The Potential of Nyamplung Seed Oil (Calophyluminophyllum L.) as a Source of Natural Antioxidants
Liya Fitriyana1,2, Muhammad Dani Supardan3,4*, Yuliani Aisyah5, & Irfan5
1,3,4,5
Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.
2Universitas Serambi Mekkah, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.
*Corresponding Author: Muhammad Dani Supardan, Email: m.dani.supardan@unsyiah.ac.id
Abstract
Indonesia has many plants that have the potential as raw materials for medicines and cosmetics, one of which is Calophylluminophyllum which in Indonesian is called the Nyamplung plant. Nyamplung seeds have a high oil content of 73% and have the potential as a source of active compounds. In this study, we looked at the content of active compounds as antioxidants from Nyamplung seed oil produced from the press and press process with degumming. The resulting Nyamplung seed oil contains compounds from the phenolic and steroid groups. Component analysis showed that Nyamplung seed oil contained as many as 20-25 compounds with the highest content being cis-13-Octadecenoic acid, Octadecanoic acid, n-Hexadecanoic acid, cis-Vaccenic acid. Nyamplung seed oil has potential as a source of antioxidants because it has an IC50 value of < 50 µg/mL, namely 41.37 µg/mL for oil from the press process and 46.59 µg/mL for oil from the press process with degumming.
Keywords: Nyamplung Seed Oil, Extraction, Degumming, Antioxidants
1. Introduction
Plants are one of the biological diversities that plays an important role for the survival of living things. These important roles include being a source of clothing, food, raw materials for medicines, cosmetics and others (Mattos e al., 2018). Indonesia has many plants that have the potential as raw materials for medicines and cosmetics, one of which is Calophylluminophyllum which in Indonesian is called the Nyamplung plant. Utilization of Nyamplung plants, especially Nyamplung fruit seeds which have the potential as a source of vegetable oil needs to be developed because the oil from Nyamplung fruit has a yield of up to 75%, and contains many active compounds, such as calophylic acid, tacamahin, essential oil resins, bitter compounds glycerin, tannins, takaferol. , lipids, fiber, protein and carotenoids with a calorific value of 6092 kal/g (Kartika et al., 2011).
Nyamplung seeds have various biological activities such as antiviral, anti- inflammatory, UV protection, wound healing and antioxidants. Utilization of Nyamplung seeds as a source of flavonoids for natural antioxidants can increase economic value and provide an alternative source of easily available cosmetic ingredients. Nyamplung seed oil contains 70-80% lipids and the resin contain around 15-20% bioactive compounds, namely coumarins, sterols, triterpenoids and flavonoids (Hien e al., 2011). Another study stated that Nyamplung seed oil has the main content of fatty acids consisting of: oleic acid = 30- 50%, linoleic acid = 25-40%, palmitoleic acid = 0.5-1%, palmitic acid = 15-17%, stearic acid = 8-16%, arachidic acid = 0.5-1% and gadoleic acid 0.5-1% (Thy et al., 2020) with the characteristics of greenish brown oil, thick, pungent aroma like caramel and contains very high unsaturated fatty acids (Hasibuan et al., 2013).
Other studies on Nyamplung seeds have been carried out such as; Nyamplung seed
168 purified Nyamplung (Calophylluminophyllum L.) seed oil (Hasibuan et al., 2013).
Nyamplung oil and resin with a mixture of Hexan-Ethanol solvent Kartika et al., 2017).
The potential of Nyamplung seed oil (Calophylluminophyllum L) is the raw material for biodiesel (Fadhlullah et al., 2015). Antiaging activity also consists of polyphenol-rich Calophylluminophyllum L. fruit oil in yeast cells Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY611 (Kavilasha & Sasidharan, 2021). Nyamplung oil and skin active properties are from traditional to modern cosmetic uses (Raharivelomanana et al., 2018), Antioxidants in cosmetic products further contain CalophyllumInophyllum oil (Rejeki & Wahyuningsih, 2015). Several previous studies have shown that Nyamplung seeds have potential as a source of natural antioxidants that can be developed as raw materials for medicines and cosmetics. Therefore, in this study, we will look at the antioxidant content of Nyamplung seed oil produced from the pressing and pressing process followed by degumming.
