CLASS STRUGGLE AS A CRITICISM TOW ARD CAPITALISM SYSTEM
REFLECTED IN SUZANNE COLLINS’S
THE HUNGER GAM ES
TRILOGY
(2008-2010)
PUBLICATION ARTICLE
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Getting the Post Graduate Degree of Language Department
at M uhammadiyah University of Surakarta
By: ISYFI ‘AFIANI S 200 120 029
M AGISTER OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES POST GRADUATE PROGRAM
CLASS STRUGGLE AS A CRITICISM TOW ARD THE CAPITALISM SYSTEM REFLECTED IN SUZANNE COLLINS’S THE HUNGER GAM ES TRILOGY (2008-2010)
ISYFI’AFIANI
M AGISTER OF LANGUAGE STUDIES M UHAM M ADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
mynameisavie@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
This st udy analyzes t he class st ruggle reflect ed in Suzanne Collins’s The Hunger Games t rilogy—The Hunger Games (2008), Cat ching Fire (2009), and M ockingjay (2010)—in M arxism’s perspect ive. This st udy belongs t o t he lit erary st udy. The t echnique of dat a collect ion is docum ent anal ysis; meanw hile t he t echnique of dat a analysis is descript ive t echnique. This st udy uses t w o dat a sources; t hey are primary and secondary dat a source. The primary dat a source of t he st udy is Suzanne Collins’ s The Hunger Games t rilogy t hat consist s of t hree novels; The Hunger Games (2008), Cat ching Fire (2009), and M ockingjay (2010). M eanw hile, t he secondary dat a source of t his st udy are t aken from ot her sources such as lit erary books, previous st udies, art icles, journals, and also w ebsit e relat ed t o t he t rilogy of The Hunger Games t rilogy This st udy is aimed t o reveal how t he class st ruggle reflect ed in t he t rilogy—t he class differences, t he cause of class st ruggl e, pow er relat ion, t he eff ect of class st ruggle, t he t ype of class st ruggle—and w hy t he class st ruggle is t aken as t he major issue in Suzanne Collins’s The Hunger Games t rilogy. This st udy show s t hat t he class st ruggle reflect ed in t rilogy is seen as t he vehicle t o crit icize t he capit alism syst em.
INTRODUCTION
Suzanne Collins’s The Hunger Games t rilogy narrat es t he post apocalyptic
nation of Panem —the Capit ol and it s thirt een dist rict s. The Hunger Games
t rilogy t ackles several issues such as t he tot alit arian government , class
differences, and m edia spect acle. The arc of The Hunger Games st ory is f rom
gladiat or game, t o revolution, to w ar. The st oryline is int erwoven by act ion,
advent ure, m yt hology, sci-fi, rom ance, and philosophy. The readers, t herefore,
can view t he t rilogy different ly, since not all readers comm and the sam e lit erary
compet ence.
The st udy on Suzanne Collis’s The Hunger Games t rilogy has been
conduct ed by using different perspect ive in delving out the t rilogy. In fem inism
perspect ive, Robert a (2014) and Loobek (2012) conduct their st udy focused on
t he main w om an charact er—Kat niss Everdeen—in The Hunger Games t rilogy. In
t he core of Cultural Studies, Rebeca (2015) has put t he chart in exam ining t he
t rilogy by focusing on the charact er of Kat niss Everdeen. All of t hese st udies are
focused on the m ajor charact er of the t rilogy. Som e ot her st udies have
succeeded in viewing the t rilogy by focusing on the Hunger Gam es. Chong (2013)
and Nayar (2012) have conduct ed t heir st udies i n viewing t he Gam es arena as
t he survival m edia. On the other side, Johansson (2013) put s his at t ention on t he
Gam es as t he media represent at ion; m eanwhile Pet erson (2012) view s t he
Hunger Games as t he social crit icism . Furtherm ore in lit erary crit icism , st udy on
The Hunger Games has been conduct ed by M c.Gunigal (2012) by focusing t he
t hemes of The Hunger Games t rilogy. In order t o give t he different color for t he
st udies on The Hunger Games t rilogy, the present researcher conduct s t he class
st ruggle analysis by focusing on the socio-economic and polit ic snapshot
CLASS STRUGGLE AND CAPITALISM
M arx’s t heory of t he class first addresses t o t he core of t he class
consciousness. Class consciousness is t he developm ent of an aw areness of
belonging t o a class, of t hat class’s int erest and it s enem y. There are t w o st ages
of class consciousness; first ly, “ class in it self,” w here class ident it y is essent ially
passive, t o being a “ class for it self,” w here class ident it y is conscious and act ive.
