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The Occurrence of Conflicts Due To The Non-Observance of Gricean Conversational Maxims in The TV Series '24' Seasons 1 and 2.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……….………..i

TABLE OF CONTENTS………....….……..ii

ABSTRACT………...iii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Background of the Study…...………...………….1

Statement of the Problems………...………....4

Purpose of the Study………...……….………4

Method of Research……….……….5

Organization of the Thesis…….………...5

CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK………….…..…………6

CHAPTER THREE: THE OCCURRENCE OF CONFLICTS DUE TO THE NON-OBSERVANCE OF GRICEAN CONVERSATIONAL MAXIMS IN THE TV SERIES 24 SEASON 1 AND 2...……….………..12

CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION……...………….…...………35

BIBLIOGRAPHY………..………..39

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Maranatha Christian University

ABSTRACT

Dalam tugas akhir ini, yang berjudul The Occurrence of Conflicts Due

to the Non-Observance of Gricean Conversational Maxims in the TV series 24,

saya membahas beberapa situasi yang menggambarkan seseorang yang tidak dapat mengikuti atau memperhatikan bidal. Alasan saya memilih topik tersebut adalah karena ada beberapa karakter dalam serial TV 24 yang melanggar bidal yang mengakibatkan munculnya konflik diantara mereka.

Saya memilih Gricean Conversational Maxims sebagai teori dalam analisis saya karena teori tersebut mencakup segala sesuatu yang saya butuhkan untuk menganalisis data saya. Teori ini terdiri dari empat bidal. Pertama, seseorang harus memberikan informasi sesuai dengan yang dibutuhkan. Kedua, seseorang harus berkata jujur dan harus mempunyai bukti yang kuat dalam memberikan informasi. Ketiga, seseorang juga harus menjawab pertanyaan sesuai dengan yang ditanyakan. Keempat, seseorang harus berbicara dengan jelas dan tidak berbelit-belit sehingga pendengar tidak mempunyai asumsi lain dari apa yang dikatakan oleh pembicara.

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dianggap terlibat, bahkan koleganya. Dalam interogasi atau investigasi tersebut, karakter-karakter itu melanggar bidal. Akibat pelanggaran bidal ini terjadilah sebuah konflik di antara karakter-karakter tersebut yang mengakibatkan perbedaan pendapat, percekcokan, perkelahian, bahkan saling tembak.

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Jack : Who’s the source ? Who tipped us on the Palmer hit ? Last August when you led the take-down of Phillipe Darcet, all his assets were transferred to a custodial account in Langley, Virginia. $ 200.000 fell out along the way. I traced that money to an offshore account in Aruba. I got a funny feeling about that account, George. I think it’s yours. George : Yeah, Well, that’s a lie.

Jack : Good. Then you won’t mind if I send Chappelle the information. The source, George ?

George : You have no idea what you’re getting yourself into here. Jack : Why don’t you explain it to me ? You’ve got five seconds. George : Wait. There’s your source.

Jack : Thanks for your help George.

George : You’ll live to regret this, I promise you that. Data 2

Nina : What are you doing ?

Jack : Why don’t you tell me about this ? Nina : Tell you what ?

Jack : Skip the “ I don’t know what you’re talking about “ phase. You loaded this card with intel. I wanna know who you’re working for and who you smuggled this card to. Nina : You’re delirious !

Jack : Who are you working for ? (Jack pushes Nina to the chair) Nina : I work for you.

Jack : Whoever programmed this card is involved with the hit on Palmer. This came from

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your computer.

Nina : I don’t care where it came from. I didn’t do it. And I can’t believe that you think I did.

Data 3

Dan : We’d like our money now, if that’s, like, you know, okay.

Gaines : Just so we’re, like, you know, clear. What happened to the other girl ? Dan : Janet ? Like I told you, we had to kill her.

Gaines : My people tell me, someone that fits her description was taken to a hospital near to where you were. How do you explain that ?

Dan : Well, the thing is…maybe she wasn’t quite dead.

Gaines : I’ll tell you, Dan. You’re either dead or you’re not dead. There’s no such thing as “ sort of dead “. Here, let me show you. ( Gunshots )

Data 4

Penticoff : Keep him away from me. Phillips : He wants to ask a few questions.

Penticoff : No more questions without my lawyer. Jack : Who are you working for ?

Penticoff : Are you deaf ? I said, no questions without my lawyer. Jack : Your lawyer can kiss my ass. Who do you work for ? Phillips : Hey, back off !