2. Materials and Methods Instruments and Materials
The instruments used were UV–Vis Spectrophotometer (UV-1700 pharmaspec, SHIMADZU, Tokyo, Japan), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) (IR-Prestige-21, SHIMADZU, Tokyo, Japan), Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) (SHIMADZU QP 2010 SE. This tool uses FID and MS detectors. Meanwhile, the columns used are Rtx-5MS (5% diphenyl/95% dimethyl polysiloxane) and Carbowax (Polyethylene glycol) with helium as the mobile phase (Tokyo, Japan), Cold Press Oil Hydraulic Machine (MKS-Hidro 10, MAKSINDO, Jakarta, Indonesia). The materials used were aquadest as a solvent, 1% citric acid as a reagent, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) as an antioxidant reagent. Each material used had Pro Analysis (PA) qualities from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Nyamplung (Calophyluminophyllum L.) seeds as samples.
Raw Material Preparation
Nyamplung seeds used as research raw materials were obtained from Pasir Putih Beach, Krueng Raya District, AcehBesar District. Aceh Province, Indonesia. The Nyamplung seeds obtained were cleaned of dirt, washed, drained and then aerated, thereby reducing the water content but not damaging the content contained in the seeds.
Nyamplung seeds that have been air-dried for 3 days, then peeled and crushed.
Extraction Process Press Process
A total of 3 Kg of crushed Nyamplung seeds are put into a pressing container. The pressing process is carried out for 10 minutes at room temperature with a pressure of 10-15 bar.
Deguming Process
The Nyamplung seed oil from the partial pressing process was degummed as follows: 100 g of Nyamplung seed oil was put into a beaker and added 5 g of 1% citric acid and heated in a water bath at 80°C with stirring until the citric acid particles dissolved.
Then the washing process was carried out by adding 200 mL of warm aquadest, then stirred and centrifuged for 5 minutes, so that the oil would be separated from the gum and water. The oil washing process is carried out until the pH of the washing water is neutral (pH 7).
Nyamplung Seed Oil
Nyamplung seed oil produced from pressing, degumming, maceration and ultrasonic was characterized which included phytochemical screening, functional group analysis using FTIR, oil component analysis using GCMS and antioxidant strength analysis using DPPH.
3. Results and discussion 3.1. Phytochemical Screening
Nyamplung plant is one of the mangrove plants that can live easily in areas with sandy soil and coastal hot air. In addition, Nyamplung plants can live well at an altitude of 0-800 masl, such as mountains, swamps and forests (Hani & Rachman, 2016). Nyamplung plants can grow in marginal sandy coastal areas, but it would be better if the sandy beach contains mineral soil (silky sand), well drained (pH 4 - 7.4), altitude 0-200 m above sea level, rainfall type A and B with rainfall of 1000-4,100 mm/year, wet months (>200mm) 3- 10 months and dry months (<100 mm) 0-6 months with an average temperature of 18-33 C. In Indonesia, Nyamplung is often found in areas along the coast with a tropical climate.
However, plants can adapt well at an altitude of 100-350 masl (Emilda, 2000; Leksono et al., 2013). The Nyamplung seeds used in this study were taken from the Pantai area, Mesjid Raya District, Aceh Besar District. Aceh Province, Indonesia.