For t he prolet ariat class consciousness m eans revolut ionary consciousness since
only t hrough revolut ion and the overt hrow of capit alismcan the t rue int erest s of
t he prolet ariat achieved (Walker and Gray, 2007, p. 56). Thus t he class
consciousness is both precondit ion and result of the class st ruggle, t han can only
be creat ed by t he w orking class it self (Schm it t, 1997, p. 154). Next , t he t heory
addresses t he class st ruggle. According t o Schm itt (1997), classes develop in the
course of class st ruggle, com posed of groups of people w ho have similar
economic condit ion, int erest , culture, at least in som e respect s. The full
development of classes t akes place in the course of ext ended and complex
process. First , sm all groups st ruggle locally over issues, of int erest t o them. Those
st ruggles give rise t o organizations t hat are initially quit e ephemeral and only
gradually manage t o last (Schmit t, 1997, p. 151).
The import ance of the concept of class st ruggle t o M arxismis affirm ed by
it s appearance in the very first line of the Communist M anifest o(1848):
The hist ory of all hithert o exist ing societ y is the history of class st ruggles.
That in every hist orical epoch, the prevailing mode of econom ic production
and exchange, and t he social organization necessarily following from it,
form t he basis upon which it is built up, and from t hat which alone can be
explained the political and int ellect ual hist ory of t hat epoch; that
consequently the w hole hist ory of m ankind (since t he dissolution of
primit ive t ribal societ y, holding land in com mon ownership) has been a
and oppressed classes; That t he hist ory of t hese class st ruggles forms a
series of evolutions in w hich, now adays, a st age has been reached where
t he exploit ed and oppressed class – t he prolet ariat – cannot at t ain it s
em ancipation from the sw ay of the exploit ing and ruling class – t he
bourgeoisie – w it hout, at t he sam e t im e, and once and for all, emancipat ing
societ y at large from all exploit at ion, oppression, class dist inction, and class
st ruggles (p. 8 & 9).
By t his view , exploitat ion is the import ant t erm in t he class st ruggle. For
M arx, exploit at ion is t he t erm t hat refers t o the ext ract ion of surplus value from
one sect ion t o another sect ion of t he societ y by t aking t he form of a subordinat e
class producing surplus value that a dominant ruling class appropriat es w it h t he
use or t hreat of force. In capitalist societ y t he ext ract ion of surplus value is m ore
subtle w it h workers selling t heir labor pow er t o t he capit alist s w ho t hen use t his
labor pow er t o generat e surplus value w hich t hey t hen ow n (W alker and Gray,
2007, p. 101). In M arx’s sense, a person is exploit ed if he performs m ore labor
t han is necessary t o produce t he goods t hat he consum es. M eanw hile a person is
an exploit er if he works few er hours t han are needed to sust ain his consumpt ion.
How ever, capit alist exploit at ion rest s on economic coercion, if t he capit alist
int erferes wit h alt ernat ive employm ent opport unit ies for t he w orkers (Elst er,
1999, p. 80-82).
Relat ing to the class st ruggle, Elst er (1999) insist s “ w hat makes a conflict
int o a class st ruggle is, first , t hat t he part ies involved are classes and, second,
t hat t he object s of t he st ruggle are int erest s t hey have as classes, not as, say,
cit izens or et hnic groups” (p. 134). In Communist M anifest o (1848), M arx argues
t hat “ every class st ruggle is a political st ruggle” . It det ermines t hat class st ruggle
is t he only source of revolut ionary change. Political classes hold power in societ y
by virt ue of an ext ended range of inst itutions and organizat ions support ing t he
change is impossible w it hout class st ruggle. The revolut ion w ill bring democracy
w hich consist s of equalit y for all m em bers of t he societ y (Schmit t, 1997, p. 171).