Jack : Get your hands off me.

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Phillips : What ?

Jack : Where were you when your partner really needed you ? Phillips : What’s the matter with you ?

Data 5 because you’ve a grudge against me. So, why don’t we cut the crap ? How do you want to play this ?

George: I’ll talk to him myself. Look, you’re lucky. I haven’t already put you in cuffs. Just sit down, read a magazine.

Data 6

Nina : Where’s the keycard ? Jack : What ?

Nina : Somebody replaced the keycard that Walsh gave you with this one. Jack : Who ?

Nina : Milo thinks it was you. Jack : What are you talking about ?

Nina : The only time Milo took his eyes off the system, when you distracted him. Where’s the keycard ? Give it to me, Jack, or I’ll call Division myself.

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Jack : I’m sorry Nina, but believe me, I will kill you if I have to. Now, no screaming. Data 7

Nina : Who were you contacting in the bathroom ? Jamey : None of your bussiness, it was personal.

Nina : Are they the same people who set me up to be killed ? treason. I suggest you start telling me what’s going on.

Jamey : They said no one would get hurt. Nina : Who are they ?

Jamey : I can’t tell you.

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Kevin : I was just about to say the same to you. Jack : But, I’m the man with the gun.

Kevin : If you kill me, how are you gonna find your family ? Jack : Who said anything about killing ?

Kevin : I’m pretty good at withstanding pain. But, if you don’t get there soon, it may be too late. Since you are no longer any use to us, Jack. There’s no reason to keep your family alive. So, we need to come to an agreement

Data 9

Krugman : Who the hell is this?

Frank : Just some friends of mine. Don’t worry about it. Krugman : How do you know Frankie?

Kim : I’m a friend of Rick’s. Krugman :Who’s Rick? Rick : I am.

Krugman : What happened to you?

Frank : Are we going to play “20 questions” or do some business? Krugman : I just want to know who’s in the room. Is that a problem?

Frank : No, man. Knock yourself out. Get a medical history and urine sample for all I care. Let’s just get on with it, come on.

Krugman : Fine, let’s do this. You got cash Frankie?

Frank : I got what you need. Don’t worry. Let’s see the E first. Krugman : Pure MDMA. No Caffeine. Want to check it? Frank : No, man. I trust you.

Krugman : All right, Homey. Where’s the money? Frank : Did you hear that?

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[chuckling]. This guy called me “homey”. Stand down! Krugman : Come on homey.

Frank : Stand down, or you’re eating one.

Krugman : Pull that trigger and you’re going down, too. Data 10

Eddie : Jack? Jack? What happened? Where’s the guy? Look at me. Jack : I don’t know.

Eddie : Where’s the telephone guy?

Jack : I don’t know. I was looking out like you asked me to. The next thing I know, you’re slapping me in the head.

Eddie : Okay. So, listen, what are you telling me, Jack? Are you saying you let the son of a bitch go?

Jack : I didn’t tie him up.

Rush : You’re saying it’s my fault? Do you believe this guy? He walks in off the street, then breaks Dave’s ankle.

Eddie : Hey, hey. Back off! Rush : You punk.

Eddie : Back off! Shut up, Jack, get in the front of the van. Get in the front. We got seven minutes until this building goes down. Get in!

Data 11

Gary : Kim! Stop the car, I will kill you.

Gary : Who are you calling, Kim? The Police? Cause they’re already looking for kidnapping. Where is she?

Kim : Let go of me! (Gary holds her shoulder hardly and tries to frighten her and also

Maxim of Quality Violating a Maxim Opting out of a

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Gary : No. You don’t tell me what to do, okay? Tell me where my daughter is? Kim : I wasn’t

Gary : Where is my daughter? [Grunts] Data 12

Nina : Let’s keep this simple. If you wanna stop the bomb, I need to be on a plane to Visalia now.

Jack : Did you pick Visalia for a reason or would anywhere outside the blast zone work? Jack : Who is it?

Nina : The only person who can tell us where the bomb is. I’m not gonna tell you who it is till we get there.

Jack : Fine. Then you can sit here and wait for the blast to hit.

Nina : Stop wasting time. I’m sitting here looking at the president’s signature.

Jack : I’m here. He’s not. And I’m not gonna make a move until I believe you’re credible. Nina : Don’t even bother, Jack. If you lay a hand on me, you’ll be taken off the case. You’re just gonna have to follow my lead.