Table 1. Phytochemical screening of Nyamplung seed oil Phytochemical
screening
Press Press - Degumming
Phenolic + +
Tannins - -
Flavonoids - -
Terfenoids - -
Steroid + +
Saponins - -
Alkaloids
- Dragendorff - -
- Mayer - -
- Wagner - -
The process of oiling Nyamplung seeds using a pressing method followed by a deguming process. The resulting oil has a yield of 70-73%. Nyamplung seed oil is greenish yellow. The results of phytochemical screening of Nyamplung seed oil, as shown in Table 1. From these results, it can be seen that Nyamplung seed oil contains phenolic and steroid compounds. Several studies have shown that Nyamplung seeds have several active compounds such as calophylic acid, tacamahin, essential oil resins, bitter compounds glycerin, tannins, takaferol, lipids, fiber, protein and carotenoids with a calorific value of 6092 kal/g (Kartika et a., 2012). Nyamplung seed oil contains 70-80% lipids and the resin contain around 15-20% bioactive compounds, namely coumarins, sterols, triterpenoids and
170 have great potential as biological activities such as antiviral, anti-inflammatory, UV protection, wound healing and antioxidants. Utilization of Nyamplung seeds as a source of natural active compounds can increase economic value and provide an alternative source of cosmetic ingredients that are easily available.
Functional Group Analysis
The FTIR spectrum of Nyamplung seed oil in Figure 1 shows the presence of several functional groups that have high content such as O-H stretching at 3600 cm-1, C-H Asymmetric stretching at 2900 cm-1, C-H Symmetric stretching at 2800 cm-1, C=O stretching at 2800 cm-1. 1750 cm-1, C=O Aromatic stretching at 1690 cm-1, C-N stretching at 1350 cm-1, C-O stretching at 1290 cm-1 and Ar-C stretching + vibration 850 cm-1 (Nandiyanto et al., 2014). The two processes show the same spectrum shape but have differences in the percent transmittance as shown in Table 2.
Nyamplung seed oil that went through the degumming process had a lower percent transmittance. This is because the degumming process can reduce the concentration of the analyte which is polar in the sample because it is carried away by the washing water. The degumming process itself is one of the stages of the purification process which aims to separate the sap and mucus (phospholipids, proteins, residues and carbohydrates) in the oil without reducing the amount of free fatty acids. Therefore, Nyamplung seed oil that has gone through the degumming process has a lower transmittance percentage. The low percentage transmittance value indicates the number of functional groups contained in the sample (Nandiyanto et al., 2014).
Figure 1. FTIR spectrum of Nyamplung seed oil from the pressing and pressing process with degumming
Table 2. The difference in percent transmittance of Nyamplung seed oil from pressing and pressing processes with degumming
Functional groups Press Press - Degumming
λ (cm-1) T (%) λ (cm-1) T (%)
O-H stretching 3573 43.926 3527 34.457
C-H Asymmetric stretching 2960 38.274 2953 28.814
C-H Symmetric stretching 2875 45.361 2872 34.393
C=O stretching 1765 32.121 1763 25.311
C=O Aromatic stretching 1634 37.723 1633 30.269
C-N stretching 1475 33.826 1473 27.398
C-O stretching 1193 33.855 1192 27.398
Ar-C stretching + vibration 743 30.464 742 26.059
Component Analysis
All parts of CalophyllumIniphyllum L. are widely used for various types of traditional medicine, especially the oil obtained from the seeds, which is used to treat various skin diseases. This is also supported by (Raharivelomanana et al., 2018), which states that Nyamplung seed oil has the potential to be used as a cosmetic product, because it shows excellent characteristics as a potential agent for skin antioxidants. Nyamplung seeds have great potential as a source of vegetable oil and a source of active compounds (Thy et al., 2020) so that Nyamplung seeds have various biological activities.