According t o Elst er (1999), the form s of class st ruggle are m any and in vary.
They variet y from hidden m anipulation t o overt conflict; from direct
confront ation bet w een t he t w o classes involved in a relat ion of exploit ation or
domination to complex alliance format ion involving t hree or more classes. The
int erest s of t he part ies may be im placably opposed or in concord in cert ain
respect s. The arena of class st ruggle can be an ent erprise, a branch of t he
econom y, or t he political syst em ; t he st akes can range from w age increases t o
t he creat ion of a wholly new set of relat ions of production. And M arx w as mainly
concerned w ith overt form s of t he class st ruggle, opposing t w o or m ore
organized classes t o each other (Elst er, 1999, p. 134 & 135).
Furt her, in M arx and Engels’s Select ed Correspondence (1975), t hey explain
if the w orking class as a class confront s t he ruling classes and t ries t o const rain
t hem from w it hout is a polit ical m ovem ent . For inst ance, t he at t empt by st rikes,
et c., in a particular fact ory or even, a part icular t rade t o compel individual
capit alist s t o reduce t he w orking day, is a purely economic m ovem ent . On t he
other hand the m ovem ent t o force t hrough an eight hour, et c., law is a polit ical
movem ent . And in this w ay, out of t he separat e economic movem ent s of t he
w orkers, t here grows up everywhere a polit ical movem ent , it is a class
movem ent (pg: 254-255).
RESEARCH M ETHOD
The t ype of this st udy is lit erary st udies by using document analysis is
collect ing the dat a and descript ive t echnique in analyzing t he dat a. The primary
dat a source in this st udy is Suzanne Collins’ s The Hunger Games t rilogy t hat
consist s of three novels; The Hunger Games (2008), Cat ching Fire (2009), and
t aken from other sources such as lit erary books, previous st udies, art icles,
journals, and also websit e relat ed to t he t rilogy of The Hunger Games t rilogy.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
1. The Conflicted Classes
Hist orically, the nation of Panem is a shining Capit ol ringed by thirt een
dist rict s, which brought peace and prosperit y t o it s cit izens. Then cam e t he
Dark Days, t he uprising of t he dist rict s against t he Capitol. Tw elve were
defeat ed, the thirt eent h oblit erat ed (The Hunger gam es: 15).
The Hunger Games t rilogy m ainly concerns upon the cont est of
exploiting and exploit ed, ruling and oppressed classes at t he sam e t im e in t he
post - apocalyptic nation of Panem. The conflicted classes reflect ed in The
Hunger Games t rilogy are t he Capit ol as t he ruling class and t he t welve
dist rict s as the classes t hat are ruled.
The Capitol represent s t he bourgeoisie Capitol who owns t he means of
product ion em ploys w age labor and cont rols the st at e, and const itut es t he
ruling class, meanw hile t he dist rict s represent t he prolet ariat (t he w orkers)
w hich is defined as t he class t hat does not own the m eans of production, and
owns nothing other than it s labor power.
In dept h explanat ion, t he dist rict s are classified int o t wo different levels
of w elfare; t he w ealt hier dist rict s or t he career dist rict s and the poorer
dist rict s. Although the w ealthier dist rict s live under t he Capit ol’s m ercy, t hey
are not as w ealt hy as t he Capitol people, and t heir st at us is sim ilar w ith t he
poorer; the workers.
The dist rict s are locked in st ruggle w it h t he Capit ol w hich owns and
and t he dist rict s reflect s t he relat ion bet w een t he capit alist and the w orkers
in capit alist societ y.
2. The Causes of Class Struggle
The root of t he problem s bet w een t he Capit ol and the dist rict s is t he
idea of Panem et Circencess w hich is adopt ed by t he Capitol as it s political
orient ation—in ret urn for full bellies and ent ert ainment , the people have
given up their polit ical responsibilit ies and therefore t heir pow er. So that’ s
w hat the dist rict s are for; to provide t he bread and circuses for t he Capitol
(M ockingjay: 162).
