Fotografi ialah proses untuk menghasilkan gambar foto
melalui tindakan cahaya. Pola-pola cahaya yang
dipanculkan atau dipancarkan oleh objek-objek
dirakamkan pada perantaraan peka atau cip storan
melalui pendedahan tempoh tertentu. Proses ini
dilaksanakan melalui peranti-peranti mekanik, kimia atau
digit yang dikenali sebagai kamera.
(wikipedia ms).
Photography (IPA: [fә'tśgrәfi] or IPA: [fә'tŚːgrәfi][1]) is the process and art of recording pictures by means of
capturing light on a light-sensitive medium, such as a film or an electronic sensor. Light patterns reflected or emitted from objects expose a sensitive silver halide based chemical or
electronic medium during a timed exposure, usually through a photographic lens in a device known as a camera that also stores the resulting information chemically or electronically. Photography has many uses for both business and pleasure. It is often the basis of advertising and in fashion print.
The word "photography" comes from the French
photographie which is based on the Greek φώ
(phos) "light" + γ αφ (graphis) "stylus",
"paintbrush" or γ αφ (graphê) "representation by means of lines" or "drawing", together
meaning "drawing with light." Traditionally, the product of photography has been called a
Perkataan fotografi berasal drpd perkataan Greek, iaitu photos yang bermaksud cahaya dan graphein iaitu melukis.
Camera obscura ini mula-mula dicipta oleh ahli sains Muslim bernama Abu Ali Hassan Ibn Al-Haitham dan disifatkan dalam buku beliau bertajuk Kitab al-Manazir ("Buku Optik", 1015-1021).
Pada 31 januari 1839, William Henry Fox Talbot berjaya menemui proses negatif & positif yang dinamakan calotype. 1851, Fredrick Scott Archer memperbaiki kaedah calotype dgn mencipta collodion untuk disapukan ke atas kaca yang disalutkan dgn bahan yg sensitif dgn cahaya.
James-Clerk Maxwell memperkenalkan asas fotografi warna di Royal Institution, London.
Tokoh Abu Ali Hasan Al Haitham yang juga dikenali
sebagai Alhazen di barat, merupakan Bapa Optik Moden. Beliau merupakan pakar fizik yang terunggul melalui sumbangan terhadap kaedah optik dan saintifik. Abu Ali Hasan dilahirkan pada 965 Masihi di Basrah dan mendapat pendidikan di Basrah dan Baghdad.
Abu Ali Hasan juga merupakan manusia pertama yang
Jenis Fotografi
Black-and-white photography
All photography was originally monochrome, most of these photographs were black-and-white. Even after color film was readily available, black-and-white photography continued to dominate for decades, due to its lower cost and its "classic" photographic look.
Monochrome photography implies the act of recording light in a single color or wavelength. Though there are many wavelengths of light with which this might be achieved,
Color photography
Photography that uses media capable of representing colors which are produced chemically during the photographic processing phase.
It is contrasted with black-and-white photography, which uses media capable only of showing shades of gray, and does not include hand colored photographs. Some examples of color photography include prints, color negatives,
Early colour photograph
The first permanent color photograph, taken by James Clerk Maxwell
in 1861.
An 1877 color photo by
Full-spectrum, ultraviolet and infrared
photography
Full-spectrum photography is a subset of full-spectrum imaging, defined currently among photography enthusiasts as imaging with consumer cameras the full, broad spectrum of a film or camera sensor bandwidth. In practice, specialized
broadband/full-spectrum film captures visible and near
infrared light, commonly referred to as the “VNIR”
Ultraviolet photography is a photographic process of recording images by using light from the ultraviolet (UV)
In infrared photography, the film or image sensor used is sensitive to infrared light. The part of the spectrum used is referred to as near-infrared to distinguish it from
far-infrared, which is the domain of thermal imaging.
Wavelengths used for photography range from about 700 nm
to about 900 nm. Usually an "infrared filter" is used; this lets infrared (IR) light pass through to the camera, but blocks all or most of the visible light spectrum (the filter thus looks black or deep red).
Uses of full spectrum photography are for fine art
Full Spectrum Image, Palace of Fine Arts
Infrared
image of the
Mississippi River
A GALEX image of the spiral galaxy Messier 81 in
Digital photography
Digital photography is a form of photography that utilizes
digital technology to make digital images of subjects. Until the advent of digital technology, photography used
10 MP Nikon D200 (Nikon dSLR) and
scanner, which converts film images to digital
The Canon EOS 350D
Alat untuk mengambil gambar foto (kamus dewan).
