Representation of The Police in Tempo Article Entitled 'Exposing Manipulation':A Text Analysis.

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iii Maranatha Christian University

ABSTRACT

Dalam Tugas Akhir ini, saya mengambil sebuah artikel mengenai kasus Bibit-Chandra dari majalah Tempo tanggal 3-9 November 2009 yang berjudul “Exposing Manipulation” sebagai sumber data untuk dianalisis. Metode penelitian

yang digunakan adalah penelitian kepustakaan dengan buku-buku teks dan internet sebagai bahan rujukan. Adapun tujuan dilakukannya penelitian yang dituangkan dalam Tugas Akhir ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana polisi direpresentasikan dalam majalah Tempo.

Dalam menganalisis artikel ini, saya menggunakan beberapa teori dari Van Dijk mengenai teks, representasi, dan menghadirkan orang lain atau kelompok lain secara negatif yang tergantung pada aspek semantik, leksikon, sintaksis, pengutipan, dan elemen-elemen grafologis. Dengan menggunakan teori-teori tersebut, saya dapat menunjukkan bagaimana representasi polisi dalam artikel ini.

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ii Maranatha Christian University

APPENDIX

1

The Constitutional Court ordered the recording on the conspiracy against Bibit and

Chandra to be submitted on Tuesday this week. This decision was reportedly one of

the factors behind the order to detain Bibit Samad Rianto and Chandra Hamzah.

4

CONGRATULATIONS were extended to Bibit Samad Rianto and Chandra M.

Hamzah. These two suspended leaders of the Corruption Eradication Commission

(KPK) occasionally burst into laughter. On Thursday last week, Bibit, Chandra, and

their team of lawyers did indeed appear elated. Two interim verdicts of a material test

of Law No. 30/2002 on the KPK, which they had filed for, had been granted by the

Constitutional Court (MK).

10

In the first interim verdict, the court said that President Susilo Bambang

Yudhoyono (SBY) could not permanently remove Bibit and Chandra from office

even if the two were facing criminal charges. Their removal from office must await

the final verdict of the court regarding the material test of the law on the KPK. In the

second interim verdict, the court ordered the KPK to hand over all documentation in

the form of recordings and transcripts connected with the Chandra and Bibit case on

trial on Tuesday this week. “The court as the upholder of the constitution can

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34 18

After attending the session in the Constitutional Court, Bibit and Chandra went

to the Crime Investigation Unit building at National Police Headquarters. That

day they were required to report back because as of mid-September they had been

named suspects. The police charged the two on suspicion of extortion and

receiving bribes from Anggoro Widjojo, director of PT Masaro Radikom, a

corruption suspect in the procurement of the Integrated Radio Communication

System at the Forestry Department. The two are also suspected of abusing their

authority by issuing travel bans against Anggoro and Joko Tjandra, director of PT

Era Giat Prima.

27

However, that day Chandra and Bibit did not leave police headquarters. The

two were immediately taken to holding cells. At the same time, the deputy head of

the Crime Investigation Unit, Inspector-General Dikdik Mulyana Arif Mansyur

arrived, hosting a press conference on their detention. “However, before the press

conference, Pak Dikdik first made sure that Pak Bibit and Pak Chandra were in

custody,” said a Tempo source at the Crime Investigation Unit.

33

The sudden order to arrest Bibit and Chandra infuriated Achmad Rifai,

their lawyer. “The reason for it does not make sense,” said Achmad. The police

provided reasons why they needed to detain Chandra and Bibit. In addition to a

possible five-year prison sentence, there was the concern that evidence could be

destroyed, or that they might flee. Also, the two often made statements to the

press which upset the investigation process.

39_{Bibit and Chandra refused to sign the police case files. “I don’t want to}

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35

night in custody at the Crime Investigation Unit, the next day the two were moved

to the detention facility of the Police Mobile Brigade in Kelapa Dua, Depok.

43

According to a Tempo source, the arrest of Bibit and Chandra was

triggered by the decision of the Constitutional Court which ordered the KPK to

reveal the contents of the recording containing discussions on a plot in the

Bibit-Chandra case, which is currently being widely reported in the media. According to

this source, as soon as the MK stated that the recorded must be released, a

high-ranking police officer in the Crime Investigation Unit immediately telephoned

National Police Chief Bambang Hendarso Danuri, who at that time was attending

a Workshop on Consolidating Leadership in the National Police, in Cisarua,

Bogor. Bambang held a meeting as soon as he heard the news. “The decision was

that Bibit and Chandra had to be arrested,” said the source.

