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Analysis of Suspense Due To The Failure To Observe The Gricean Maxims in The TV Series 'Nikita' Seasons 1 and 2.

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Maranatha Christian University

ABSTRACT

Dalam tugas akhir ini saya mengkaji ketidakpatuhan terhadap 4 bidal yang diungkapkan oleh Grice. Keempat bidal tersebut adalah bidal kuantitas, kualitas, cara dan relasi. Keempat bidal tersebut acap kali dilanggar untuk menghasilkan implikatur tertentu yang pada ujungnya bisa menghasilkan suasana ketegangan.

Guna mengaplikasikan pelanggaran bidal tersebut yang berujung pada ketegangan, saya menggunakan korpus data dari serial televisi Amerika yang berjudul Nikita musim pertama dan kedua. Saya mendapati bahwa sejumlah ketegangan seringkali dihasilkan oleh karena pelanggaran bidal jenis tertentu.

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Maranatha Christian University

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS………. i

ABSTRACT………...………... ii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Background of the Study……… 1

Statement of the Problem………... 4

Purpose of the Study………... 4

Method of the Research……….. 5

Organization of the Thesis……….. 5

CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK………. 6

CHAPTER THREE: ANALYSIS OF SUSPENSE DUE TO THE FAILURE TO OBSERVE THE GRICEAN MAXIMS IN THE TV SERIES NIKITASEASONS 1 AND 2………... 14

CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION………... 33

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Maranatha Christian University

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

People express their feelings and thoughts through conversation by means of language. “Language is only one of the systems of signs used by human beings to communicate with each other.” (Jeffries 196) Sometimes, people do not say what they actually mean within their communication. Thus, there is often a difference between what the speaker says and what the speaker actually means. In other words, there is an additional or different meaning observed within an utterance, which is understood as implicature. “It seems clear that there is much that is communicated by language which is not covered by any of them; and 'idea' in particular is inherently imprecise.” (Lyons 3)

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Maranatha Christian University which are systematically abstracted away from in the construction of content or logical form.” (Horn and Ward xi) “Pragmatics concentrates on the aspects of meaning that cannot be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and takes into account knowledge about the physical and social world.” (Peccei 3) The focus of a pragmatic analysis thus is on the meaning of speaker’s utterance rather than the meaning of words and sentences. In pragmatics, an utterance need not consist of complete sentences. Each utterance is a unique physical event created at a particular point in time for a particular communicative purpose. (Peccei 5)

For example, in a situation when A and B are in a room that is very hot, A utters “It’s hot in here.” The utterance “It’s hot in here.” can be interpreted as having three different meanings. First, it is possible that A is just giving a comment that the room is hot. This is the literal meaning of the utterance. Secondly, it can mean that A wants B to open the window or to switch on the air conditioner or fan. Third, if we see it from another angle, A may suggest going out of the room. Sometimes what people say have a meaning quite different from what their words say, or even the meaning is the opposite of what they say. (Thomas 1)

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Maranatha Christian University When people fail to observe the maxims, there may be a misunderstanding between the speaker and the hearer. If the speaker does not answer what the hearer asks or when he says something which is unclear, the hearer may likely misunderstand the utterance or feel offended or even angry due to the utterance. The misunderstanding may create suspense which the audience feels. “Suspense is a major criterion for both an audience's selection and evaluation of entertaining media offerings.” (Vorderer, Wulff, and Friedrichsen vii) The audience will wonder what will happen to the next and other questions.

In my thesis, I would like to discuss the failure of observing the conversational maxims in the television series Nikita Season One and Nikita Season Two which leads to suspense for the audience. Nikita Season One and

Nikita Season Two revolve around the story of a secret organization known as

Division. Division is a secret U.S. agency which claims to be carrying out their duty for the country, while in fact, they are spies and assassins. They recruit young people with troubled backgrounds. Division erases all evidence of their past and turns them into spies and assassins. In particular, the television series is about Nikita, who is the first recruit to escape and intends to bring down her former employers. (“Nikita Synopsis”) There are certain situations which force the speaker or the hearer to break the rules. I decide to take Nikita Season One and

Nikita Season Two television series as the source of my data because this

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Maranatha Christian University After reading my thesis, it is expected that people will be aware that people are connected with the rules of Gricean maxims in a conversation. Moreover, they will be more concerned about what happens in a conversation and knows when to break the rules of conversation.

841words

Statement of the Problem

In this analysis, there are five problems to be analysed:

1. What is the type of non-observance of the Gricean conversational maxim which the speakers do?

2. Why do the speakers fail to observe the maxims?

3. How does the failure of observing the maxims in the scene help to create suspense?

Purpose of the Study

The purposes of this analysis are:

1. To show the type of non-observance of the Gricean conversational maxim which the speakers do.

2. To know the reason why the speakers fail to observe the maxims.

3. To show the failure of observing the maxims in the scene which create the occurrence of suspense.

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Maranatha Christian University When I analysed this data, the first step I did was watching Nikita Season

One television series. While watching the series, I noted down the dialogues

which contain the failure of observing the maxims. In the next step, I analysed those dialogues and categorize the specification of the non-observance of conversational maxims. In the last step, I analysed the suspense felt by the audience which was caused by the failure of observing the maxims.