By this orient ation, the dist rict s have t he obligat ion t o produce and
procure t heir resources based on t he quot a of production—Dist rict 1;
luxurious it em s, Dist rict 2; w eaponry, Dist rict 3; elect ronic gadget s, District 4;
fishing, Dist rict 5; pow er and elect ricit y, Dist rict 6; t ransport at ion, Dist rict 7;
lumber, Dist rict 8; fact ory, Dist rict 9; grain, Dist rict 10; beef and live st ocks,
Dist rict 11; agricult ure, and Dist rict 12; coal—and t he obligat ion t o send t heir
boys and girls t o the death arena of the annual event Hunger Gam es.
The im plem ent at ion of Panem et Circencess in econom ic realm brings
t he domino effect s; from t he forced labor, to the povert y and inequalit ies.
Forced labor is any w ork or services w hich people are forced t o do against
t heir will under t hreat of some form of punishment . Low er w aged labor and
bonded labor cont ain some elem ent s of forced labor.
In the mode of product ion, the Capitol em ploys t he forced labor to both
w ealt hier and poorer dist rict s. In t he w ealt hier dist rict s, t he Capitol em ploys
bonded labor. Bonded labor performance can be seen in Dist rict 2 as one of
t he w ealt hier district s. In Dist rict 2, being t he peacekeepers m eans t hat t heir
debt s are forgi ven. Since many people are sw amped in debt in the Capitol
low er-w aged labor. The performance of low er-w aged labor is seen in several
poorer dist rict s. In Dist rict 8, all people have t he obligat ion for four-hour shift
at t he fact ory t hat specialized in the Peacekeeper uniform s. In Dist rict 11,
people grow food, but they are not allow ed eat ing t he crops. Everyone is
needed during t he harvest t im e; m en, w om en, and children. Every hand is
needed for collect ing t he crops (Cat ching Fire: 40). Although it is a school
t im e for t he children, during t he harvest t hey are not allowed to be at school
because everyone has to work (The Hunger Games: 142). And in Dist rict 12 is
usually crawling with coal miners heading out t o t he m orning shift. The
performance of low er w aged labor, of course, is t he m ajor cause of povert y
and st arvat ion in t he poorer dist rict s. In Dist rict 12, for example, it is a
com m on fat e in Dist rict 12 t o see people st arving and st raggling through t he
st reet s t ill the peacekeepers com e t o ret rieve t heir body (The Hunger Gam es:
22). Poverty and inequalit ies can be seen by t he exist ence of t he w ealt hier
and t he poorer dist ricts. The wealt hier live w ith good living st andard;
m eanw hile the poorer dist rict s alw ays deal w it h the st arvat ion and povert y.
In order t o cont rol the dist rict s in doing t heir obligation, t he Capitol
rest rict s t he dist rict s under it s law s. Basically, t he rules as w ell as t he law s in
Panem are set by t he Capitol, and are referred t o the dist rict s. The Capitol
persons have the law immunit y, except those w ho are on dist rict s’ side in
w orking out t he uprisings. The law s engage all aspect s of people’ s life. All t he
dist rict s have t o fulfill the quot a of production. Act ivities t hat exclude
procuring and producing are illegal. All illegal t ransact ions like illegal m arket s
are forbidden, including all form s of st ealing are illegal. Trespassing t he
w oods or going out side the fence is against t he law . As w ell as t ravel
bet w een t he dist rict s is forbidden except for officially sanct ioned dut ies (The
Hunger Games: 31). One m ost phenom enal law m ade by t he Capit ol is t he
Hunger Gam es as t he new law s t o guarant ee peace and, as t he yearly
uprising, each of t he t w elve dist rict s must provide one girl and one boy,
called t ribut es, t o part icipat e. Over a period of several w eeks, t he
com pet itors m ust fight t o t he deat h. The last t ribut e standing wins (The
Hunger Gam es: 15).