53

Bambang Hendarso denied that the police panicked and were bewildered

because the transcript of the recording was being circulated. At a press conference

held after being summoned by President Yudhoyono, he said that the police

would confiscate the recording. “It will be investigated as to who made the

recording, who was recorded on it, and whether or not the recording is authentic,”

he said.

58

For the past week, a transcript of that recorded conversation had circulated

among reporters who usually cover the news at the Attorney General’s Office

(AGO) and the KPK. According to Achmad Rifai the transcript contains, among

other things, a conversation between Anggodo (Anggoro Widjojo’s younger

brother) and some top AGO officials, strengthening the evidence that the case

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36 64

According to Rifai, the recording began with the wiretapping by the KPK

of the cellphone of Anggoro, who since June 2008 had been living abroad, and

Anggodo. Anggoro was wiretapped as part of the investigation into the corruption

case of the Integrated Radio Communication System project.

68

According to another Tempo source, at that time Anggoro often contacted

Anggodo because he knew that the KPK was ready to send a team to check on his

whereabouts in Singapore. The recorded conversation between these two brothers

was about how Anggodo could free his older brother from the clutches of the

KPK. It was this wiretap which developed the case in many directions.

“Anggodo’s telephone was used to contact a number of AGO officials,” said this

source. Several telephone numbers such as those belonging to former Deputy

Attorney General for Intelligence, Wisnu Subroto, and Deputy Attorney General,

A. H. Ritonga, were read by the recording device. “Sometimes Anggodo

telephoned them, sometimes it was the other way around,” said the source. The

essence of all these conversations was to make a scenario to save Anggoro and

place Chandra and Bibit behind bars.

80

According to this Tempo source, this was all done because Ary withdrew

his testimony to police, namely that he had handed over some money to Chandra,

Bibit, and other KPK officials. Ary’s move caused Anggodo to panic, because

Ary was the only contact who could get extortion charges filed against Chandra

and Bibit. Because Ary refused to cooperate, Anggodo looked for someone to take

his place. They set their sights on Eddy Sumarsono, a close friend of Antasari

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37

87_{The transcript mentioned that the recording of how Anggodo “arranged”}

for Wisnu to speak to Eddy so that this chief editor of the Investigasi tabloid could

claim to be the person who ordered Anggodo to hand over the money to Bibit and

Chandra. To their chagrin, Eddy refused to do so. “If he does not admit to doing

it, we will be in trouble,” said Anggodo in a telephone conversation with Wisnu

on July 30, 2009 at 7:13 pm, as printed in the transcript.

93_{At that time, Wisnu suggested that Anggodo call Kosasih, Anggodo’s}

lawyer and also Wisnu’s friend when he worked at the Surabaya District

Attorney’s Office. “Call Kosasih to clear it. He really knows the technical part of

it,” said Wisnu. “The important thing is that he (Eddy) says that it was time to pay

Chandra as instructed by Antasari,” said Anggodo, runs another part of the

conversation between Anggodo and Wisnu, available in the transcript.

99_{Bonaran Situmeang, Anggodo’s lawyer, emphasized that his client is a}

longtime friend both Wisnu and Ritonga. ”He often called them personally,” said

Bonaran. According to Bonaran, Anggodo asked Wisnu to “direct” Eddy, because

Anggodo knew Eddy through Wisnu. “At one time, my client needed to reach Pak

Antasari, then Pak Wisnu introduced my client to Eddy because Eddy was a

friend of Pak Antasari,” said Bonaran, clarifying the relationship between

Anggodo, Wisnu and Eddy.

106_{Wisnu does not deny he knows Anggodo. “I have known him for a long}

time. We like to have coffee with friends,” he said. Ritonga also did not deny

knowing Anggodo. “Who doesn’t know Anggodo,” he said. Even so, the two

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38 110

In the transcript of a conversation which is suspected to be between

Ritonga and a woman named Yuliana or Lien, on August 21 at 10:57 am, it is

evident that Ritonga knows Anggodo and Ary Muladi. “When Anggodo met Ary,

Anggodo called me, then Ary said to me to give his regards to Pak Ritonga.

That’s what he said Pak. Good thing he met you. If not, oh my,” said Yuliana,

according to the transcript. Ritonga then said, “Thank you.” Yuliana then asked,

“If Anggodo wants to meet Bapak, what then?” Ritonga replied. “We cannot meet

yet.”