Organization of the Thesis

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Maranatha Christian University

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION

After analysing all my data, I conclude that all kinds of flouting the maxim are eventually used to make the audience wonder what will happen next to the characters or the story after the flouting has been made in order to create suspense. I find this due to the fact that Nikita Season One and Two are action series that rely on suspense to make the audience follow the story to the end. And yet, I find out that each flouts has its own way of creating suspense even though they sometimes coincide with one another.

To be more specific, I conclude that flouting the maxim of relation in

Nikita Season One and Two is used effectively to create suspense when it comes

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Maranatha Christian University because the audience knows what is actually going on and thus continue watching it to find out what will happen to Alex.

I also conclude that irrelevant answers to a certain question as part of flouting of relation maxim is also very effective to create suspense. I conclude that the irrelevant response may lead to various possibilities unknown yet by the audience, which definitely makes the audience stick to the story as they are always left to wonder what might be coming ahead. Data (2) exemplifies this. It creates suspense for the audience to find out that the irrelevant answer made by Jaden finally prompts anger and uptight atmosphere between him and Alex which eventually creates suspense felt by the audience.

I also arrive at a conclusion that maxim of quality is very effective to create suspense because it involves lies. I find that being untruthful committed by a certain character again is very effective to make the audience guess what might be coming ahead after the lies as in data (3), (4), (5). The lies made by the characters may lead to the uncertainty about the continuation of the story or what will happen to the characters as the possibility is still left open for the audience, which is appropriate for the occurrence of the suspense.

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Maranatha Christian University As far as flouting the maxim of manner is concerned, the suspense created by this kind of flout maxim relies on the prolonging an answer. I find this to be effective because the long-winded response may make the other characters become curious of the possibility whether something is hidden purposefully or whether there is an attempt of avoidance towards a certain topic so as not to be discussed further. Data (17) is one of the examples that depicts it. The attempt of avoidance towards a cretin topic or the purposeful concealment of a certain topic is very easy and effective to create the suspense felt by the audience as they are left to wonder what will happen afterwards. I also find out that maxim of manner is the mostly flouted maxim with the total of nine data.

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Maranatha Christian University It can also be concluded that this thesis can be further developed. In addition to analysing the failure of observing the conversational maxims in the television series Nikita Season One and Nikita Season Two which create suspense, I find that that the failure of observing the conversational maxims can also create conflicts because conflicts occur as a further consequence of the suspense that has been created.

If we apply this in this daily life, the failure to observe the Gricean maxims often happens in around us, but the failure to observe the Gricean maxims which creates suspense rarely happens in daily life because the suspense in daily life more often happens when we act badly to someone or satirize someone directly.

I also arrive at a conclusion that the failure to observe the maxims which create suspense is overrated because it is too dramatic; therefore, there are many dialogues which fail to observe the maxims in action television series in order to make the audience feel the suspense and have full of questions so that they will become curious about what will happen next. That is why, I am of the opinion that the failure to observe the Gricean maxims is necessary to apply in action television series in order to make the audiences feel the suspense and the curiosity, thus inviting the audience to always watch the series.

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Maranatha Christian University

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Primary Texts

Nikita Season One. Craig Silverstein. Warner Bros. Television. 2011. Film.

Nikita Season Two. Craig Silverstein. Warner Bros. Television. 2012. Film.

References

Attardo, Salvatore. Linguistic Theories of Humor. Walter de Gruyter, 1994. Print. Barry, Anita K. Linguistic Perspectives on Language and Education. United

States: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. Print.

Cutting, Joan. Pragmatics and Discourse: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge, 2002. Print.

Dornerus, Emma. “A Comparative Study of How Scriptwriters Break Maxims in Desperate Housewifes and That 70’s Show.” Breaking Maxims in

Conversation (2005): par. 7. Web. 22 May 2012.

Horn, Laurence R., and Gregory Ward. The Handbook of Pragmatics. John Wiley & Sons, 2006. Print.

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Maranatha Christian University Lyons, John. Language and Linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge University

Press, 1981. Print.

“Nikita Synopsis.” Ace Show Biz. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2013.

O'Keeffe, Anne, Brian Clancy, and Svenja Adolphs. Introducing Pragmatics in

Use. New York: Routledge, 2011. Print.

Peccei, Jean Stilwell. Pragmatics. London: Routledge, 1999. Print “Suspense.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.

Thomas, Jenny. Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. Longman, 1995. Print.

Vorderer, Peter, Hans Jürgen Wulff, and Mike Friedrichsen. Suspense:

Conceptualizations, Theoretical Analyses, and Empirical Explorations.

Routledge, 1996. Print.

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