Jack : [yells] You are going to tell me everything. I wanna know. Or I swear to God I will hurt you before I kill you. And no one will stop me. Do you understand me?

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Naiyeer : What?

Mason : Who is Marko Khatami? Who is he?

Naiyeer : I have no idea. [All Shouting] ( Mason tries to punch and to push him)I don’t know what you’re talking about! You’re crazy!

Mason : You’re gonna tell me who he is! Where’s the bomb? Naiyeer : You’re crazy! You’re mad!

Almeida : Cool it. Cool down.

Maxim of Quality Violating a Maxim Opting out of a

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Language can be defined as a system of communication with other people by using sounds, symbols and words to express a meaning or a thought. Language can be used in many forms, primarily through oral and written communication and also through body language (What Is Language para 1).

In daily conversation, people use language to express meaning or a thought. In some situations, sometimes the hearer does not understand what the speaker means. As a result, a misunderstanding often occurs between the speaker and the hearer. The speaker sometimes means more than what he/she utters.

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Maranatha Christian University The hearers can make their own interpretation in interpreting the utterance (Leech 39).

Pragmatics is the study of how we discover the speaker meaning in a particular context. Pragmatics is concerned with the speaker meaning, which has three connections: speaker-utterance-hearer. This means that the utterance is communicated by a speaker or user of the language and interpreted by a hearer (Leech 6).

There is a distinction between what a speaker says and what the speaker means. Grice’s theory explains how a hearer gets a meaning from the level of the expressed meaning to the level of the implied meaning. In his theory, Grice introduced four conversational maxims which are concerned with the listener. These are the assumptions about what the speaker means.

I choose conversational maxims as my topic because misunderstanding of perception or meaning often occurs between the speaker and the hearer in daily conversation. Sometimes people do not really understand what the speaker means. The reason is the speaker does not always convey clearly what he/she means; therefore, Gricean Maxims offer ways to understand that the speaker does not always convey clearly what he/she means. They have to discover the hidden meaning behind the speaker’s utterance.

My topic is the occurrence of conflicts due to the non-observance of

Gricean conversational maxims in the TV series 24 seasons 1 and 2. In 24 I find

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miscalculation of FTA in 24. Therefore, I conclude that my analysis on 24 through

conversational maxims will be acceptable.

The significance of my topic is to make readers know and understand that sometimes people do not always say what they actually mean. This analysis will make them more aware that sometimes the speaker has an intended meaning when they utter an utterance, and sometimes the speaker even deliberately tries to mislead or lie to the listener. This analysis will also help readers understand that people often fail to observe Grice’s conversational maxims in conversation. For the other researchers, this analysis will help them to look at the other effects of failing to observe the Gricean conversational maxims. They will understand that the non-observance of Gricean maxims can lead to the occurrence of conflict, comedy, suspense, and tense atmosphere.

The reason I choose a movie as the data source is that a movie can provide detailed information, through dialogue, context, intonation, situation, events, setting, plot and also characters. Movie is “a powerful source of education and entertainment” (The Definition of Movie para 1).

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Maranatha Christian University So, the data are not only obtained from the main characters in 24 but from other characters as well.

During the interrogation scene, there is something, or certain information, that cannot be revealed. The characters try to hide any proof or evidence while they are interrogated. Therefore, they often commit the non-observance of maxims, as they do not want to be a suspect. In other situations, they also often commit non-observance of maxims, in order to get the proof, explanation or even the answer of their question. By performing non-observance of maxims, conflict occurs between the characters.

The opposition of persons or forces upon which the action depends in drama and fiction is called conflict. Dramatic conflict is the struggle which grows out of the interplay of opposing forces (ideas, interests, wills). Conflict may also occur between a character and society or environment and there may also be internal conflict (Shaw 47).

865 Words

Statement of the Problem

1. What type of non-observance of the Gricean conversational maxim occurs in the speech event ?

2. How does the non-observance of the Gricean conversational maxim contribute to the conflict ?

Purpose of the Study

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Maranatha Christian University 2. To show how the non-observance of the Gricean conversational maxim

contributes to the conflict.

Method of Research

In this thesis, the method of research is library research. To analyse the data, I use the following procedure:

First, I watch the TV series 24 seasons 1 and 2 several times to understand the story and the language. I use the subtitles of the film that deviate from the theory of conversational maxims and I classify the selected deviated utterances in relation to Grice’s theory. Then I try to analyse the utterances according to the deviation, and I analyse the reason that the character fails to observe the conversational maxim that creates a conflict. Finally, I draw some conclusions based on the discussion of the data.