118

Ritonga claimed he never exchanged phone calls with Anggodo. This

former Deputy Attorney General for General Crimes even warned the KPK to be

cautious in using wiretaps. Wiretapping, said Ritonga, was only for corruption

cases. “If it is not corruption-related, such wiretaps are against the law,” he said.

122

The circulation of the transcript did not only make Wisnu and Ritonga

busy with defending themselves, they have also flushed Anggodo out of his

“nest.” On Friday last week, he failed a complaint against Chandra, Bibit, and two

KPK leaders, Mochamad Jasin and Haryono Umar, to the National Police.

Anggodo reported these four people for slandering his name. “I feel a great

offense has been done against me. What business do I have with the KPK?” he

said loudly.

129

At the KPK headquarters in Kuningan, South Jakarta, Tumpak

Hatorangan Panggabean, a caretaker of the KPK chairman’s duties, verified that

there was recorded evidence connected with the investigation into the Anggoro

case. However, he said he did not know if the contents of that recording were the

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39

Tumpak, the KPK is to turn over the recorded evidence to the Constitutional

Court. “However, before that we will officially ask for the letter ordering the

transfer,” he said.

137

Tumpak pointed out that the recorded evidence in the hands of the KPK is

documentation related to state secrets. “So, it can only be used in the interests of a

legal process in court.”

140

The mention of the President (RI-1) in the transcript was also highlighted

by Muladi, Governor of the National resilience Institute. Muladi asked the State

Intelligence Agency (BIN) to take part in investigating the recording, especially

on Lien or Yuliana, who was heard to mention RI-1 (the security code name for

the President). “BIN must be able to identify this person,” he said.

145

The arrest of Bibit and Chandra immediately triggered a strong reaction

from segments of the public. Some circles also regretted the stance taken by

President Yudhoyono, who they felt had “allowed” the dispute between the KPK,

police and AGO to go on. “This is a form of power ego,” said Bambang

Widjojanto, lawyer for Bibit and Chandra. Teten Masduki, Secretary-General of

Transparency Indonesia, pointed out that the emergence of the recording would

backfire on the police. “That recording shook up the police,” he said.

152

The KPK then sent a letter to the police, asking that the detention of Bibit

and Chandra be delayed. As of Saturday last week, hundreds of national figures

joined the parade of people who declared their readines to provide personal

guarantees for the release of Bibit and Chandra. They include, among others,

Azyumardi Azra, Anies Bawedan, Imam Prasodjo, Adnan Buyung Nasution,

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40

reasons for detaining these two men are exaggerated,” said Azyumardi Azra.

Former KPK Deputy Chairman Erry Riyana Hardjapamekas even asked the police

to arrest him because he once signed a letter banning certain people from

travelling overseas, the charges against Chandra and Bibit.

162

Support for Chandra and Bibit also came from Internet activists. Last

Friday, via Facebook, Usman Yasin came up with a group of “1,000,000

supporters for Bibit and Chandra”. As of last Saturday, said Usman, the amount of

support was already about 90,000.

166

At the State Palace, last Friday, President Yudhoyono confirmed that he

would not intervene in the matter of Bibit’s and Chandra’s detention. The

President said he could only order the police and the AGO to ensure the process

was done profesionally, objectively and in a transparent manner. “There has to be

accountability for it,” he said.

171

Last Saturday, some top officials at the Crime Investigation unit were

going to go to the KPK to confiscate the recorded conversation of Anggodo. This

news made scores of reporters flock to the KPK building last Saturday. However,

even into the night there was no sign that any high-ranking police officers would

arrive. Trimoeljo Soerjadi, a lawyer for Bibit and Chandra, asked that the police

not confiscate the recording before it was submitted as evidence and judgment

was passed by the Constitutional Court. “This is to prevent the police from being

charged with contempt of court,” he said.

179

However, according to Hikmahanto Juwana, a legal expert at the

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41

even if the police have confiscated it. “The Constitutional Court is also a court,

and the police must abide by its orders,” said Hikmahanto.

(Source: Tempo English Edition, dated: November 3-9, 2009, entitled: “Exposing

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1 Maranatha Christian University

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

It is widely known that Indonesia has a bad reputation as the most corrupt

country in the world. It is confirmed by the statement that Indonesia is in the first

rank in corruption cases in Asia (Famega Syavira). It is caused by many cases of

bribery and corruption which are practised in Indonesia today. Bibit Samad Rianto

and Chandra M. Hamzah’s case is one of the cases of bribery and corruption

which happened in Indonesia recently. Bibit Samad Rianto and Chandra M.