The results of the analysis of components of Nyamplung seed oil show that Nyamplung seed oil contains many active compounds, of which each oil contains 20-25 compounds. Table 3 shows the ten compounds that have the highest percentage of each oil, from the table it can be seen that each oil has the same compound, namely cis-13- Octadecenoic acid, Octadecanoic acid, n-Hexadecanoic acid, cis-Vaccenic acid, 2 '- (Trimethylsilyl)oxy-3,4,4',5-tetramethoxychalcone, 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4- methoxyphenol,trifluoroacetate, (5-tert-butyl-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl) (phenyl) methanone, 2-trifluoroacetate, 6a-Hydroxyprogesterone, TMS derivative. The press process followed by degumming has a higher percentage of compound content when compared to the press process without degumming. This is supported by the FTIR results which show that more functional groups are contained in the oil produced by the press method followed by degumming.
Table 3. Components of chemical compounds and retention time of Nyamplung seed oil from GCMS analysis
Extraction Process
Compound Retention
Time (min)
Relative Area
(%)
Relative Area
(%) Press cis-13-Octadecenoic acid
cis-Vaccenic acid Octadecanoic acid n-Hexadecanoic acid
2'-(Trimethylsilyl)oxy-3,4,4',5- tetramethoxychalcone
Adlupulone
6a-Hydroxyprogesterone, TMS derivative
2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol,trifluoroacetate 2,4-Di-tert-amylphenol, Opentafluoropropionyl- (5-tert-butyl-2,4-
dihydroxyphenyl)(phenyl)methanone, 2- trifluoroacetate
29.287 29.179 29.658 26.043 44.637 39.280 48.681 41.045 46.330 46.276
22.57 21.42 11.94 10.01 7.46 5.52 3.23 2.35 1.97 1.75
19.60 14.06 12.79 8.89 10.00 4.08 3.47 3.94 2.08 2.54
Press - Degumming
cis-13-Octadecenoic acid n-Hexadecanoic acid
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- 2'-(Trimethylsilyl)oxy-3,4,4',5- tetramethoxychalcone
Octadecanoic acid
(5-tert-butyl-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl) (phenyl) methanone, 2-trifluoroacetate
2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol,trifluoroacetate 2'-(Trimethylsilyl)oxy-3,4,6'-trimethoxychalcone 6a-Hydroxyprogesterone, TMS derivative Lupeol
29.097 25.931 28.958 44.579 29.488 46.263 41.045 44.991 48.627 45.783
34.87 14.68 10.89 8.42 7.94 4.44 3.28 2.93 2.55 1.29
33.74 14.04 10.75 9.45 12.58 1.98 2.67 2.27 1.94 1.47
172 Antioxidant Analysis
Antioxidants are molecules that can prevent and delay the oxidation stages of free radicals. Free radicals are molecules or atoms with a high level of reactivity, this is due to the presence of unpaired electrons. Free radicals can come from the rest of the body's metabolism and from outside the body such as food, UV rays and pollution (Ginting e al., 2015). Therefore, antioxidant compounds are needed for self-protection from free radicals, many sources of antioxidants can be used, but natural sources of antioxidants are preferred because they do not have harmful side effects. Nyamplung seed oil is one of the natural ingredients that can be considered as a source of antioxidants, because Nyamplung seed oil has a very strong antioxidant value with an IC50 value of <50 µg/mL. Table 4 shows the antioxidant value of Nyamplung seed oil produced from the press and press process with degumming, from these results it can be seen that the oil produced from the degumming press process has a lower IC50 value of 41.37 µg/mL, while the oil from the press process has a lower IC50 value of 41.37 µg/mL.IC50 value 46.59 µg/mL.
Table 4. IC50 value of Nyamplung seed oil as an antioxidant Process IC50 (µg/mL)
Press 46.59
Press - Deguming 41.37
4. Conclusions
Nyamplung plant is easy to grow in coastal areas and has a high seed oil content with yields reaching 70-73%. Thusm Nyamplung seed oil is a source of active compounds that can be considered as raw materials for medicine and cosmetics. Nyamplung seed oil contains many active compounds; each oil contains 20-25 compounds. Besides, Nyamplung seed oil has a high antioxidant value with IC50 value < 50 µg/mL which has the potential as a source of active compounds for medicine and cosmetics.
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