GLSDQGDQJ VHEDJDLOHJDO PHWDQDUDWLYH GDQ GLWXQWXW XQWXN PHQ\HOHVDLNDQ PDVDODK LQL QLVFD\D DNDQ PHQJHOXDUNDQ NHSXWXVDQ \DQJ WLGDN VHVXDL GHQJDQ UDVD NHDGLODQ PDVLQJ P D V L Q J N H O R P S R N \ D Q J P H P S X Q \ D L NHUDJDPDQEXGD\DWHUVHEXW 3HQGHNDWDQ EXGD\DNXOWXUDO PRUDO HGXNDWLI GDSDW GLODNVDQDNDQ ELOD SHPLNLUDQ KXNXP PRGHUQ \DQJ PHPSRVLVLNDQ KXNXP V D P D G H Q J D Q X Q G D Q J X Q G D Q J \ D Q J EHUNDUDNWHUOHJDO PHWDQDUDWLYH\DQJ L P S O H P H Q W D V L Q \ D P H Q J J X Q D N D Q ³V\OORJLVPH´\DNQLKXNXP\DQJGLIRUPDONDQ GDODPEHQWXNXQGDQJXQGDQJVHEDJDLSUHPLV PD\RUDNDQGLJXQDNDQXQWXNPHQ\HOHVDLNDQ VXDWXNDVXVVHEDJDLSUHPLVPLQRUNHPXGLDQ GLVLPSXONDQ GDODP SXWXVDQ KXNXP VHEDJDL NRQNOXVLGLODNXNDQ GHNRQVWUXNVL VHUWD UHNRQVWUXNVL

3HQJJXQDDQ ³V\OORJLVPH´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

,QWHUQDVLRQDO 201, GHQJDQ JHUDNDQ G X N X Q J D Q P H O D O X L G X Q L D P D \ D V H U W D SHQJXPSXODQ XDQJ JXQD PHQGXNXQJ 3ULWD PHPED\DU JDQWL UXJL VHEDJDLPDQD JXJDWDQ 5XPDK6DNLW,QWHUQDVLRQDO201,

88 ,7( \DQJ ROHK $SDUDW 3HQHJDN +XNXP GLSDQGDQJ VHEDJDLOHJDO PHWD QDUDWLYH GDQ GLJXQDNDQ VHEDJDL SUHPLV PD\RU PHQGDSDW WDQWDQJDQ NHUDV GDUL PDV\DUDNDWNDUHQDPHQXUXWPDV\DUDNDW3ULWD WLGDN PHODQJJDU 88 ,7( EDLN SLGDQD PDXSXQSHUGDWD3HPDNQDDQ88,7(DQWDUD $SDUDW 3HQHJDN +XNXP GDQ 5XPDK 6DNLW 201, GL VDWX SLKDN GHQJDQ 3ULWD GDQ 0DV\DUDNDW GL SLKDN ODLQ WHUQ\DWD EHUEHGD +DOWHUVHEXWPHQDQGDNDQSHUOXGLODNXNDQQ\D ³ G H N R Q V W U X N V L ´ G D Q ³ U H N R Q V W U X N V L ´ SHPLNLUDQSDUDGLJPD +DO LQL WLGDN DNDQ GDSDW GLVHOHVDLNDQ GHQJDQ SDUDGLJPD KXNXPPRGHUQGDQKDQ\DGDSDWGLVHOHVDLNDQ GHQJDQ SDUDGLJPDSRVWPRGHUQLVP \DQJ PHQJDNXL DGDQ\D SHUEHGDDQ ³SHPDNQDDQ´ WHUKDGDS VXDWX XQGDQJXQGDQJ EDJL VHWLDS S H P D Q J N X N H S H Q W L Q J D Q V H K L Q J J D GLXWDPDNDQ SHQ\HOHVDLDQ \DQJ VDOLQJ PHQHULPDGDQPHPEHULVHEDJDLVROXVLQ\D 3 D U D G L J P D S R V W P R G H U Q L V P PHPSRVLVLNDQ NRQVWLWXVL GDQ SHUDWXUDQ SHUXQGDQJXQGDQJDQ EXNDQ VHEDJDLOHJDO PHWDQDUDWLYH QDPXQ PHUXSDNDQ ³ELQJNDL´ GDODP NHKLGXSDQ EHUPDV\DUDNDW VHGDQJNDQ ³LVL´ GLEHULNDQ NHEHEDVDQ SDUD SHPDQJNX NHSHQWLQJDQ XQWXN ³PHPEHULNDQ PDNQD´ VHVXDL GHQJDQ NRQWHNV 3DUDGLJPDSRVW PRGHUQLVP GHQJDQ GHPLNLDQ PHQXQWXW SDUD SHPDQJNX NHSHQWLQJDQ PHQ\HOHVDLNDQ PDVDODK PHUHND VHQGLUL EHUODQGDVNDQ SHPDNQDDQ WHUKDGDS 88 WHUNDLW \DQJ ELOD GLSHUOXNDQ PHQJJXQDNDQ SLKDN NHWLJD VHEDJDL³SHQHQJDK´QDPXQVHGLNLWPXQJNLQ PHQ\HOHVDLNDQNDVXVPHODOXLSHUDGLODQ\DQJ PHQLWLN EHUDWNDQ ELURNUDVL SURVHV GDQ NHSDVWLDQ \DQJ VHULQJ PHQJHVDPSLQJNDQ NHDGLODQGDQNHPDQIDDWDQVHUWDKDUPRQLVDVL EDJLSDUDSHPDQJNXNHSHQWLQJDQ . D V X V 3 U L W D P H Q X Q W X W D G D Q \ D SHUJHVHUDQSDUDGLJPDGDULSDUDGLJPDKXNXP PRGHUQ\DQJPHQLWLNEHUDWNDQSDGDNHSDVWLDQ KXNXP IRUPLO PHQXMX SDUDGLJPD KXNXP