Hamzah are the chairmen of Corruption Eradication Commission. They are

accused of having repealed the ban toward Anggoro Widjojo, the director of PT

Masaro Radikom, a corruption suspect in the procurement of the Integrated Radio

Communication System at the Forestry Department.

Bibit Samad Rianto and Chandra M. Hamzah’s case is widely discussed

in the media. The National Police Chief General, Bambang Hendarso Danuri, and

Attorney General, Hendarman Supandji, have repeatedly tried to convince the

public that there is no falsification by Anggodo Widjojo towards the two leaders

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2 Maranatha Christian University Hamzah. However, in other media, the journalists report that the case

against Bibit and Chandra is clearly engineered by Anggoro Widjojo’s younger

brother, Anggodo Widjojo, who has been sent by Anggoro to bribe Bibit and

Chandra through Ari Muladi. Anggodo does it in order to help his brother

in solving the illegal procurement of the Integrated Radio Communication

system at the Forestry Department, the police, and the Attorney General

(Sandro)

Bibit and Chandra are considered to have repealed the ban toward

Anggoro Widjojo. Therefore, the police investigators conduct an investigation

into Bibit and Chandra’s case. The investigators, however, think that Bibit and

Chandra are trying to complicate the investigation by leading the public opinion

through their statements in the media and discussion forums, whereas through

their statement in the media and discussion forums, Bibit and Chandra want to

reveal the truth that they do not take bribe from Anggoro. It can be proved from a

recording which contains a conversation between Anggodo Widjojo, several

high-ranking attorney generals, and several officials from the police department who

falsify Bibit and Chandra’s case to make Bibit and Chandra the suspects of the

bribery case. The police do not collect the proofs before finding out who is

responsible for this bribery case, but they arrest the people before looking for the

proofs. It can be proved from how the police investigation has been inverted (Arry

Anggadha).

As mentioned before, different media has reported the case differently.

However, in my opinion, Bibit and Chandra suffer from injustice which is done

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3 Maranatha Christian University magazine, one of the media whose opinion is in accordance with mine, as my

data. The article is entitled “Exposing Manipulation”. It was published in Tempo

magazine dated November 3-9, 2009. I choose the article because I want to know

how Tempo represents the police in this cover story, and I can find enough data

that I can analyse by using Van Dijk’s theory in this article. In this article, it

seems that Bibit and Chandra, in a way, are the good figures and the police are the

bad one. Tempo seems to side with Bibit and Chandra in reporting the conflicts between KPK, in this case Bibit and Chandra, and the police. Thus, I would like

to analyse how Tempo presents the representation of the police in one of the articles in Tempo English, the edition of which is entitled Special Report Survival

of the Fittest. By doing the study, I hope to find out how a text which appears in

mass media represents a powerful institution.

In my thesis, text analysis will be applied as the major approach of my

analysis. I choose text analysis in order to show the representation of the police in

the case of Bibit and Chandra. Since the practice of representation uses language

as its medium (Eriyanto 116), I choose to analyze the language use in a written

text, which is a semantic unit and a social exchange of meanings (Halliday and

Hasan 2).

To elaborate my analysis, I will use Van Dijk’s negative

other-presentation and positive self-other-presentation. I will analyze quotes, lexicon or

choice of words, as well as the syntax, semantics, and graphological elements

used in the data. In lexicon, there are rhetoric, which is hyperbole, metaphor, and

register. In syntax, there are nominalizations and passive sentences. Besides, in

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4 Maranatha Christian University specificity, modalities, and evidentiality. In addition, graphological element

includes bold capital and quotation marks. The analysis of how the strategy is

applied in the text will help in revealing the explicit and implicit meaning of my

data. At last, hopefully, those who read my thesis can get an idea of how a text in

a media can create representation of a powerful figure in the society.

(824 words)

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

I am going to find out the answers to these following questions:

1. How are the police represented in the article?

2. What linguistic devices are used in creating the representation?

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

In writing this thesis, I want to show:

1. how the police are represented in the article.

2. the linguistic devices which are used in creating the representation.

METHOD OF RESEARCH

I began the research for this thesis by finding my data in Tempo magazine. Then I searched the Internet to look for the theory about representation and for

some journal articles which were related to the topic discussed. The articles by

Van Dijk became my primary source as they provided the basic knowledge of text

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5 Maranatha Christian University theories which were used in my data analysis were representation and positive

self-presentation and negative other-presentation.

ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS

I divide the thesis into four chapters. The first chapter is Introduction,

which consists of Background of the Study, Statement of the Problem, Purpose of

the Study, Method of Research, and Organization of the Thesis. Chapter Two

contains the theoretical framework which is used to analyze the data. Chapter

Three is the analysis of the text. The last chapter, Chapter Four, is the conclusion

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26 Maranatha Christian University

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION

Based on the data analysis in Chapter Three, I find that some linguistic devices are used in the text to present the police negatively. Those are lexicon,

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Chandra. By using the words arrest and sudden, the text tries to present the police negatively as the party which abuses its power, as seen from the illogical reasons the police give for arresting Bibit and Chandra. By using the words charged and suspicion, the text tries to present the police negatively as the party whose deed is often unreasonable. By using the word ensure, the text presents the police negatively as the party which is not professional, objective, nor transparent in doing their job. By using the wordshowever and no sign, the text tries to present the police negatively as the party which does not have good intention and does not want to create good relationship with their opposition. From the words must abide by, the text presents the police negatively as the party which does not obey what the Constitutional Court orders.

Besides, the text also employs certain syntactic structure in presenting the police negatively. The text often uses nominalization in which the text often uses noun to describe the police negatively, as seen from the lexicon explained in the above paragraph. By using nominalization, the text seems to be neutral. Moreover, nominalization makes the actor disappear in the text, in this case the police. Although the text describes the police negatively, the text still limits its explicitness about the police officers who are represented negatively by using

nominalization. It is known that in Indonesia, the police have high position and they are powerful. They can do anything they want. An example in the data is that the police can arrest Bibit and Chandra by abusing their power even though Bibit and Chandra are not yet proved guilty.

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of the actor by giving a detailed and specific description of the actor, in this case the police. In the data analysis, the text does not defame the police specifically in all the data, but there is one data in which the word police is mentioned specifically, that is as high-ranking police officer. In the data, it seems that the text gives specific description about the rank of the police officer who abuses his power and who arrests Bibit and Chandra without any credible proof or sensible reasons. In the data analysis, modalities can also be seen in the word must. It is seen from the meaning of the word must, as the text forces the police to obey the Constitutional Court’s orders. In addition, evidentiality can also be found in the data analysis. The police who charge Bibit and Chandra do not have credible evidence but they charge Bibit and Chandra based on suspicion only. It means that the police use their feelings in charging Bibit and Chandra, so in other words, it is impossible that the police have had the evidence.

Besides, the text also uses quotes and quotation marks by quoting Hikmahanto’s words directly. In addition, the use of graphological elements, in which the text tries to present the police negatively, can be seen through the use of

bold capitalized font. By using bold capital in the data analysis, the text tries to emphasize the word congratulations which is given to Bibit and Chandra, so the villain, who in this case is the police, is defamed indirectly.

From the analysis, it can be seen that in almost all data the police are depicted as a party which often abuses its power. However, the text acknowledges that the police are powerful, as seen in the text that seems to limit itself in revealing the fact about Bibit and Chandra’s case. Since the police are powerful,

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the text is under the police’s authority. If it is seen from the data analysis, the text

seems to side with Bibit and Chandra by defaming the police implicitly. The bad actions of the police which are presented by the text implicitly can be seen from the use of nominalization, in which the text uses noun more often in the data analysis. Even if Tempo tries to impose their belief about the police on people, it can only do so ideologically as a text is an ideological state apparatus (Modules on Althusser).

In this paper, the data is taken only from an article in one edition of the

Tempo magazine. The analysis can be developed further by adding other articles of the same topic to see how Tempo works in bodying the ideology of audience. The analysis can also be developed by adding articles published in several other magazines so that the differences in how each text presents the police can be analysed.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Primary Text:

Anne L. Handayani, Ramidi, Rini Kustiani, and Anton Septian. “Exposing

Manipulation.” Tempo Magazine 1-9 Nov. 2009, pp. 20-24.

References:

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Yogyakarta, 2001.

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London: SAGE Publications, 2002.

Hall, S. Representation: Cultural Representation and Signifying Practices (Culture,

Media and Identities Series). Sage, 1997.

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Press, 1995.

Martin J. R., and David Rose. Working with Discourse: Meaning beyond the Clause.

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Representation of The Police in Tempo Article Entitled 'Exposing Manipulation':A Text Analysis.

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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