Organization of the Thesis

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CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION

Now that I have reached the end of my study about the occurrence of

conflicts due to the non-observance of Gricean conversational maxims in the TV

series 24 season 1 and 2, I would like to make some concluding points. I choose

conversational maxims as my topic because a misunderstanding of perception or meaning often occurs between a speaker and a hearer in daily conversation. In addition, I choose TV series 24 season 1 and 2 as the data source of my thesis because there are non-observances of maxims and conflicts which are caused by failure to observe conversational maxims.

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Maranatha Christian University I conclude that there are three types of non-observance of maxims which the speaker fails to observe, namely, flouting, violating and opting out of a maxim. In data 5, the character flouts a maxim when the speaker blatantly fails to observe a maxim without any intention of misleading. Jack flouts the maxim of quality, but he has no intention of misleading his colleague, George, because he does not have adequate evidence and he does not witness the murder. Jack is also considered to flout the maxim of relation because he gives an irrelevant answer; he deliberately does not answer Nina’s question although he does not have an intention to mislead Nina. In data 6, Nina also flouts the maxim of manner because she is not straight to the point in asking Jack.

Opting out of a maxim is done by the suspect when he or she hides information, as he or she does not want to give the answer. This happens in data 7, 10, 11, 12, and 13. The characters try to hide the fact and refuse to cooperate. The characters do not want to be accused as a suspect although they know something, they still keep silent or are unwilling to give any information because of legal or ethical reasons.

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Maranatha Christian University characters violate the maxim of quantity owing to the fact that the speaker or the suspect gives less information than is required. They also violate the maxim of quality owing to the fact that the speaker or the suspect does not give a relevant answer, for the reason that they want to hide the evidence or cover their fault.

I do not find infringing a maxim and suspending a maxim in my analysis, because I do not find any utterrances in which the speaker says something while being drunk, too nervous, or too excited, and there is no utterrance in which the speaker mentions a name in some situation which is considered taboo.

In my analysis, flouting, violating and opting out of a maxim can contribute to the conflicts, in addition, 24 seasons 1 and 2 are action movies where conflicts often occur. There are different ideas, interests or wills between the characters. Therefore, they engage in conflict; for example, they push and punch each other, point a gun at and shoot each other, threaten each other, and they also have arguments, even handcuffing the suspect.

There are four types of maxims that are not used appropriately by the characters in TV series 24 season 1 and 2: the maxims of quality, because the speaker tends to tell a lie and also does not have adequate evidence for what he/she says; the maxim of quantity, owing to the fact that the speaker is supposed to give less information than is required; the maxim of relation, owing to the fact that the speaker does not answer the question relevantly. I only find one data in which the character fails to observe the maxim of manner, owing to the fact that the character is not straight to the point in asking a question.

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Maranatha Christian University has an intended meaning when he or she utters an utterance and the hearer has to find out the speaker’s intended meaning to avoid misunderstanding.

In my opinion, we often commit a non-observance of Gricean conversational maxim in daily conversation. For example, when someone asks for some information and we do not want to tell the truth, we can be hiding the fact. Another example is when someone asks us something and we do not want to give the answer, so we can answer it irrelevantly. So, this theory can also be applied to daily conversation, not only to conversation in movies.

I am of the opinion that the non-observance of Gricean conversational maxim can create or even increase a conflict between a speaker and a listener in daily conversation. For example, when we meet someone for the first time and we do not speak straight to the point in asking or answering a question, the listener will not be pleased to hear the question or the answer. This can create a conflict. Another example is when we talk with our friend about something, but the relationship is not very good. If we do not tell the truth, our friend will not be pleased. This can increase the conflict.

In daily life, people sometimes do the non-observance of maxim; however, they do not aware of the use of maxim. When conversational maxim is applied in movies, a researcher becomes aware that the characters sometimes use maxim in their life as in reality.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

References

Leech, Geoffrey. Principles of Pragmatic. New York: Longman Group Limited, 1983.

Shaw, Harry. Dictionary of Literary Terms. USA: McGrow-Hill Inc, 1972. Thomas, Jenny. Meaning in Interaction: an Introduction to Pragmatics. London

and New York: Longman Group Limited, 1995.

Yule, George. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Internet websites

The Definition of Movie. Arts. 10 April 2009

<http://www.Film.org/dict/def/movie_definition/>.

What is Language. Unixl. 5 March 2009

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