In coercing t he rules, t he Capit ol also em ploys violence t hrough it s
peacekeepers. Public whipping, as w ell as public shot, is som et hing com m on
in the dist rict s, especially in the poorer ones. The violence does not only deal
w ith execut ion of the deat h, but also the most t ort urous; mutilation. The
Capitol has no end of creat ive w ays t o kill people. One phenom enal is
m utilating som eone who com mitt ed a crim e, and turning t hem int o a mut e
servant called an Avox. Avox is som eone w ho com mit t ed a crime. The Capit ol
cut s their tongue so t hey can’t speak (The Hunger Games: 56).
The overall explanat ion above is diagnosed as t he cause of t he class
st ruggle b et w een t he dist rict s against the Capitol. The dist rict s, of course,
dem and their freedom from long last ing oppression, m eanwhile t he Capitol
dem ands their power in ruling and dominating t he dist rict s.
3. The Power Relation
In order t o m aint ain t heir power, t he Capit ol uses t he polit ical st rat egy
w hich is similar w ith Rom an Empire; divide and conquer. It can be seen how
t he Capit ol arrogant ly deliberat ed Dist rict 13 w ith it s m ilit ary force, and also
t he harsh law enforcement t hat associat ed w ith violence. M oreover, all t he
Capitol’s rules are set in order t o make t he dist rict s disunit ed, from t he
Hunger Gam es until t he dist rict boundary. The Capitol is fragile since it
depends on the dist rict s from foods until the peacekeepers, hence, if the
dist rict s are unit ed and declare t heir freedom , the Capit ol w ill collapse.
The Hunger Games t rilogy depict s t hat t he long last ing oppressions of
Hence, t he pow er relat ion of the dist rict s deals w it h t he developm ent of class
consciousness in t he course of class st ruggle. Wherein, the dist rict s as whole
becom e aw are of t hem selves as a single class with com mon int erest and
com m on enemy t ow ard the Capit ol. And this class consciousness is a vit al
prerequisit e for revolution t hat manifest s it self in a sense of solidarit y based
on class identit y. For the dist rict s, class consciousness m eans revolut ionary
consciousness t hrough revolution and t he overt hrow of the Capitol.
The Hunger Gam es t rilogy depict t hat the revolut ion will not be
achieved wit hout political agent and t he unit y of the dist rict s. Hence, Dist rict
13 that once w as considered died com es as an agent of revolut ion t o
persuade t he dist rict s under t he voice of revolution t o overt hrow the Capit ol.
The goal of revolut ion is t o form a republic w here t he people of each
dist rict and the Capit ol can elect t heir own represent at ives t o be t heir voice
in a cent ralized governm ent (M ockingjay: 66). Dist rict 13 aim s t o t ake over
t he dist rict s one by one, ending w ith Dist rict Tw o, thus cut ting off t he
Capitol’s supply chain. Then, once it ’ s w eakened, t hey invade t he Capitol
it self (M ockingjay: 66). The w ar bet w een dist rict s and Capitol result s the fall
of t he Capit ol t o the hand of t he rebels (M ockingjay: 252). In t im e of t he
post -w ar period, Panem experience t w o president ial elect ions. The first
elect ion result s elect ed Coin, and t he lat est elect ion result s elect ed Paylor.
Under Paylor’s leadership, Panem is est ablishing a new government w ith
dem ocracy syst em
4. The Effects of Class Struggle
The class st ruggle bet w een t he Capitol and the dist rict s reflect ed in The
Hunger Games t rilogy result s t he st ruct ural change in government syst em
from t otalit arian to democracy. And the goal of revolution—forming a
represent at ives t o be t heir voice in a cent ralized government —is achieved by
t he new vot ed president ; Paylor.
An emergency elect ion w as t hrow n t oget her and Paylor w as vot ed in as president … Now w e’ re in t hat sw eet period w here everyone agrees t hat our recent horrors should never be repeat ed (M ockingjay: 272).
The st ruct ural change in governm ent is also follow ed by the changes in
societ y. Aft er t he w ar is over, people realize t hat som et hing is significant ly
w rong w it h a creat ure t hat sacrifices it s children’s lives t o sett le it s
differences. Therefore, t he Hunger Gam es arenas have been com plet ely
dest royed, the m emorials built , there are no more Hunger Games
(M ockingjay: 280). Furthermore, t he dist rict boundaries are t ot ally banished,
t he fences are not charged anymore. People are allow ed not only to t ravel
around dist rict s and the Capitol, but also to choose w here t hey live aft er t he
w ar is over. The dist rict s are unit ed.