Kamera ialah alat yang digunakan untuk menangkap imej sebagai gambar foto yang pegun atau satu susunan imej
Pengenalan
Factors that affect the total exposure of a photograph include the scene luminance, the aperture size (f-number), and the exposure time (shutter speed); photographers can trade off shutter speed and aperture by using units of stops. A stop up and down on each will halve or double the amount of light regulated by each; exposures of equal exposure value can be easily calculated and selected. For any given total exposure, or exposure value, a fast shutter speed requires a larger
aperture (smaller f-number). Similarly, a slow shutter speed, a longer length of time, can be compensated by a smaller
Dail kelajuan shutter terletak di atas kamera.
Padanya terdapat angka-angka yang menunjukkan kelajuan. Cth: 1,2,4,8,15,30,60,250,1000, dan 2000.
Sebenarnya nilai angka ini menunjukkan pecahan dalam saat. Angka 2 menunjukkan kelajuan ialah ½ saat dan bagi angka
2000 ialah 1/2000 saat.
½ ¼ 1/8 1/15 1/30 1/125 1/250 1/500 1/1000 1/2000
1. Kelajuan Berkurangan
2. Tempoh cahaya masuk lebih lama
3. Nilai cahaya=X2
1. Kelajuan bertambah
2. Tempoh cahaya masuk lebih pendek.
Shutter terletak di bahagian dalam kemera. Nipis, diperbuat drpd besi atau kain.
Kebanyakan kamera mempunyai kelajuan shutter sehingga 1/2000 saat.
„B‟ ialah BULB bererti kelajuan yang melebihi 1 saat, sesuai untuk pengambaran pd waktu malam.
Shutter speed is one of several methods used to control the amount of light recorded by the camera's digital sensor or
Slower shutter speeds are often selected to suggest movement in a still photograph of a moving subject.
Excessively fast shutter speeds can cause a moving subject to appear unnaturally frozen. For instance, a running person may be caught with both feet in the air with all indication of movement lost in the frozen moment.
When a slower shutter speed is selected, a longer time passes from the moment the shutter opens till the moment it closes. More time is available for movement in the subject to be
A slightly slower shutter speed will allow the photographer to introduce an element of blur, either in the subject, where, in our example, the feet, which are the fastest moving
element in the frame, might be blurred while the rest
remains sharp; or if the camera is panned to follow a moving subject, the background is blurred while the subject remains sharp.
When slower shutter speeds, in excess of about half a second, are used on running water, the photo will have a ghostly
white appearance reminiscent of fog. This effect can be used in landscape photography.
Zoom burst is a technique which entails the variation of the focal length of a zoom lens during a longer exposure. In the moment that the shutter is opened, the lens is zoomed in, changing the focal length during the exposure. The center of the image remains sharp, while the details away from the
sparks coming from coals
street at night
Kelajuan yg pantas akan mendedahkan sedikit cahaya dan boleh memberhentikan dan menggkakukan sesuatu
pergerakkan.
Gelang apertur berfungsi utk. kawal kemasukan cahaya. Gelang perlu dipusing utk. dpt. lubang @ saiz yg.
dikehendaki.
Saiz apertur diukur dalam nombor „f‟ @ „fstop‟.
Saiz apertur yg. Kecil membenarkan hanya sedikit cahaya memasuki kamera (melalui lensa) berbanding dgn. apertur besar.
Setiap nombor „f‟ disusun dlm. bentuk/bidang skala apertur
2,2.8,4,5,6,8,11,16. Semakin besar nombor „f‟, semakin
Dedahan merupakan jumlah cahaya menerusi lensa ke filem yang dikawal oleh gabungan kelajuan shutter dan saiz apertur. Kombinasi dedahan pula bererti kombinasi antara kelajuan
shutter dan saiz apertur untuk merakamkan imej fotografi. Untuk mengawal nilai cahaya dan dedahan-kepekaan filem,
Dept of Field (DOF)
In optics, particularly as it relates to film and photography, the depth of field (DOF) is the portion of a scene that appears sharp in the image. Although a lens can precisely focus at only one distance, the decrease in sharpness is
gradual on either side of the focused distance, so that within the DOF, the unsharpness is imperceptible under normal viewing conditions.
For some images, such as
Dept of Field
f/22 f/8
When focus is set to the hyperfocal distance, the DOF
extends from half the hyperfocal distance to infinity, and is the largest DOF possible for a given f-number.
The advent of digital technology in photography has provided additional means of controlling the extent of image
sharpness; some methods allow DOF that would be
At f/32, the background is
distracting
At f/5.6, the flowers are
isolated from the background
At f/2.8, the cat is isolated