%DUGD1DZDZL$ULHI7LQGDN3LGDQD0D\DQWDUD2SFLWKOP

(6)

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

3DSDUDQWHUVHEXWPHQXQMXNNDQEDKZD SHQ\HOHVDLDQ PDVDODK KXNXP GL HUD GLJLWDO DNDQ VDQJDW VXOLW PHQGDSDWNDQ QLODL NHPDQIDDWDQ GDQ NHDGLODQ DSDELOD SDUD SHPDQJNXNHSHQWLQJDQPDVLKPHQJJXQDNDQ ³ S D U D G L J P D K X N X P P R G H U Q ´ \ D Q J ³SRVLWLYLVWLN´ VHUWD PHOHWDNNDQ XQGDQJ XQGDQJ VHEDJDLOHJDOPHWDQDUDWLYHQDPXQ KHQGDNQ\D PXODL PHODNXNDQ SHUJHVHUDQ SDUDGLJPD NHSRVWPRGHUQLVPH \DQJ PHQJHGHSDQNDQDGDQ\D³SHPDNQDDQDWXUDQ´ VHVXDLGHQJDQNRQWHNV

5HVSRQ NKDOD\DNPDV\DUDNDW WHUKDGDS N D V X V 3 U L W D G H Q J D Q S D U D G L J P D S R V W PRGHUQLVPH GHQJDQ WHUMDGLQ\D GLDORJ SDGD SXEOLF VSDFH PHODOXL GXQLD PD\D IDFH ERRNLQWHUQHWPDVVPHGLDPHGLDHOHNWURQLN VHUWD ODQJNDK HPSLULN GHQJDQ ³JHUDNDQ SHQJXPSXODQ NRLQ XQWXN 3ULWD´ WHUQ\DWD PDPSXPHQJJHUDNNDQ/HPEDJD3HUDGLODQGL WLQJNDW.DVDVLPHQ\HOHVDLNDQSHUNDUDVHVXDL GHQJDQDVSLUDVLPDV\DUDNDW\DQJDGD\DNQL PHQ\DWDNDQ EDKZD 3ULWD WLGDN PHODNXNDQ SHUEXDWDQ PHODZDQ KXNXP EDLN VHFDUD SHUGDWDPDXSXQSLGDQD &6LPSXODQ + X N X P P R G H U Q G H Q J D Q V H J D O D GRNWULQQ\DVHEDJDLOHJDOPHWDQDUDWLYH\DQJ PHZDULVLKXNXPPDVDODOXNLQLOHPDKNHWLND PHQJKDGDSLDUXVWHNQRORJLLQIRUPDWLND\DQJ WHODK PHODKLUNDQF\EHUVSDFH 'LSHUOXNDQ

W H U R E R V D Q S H U X E D K D Q S D U D G L J P D À H N V L E L O L W D V \ X U L V G L N V L X Q L Y H U V D O K D U P R Q L V D V L G D Q N H U M D V D P D J O R E D O SHQJDNXDQ ORNDOLWDV \DQJ EHUDJDPVHKLQJJD KXNXP 1HJDUD XQGDQJXQGDQJ GDSDW EHUODNX GL GXQLD PD\D EXNDQ VHEDJDLOHJDO PHWDQDUDWLYHQDPXQ VHEDJDL ELQJNDL WHUKDGDS VHWLDS SHUPDVDODKDQ \DQJ PXQFXO 3HQ\HOHVDLDQPDVDODKF\EHUVSDFHVDQJDWVXOLW G L V H O H V D L N D Q G H Q J D Q P H Q J J X Q D N D Q SDUDGLJPD KXNXP PRGHUQ GHQJDQ GRNWULQ OHJDO PHWDQDUDWLYHEHUGDVDUNDQ PHWKRGH ³V\OORJLVPH´ GDQ DNDQ OHELK PXGDK VHUWD PHQFHUPLQNDQ UDVD NHDGLODQ PDV\DUDNDW E L O D P H Q J J X Q D N D Q S D U D G L J P D S R V W PRGHUQLVP \DQJ PHPEHULNDQ NHOHOXDVDDQ À H [ L E L O L W D V E D J L V H W L D S S H P D Q J N X NHSHQWLQJDQ XQWXN PHPDNQDL KXNXP W H U W X O L V V H V X D L ³ N R Q W H N V ´ G H Q J D Q PHPSHUKDWLNDQORFDO ZLVGRP GHQJDQ VHRSWLPDO PXQJNLQ PHPDQIDDWNDQSXEOLF VSDFH VHEDJDL DUHQD XQWXN PHQHPXNDQ ³NHVHSDKDPDQ´DQWDUDSDUDSLKDN