W e land briefly in Dist rict 3 t o drop off Plut arch. He’s meet ing w it h Beet ee t o updat e t he t echnology on t he broadcast syst em (M ockingjay: 272).
“ M y mot her’s not coming back. She’s helping t o st art up a hospit al in Dist rict
catast rophe. Dist rict 12, for exam ple, aft er t he m ining coal is closed, people
plow the ashes int o the eart h and plant food. M achines from t he Capit ol
break ground for a new fact ory t o m ake m edicines. Alt hough no one seeds it ,
t he M eadow turns green again (M ockingjay: 279).
5. The Type of the Class Struggle
According t o M arx and Engels (1975), every mo vem ent , in w hich the
w orking class as a class confront s the ruling classes and t ries t o const rain
m ovem ent . For inst ance, the at t empt by st rikes, et c., in a particular fact ory
or even, a part icular t rade t o compel individual capit alist s to reduce t he
w orking day, is a purely econom ic movem ent (p. 254-255). By t his view , t he
researcher argues t hat the t ype of class st ruggl e reflect ed in t he t rilogy is
classified as a political movem ent . The polit ical m ovem ent reflect ed in t he
t rilogy is charact erized by t w o fact ors; st ruggle against t he law and
revolutionary act ion. St ruggle against t he law is defined when t he dist rict s
confront the Capit ol as t he ruling class in order t o get t heir freedom from t he
exist ing law s t hat oppress and w eaken t hem in a long period of t im e.
M eanw hile, revolutionary act ion is defined since t he class st ruggl e bet w een
t he dist rict s and the Capitol dem ands a st ruct ural change such as t he change
from t he tot alit arian syst em into democracy. And every revolut ionary act ion
is a political action.
CONCLUSION
Based on the findings and discussion, the researcher draw s several
conclusions. First ly, t his st udy show s t hat class st ruggle reflect ed in Suzanne
Collins’s The Hunger Gam es t rilogy is t he class st ruggle bet w een t he Capitol and
t he dist rict s. The Capitol m aint ains their power in order t o keep t heir em pire roll
in, meanwhile, t he dist rict s dem and their freedom from t he long last ing
oppression by the Capit ol.
Secondly, t he idea of Panem et Circencess as t he Capit ol’s polit ical
orient ation is relat es t o t he ideology of capit alism, since it s im plem ent at ion
involves t he dist rict s t o provide, produce and procure, in t he m ode of
product ion. The capit alism syst em reflect ed in Panem et Circcencess result s t he
forced labor—bonded labor in the career dist ricts and low er w aged labor in the
poorer dist rict s—and inequalities in t he share of economic gains and t he law
Thirdly, t his st udy reveals t hat t he t ype of class st ruggle reflect ed in
Collins’s The Hunger Games t rilogy is classified as a polit ical movem ent .
According to M arx and Engel the working class as a class confront s the ruling
classes and t ries t o const rain t hem from w ithout is a polit ical movement . For
inst ance, the at t em pt by st rikes, et c., in a part icular fact ory or even, a part icular
t rade t o com pel individual capitalist s t o reduce t he w orking day, is a purely
economic movement . On the other hand the m ovem ent t o force through an
eight hour, et c., law is a polit ical movem ent (pg: 254-255). The polit ical
movem ent refl ect ed in the t rilogy is charact erized by t w o factors; st ruggle
against t he law and revolutionary act ion. St ruggle against t he law is defined
w hen the dist rict s confront the Capitol as the ruling class in order t o get t heir
freedom from t he exist ing law s t hat oppress and w eaken t hem in a long period
of t im e. M eanwhile, revolut ionary act ion is defined since t he class st ruggle
bet ween t he dist rict s and the Capitol dem ands a st ruct ural change such as t he
change from t he t ot alit arian syst em into dem ocracy. And every revolutionary
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