'DIWDU3XVWDND

$ULHI %DUGD 1DZDZL .DSLWD 6HOHNWD +XNXP3LGDQD%DQGXQJ&LWUD$GLW\D %DNWL

$ULHI %DUGD 1DZDZL 7LQGDN 3LGDQD 0D\DQWDUD 3HUNHPEDQJDQ .DMLDQ &\EHU &ULPH 'L ,QGRQHVLD 3HUVDGD

-DNDUWD5DMD*UD¿QGR

(GL $WPDMD $3 ³.HGDXODWDQ 1HJDUD 'L 5XDQJ 0D\D .ULWLN 88 ,7( 'DODP 3HPLNLUDQ 6DWLSWR 5DKDUGMR´ -XUQDO 2SLQLR -XULV 9RO 0HL6HSWHPEHU

+DP]DK $QGL $VSHN$VSHN 3LGDQD GLELGDQJ .RPSXWHU -DNDUWD 6LQDU *UD¿ND .RORD\5HQQ\16³3HUNHPEDQJDQ+XNXP , Q G R Q H V L D % H U N H Q D D Q ' H Q J D Q 7 H N Q R O R J L , Q I R U P D V L ' D Q .RPXQLNDVL´-XUQDO +XNXP 8QVUDW 9RO1R-DQXDUL 5DKDUGMR 6DWMLSWR ,OPX +XNXP %DQGXQJ&LWUD$GLW\D%DNWL 5DKDUGMR6DWMLSWR3HQHJDNDQ+XNXP 6 X D W X 7 L Q M D X D Q 6 R V L R O R J L V <RJ\DNDUWD*HQWD

(7)

5LVZDQGL %XGL $JXV +XNXP 'DQ ,QWHUQHW'L,QGRQHVLD<RJ\DNDUWD8,, 3UHVV 6 X G D U W R + X N X P 3 L G D Q D G D Q 3HUNHPEDQJDQ0DV\DUDNDW%DQGXQJ 6LQDU%DUXX :DKLG$EGXOGDQ0RKDPPDG/DELE .HMDKDWDQ 0D\DQWDUD &\EHUFULPH %DQGXQJ5H¿ND$GLWDPD :LJQMRVRHEURWR 6XWDQG\R +XNXP 'DODP 0DV\DUDNDW SHUNHPEDQJDQ GDQ PDVDODK 0DODQJ %D\XPHGLD 3XEOLVKLQJ

$PLU 3LOLDQJ <DVUDI ³3XEOLF 6SDFH GDQ 3XEOLF &\EHUVSDFH 5XDQJ 3XEOLN GDODP (UD ,QIRUPDVL´ WHUVHGLD GL Z H E V L W H K W W S Z Z Z ERJRUQHWLGNILGNISXEOLFVSDFH GDQSXEOLFF\EHUVSDFHUXDQJSXEOLN GDODPHUDLQIGLDNVHVSDGDWDQJJDO $SULO

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

Tenaga Kerja Tenaga kerja menurut definisi dari Pellokia (1993) adalah penduduk dalam usia kerja. Secara singkat tenaga kerja didefinisikan sebagai jumlah seluruh penduduk

Dalam penelitian ini tahap orientasinya yaitu Guru mengkondisikan peserta didik pada posisi siap untuk melakukan pembelajaran dengan mengabsen, memberi apersepsi terkait

hasil pemeriksaan, informasi yang diberikan merupahkan hak ibu yaitu hak ibu untuk mendapatkan penjelasan oleh tenaga kesehatan yang memberikan asuhan tentang efek-efek

Penggunaan eksplan buku satu tunas dengan maupun tanpa daun memberikan hasil yang hampir sama, meskipun demikian buku dengan daun memberikan jumlah tunas yang terbentuk dan

berkurangnya ukuran lebar pori-pori graphene persis seperti hasil yang penelitian mengenai pori-pori karbon (Alonso dkk., 2012) bahwa semakin besar pori-pori

Untuk menciptakan budaya bertanggung jawab terhadap pelaku usaha, Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen mengatur kewajiban pelaku usaha yang merupakan manifestasi dari

VIRA ANDRIAN NPM.. Penghentian penuntutan oleh penuntut umum pada proses prapenuntutan disebabkan oleh suatu peristiwa pidana yang didalam pelaksanaannya penuntut

 Manusia memiliki hak untuk memodifikasi lingkungan alam agar sesuai dengan kebutuhan mereka.  Tanaman dan hewan memiliki hak sebanyak manusia untuk eksis.  Manusia