WORLD TOUR LIVE” ALBUM
A THESIS
By:
MAZLAH AINI SIREGAR 197052007
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH POST GRADUATE PROGRAM FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN
2022
INTERPRETATION OF THE ASSOCIATIVE MEANING IN THE SONG LYRICS OF “SPEAK NOW WORLD TOUR LIVE” ALBUM
A THESIS
Submitted as the Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts (M.A.) in Department of English Post Graduate Program,
Faculty of Cultural Sciences, University of Sumatera Utara
By:
MAZLAH AINI SIREGAR 197052007
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH POST GRADUATE PROGRAM FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN
2022
INTERPRETATION OF THE ASSOCIATIVE MEANING IN THE SONG LYRICS OF “SPEAK NOW WORLD TOUR LIVE” ALBUM
I certify that thesis I wrote as one of the requirements to obtain the degree of Master of Arts from English Postgraduate study program, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, University of Sumatera Utara, is exactly my own work.
I certify that I clearly mentioned the reference of the citations I used in some specific parts of the thesis based on norm, rule, and etiquette of the technique of the scientific writing.
I certify, in the future, that I am willing to accept the sanction of the revocation of my academic degree which I receive and other sanction in accordance with the prevailing laws and regulations, provided some parts of all parts of this thesis are invented not to be my own work or to commit plagiarism.
Medan, 29th July 2022
The writer
Mazlah Aini Siregar
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The aims of this study are to explain how the associative meaning is interpreted, explain why the associative meaning is used in the data, and find out which associative meaning is most frequently used in the lyrics of Speak Now World Tour Live Album. The data from this research are words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative using the interactive model proposed by Miles, Huberman, and Saldana. This study focuses on associative meaning using Leech's theory. There are four steps to interpreting associative meaning, which can include the following steps selecting, reading, identifying, and explaining. The reason for the associative meaning in the lyrics of the Taylor Swift album is the affective meaning is used to communicate the feelings or emotions experienced by the speakers themselves.
Then, connotative meaning is used to convey experiences in the real world that are related to expressions when someone hears or uses them, connotative meanings also have different ways of understanding each inner thought. It depends on interpretation in different contexts or situations. Similarly, reflective meaning is used to convey a new meaning of a word related to another phenomenon in the same expression.
Collocative meaning is used to convey the word association that tends to occur in the environment. Social meaning is used as the use of language to establish and regulate social relationships and maintain social roles. The most frequently used associative meaning in the album Speak Now World Tour Live is affective meaning with 57 data or 37%. It can be concluded that the use of semantic theory in the song lyrics is very important to provide a deep understanding to the listener.
Keywods: Semantic, Associative Meaning, Taylor Swift's Song Lyrics.
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Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan bagaimana makna asosiatif diinterpretasikan, menjelaskan mengapa makna asosiatif digunakan dalam data, dan mengetahui makna asosiatif mana yang paling sering digunakan dalam lirik Speak Now World Tour Live Album. Data dari penelitian ini adalah kata, frasa, klausa, dan kalimat.
Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan menggunakan model interaktif yang dikemukakan oleh Miles, Huberman, dan Saldana.
Penelitian ini berfokus pada makna asosiatif dengan menggunakan teori Leech. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan empat fase proses interpretasi makna asosiatif yaitu memilih, membaca, mengenali, dan menjelaskan. Hasil penelitian ini juga menemukan alasan makna asosiatif yang digunakan dalam lirik lagu. Makna afektif, yang menyampaikan perasaan atau emosi pembicara, merupakan dasar dari tujuan asosiatif dalam lirik-lirik Album Taylor Swift. Ketika seseorang mendengar atau menggunakan sebuah kata, makna konotatif digunakan untuk menyampaikan pengalaman dari dunia nyata yang terhubung dengannya. Makna konotatif juga memiliki beberapa interpretasi dari setiap ide batin. Itu tergantung pada bagaimana hal itu ditafsirkan dalam berbagai situasi atau konteks. Demikian pula, mencerminkan makna digunakan untuk memberikan sebuah kata dalam ekspresi makna baru yang terhubung ke fenomena lain. Makna kolokatif adalah cara mengungkapkan asosiasi kata yang sering terjadi dalam konteks. Bahasa digunakan untuk menciptakan, mengelola, dan menegakkan posisi dan hubungan sosial, yang dikenal sebagai "makna sosial. Makna afektif adalah makna terkait yang muncul 57 kali, atau 37%, dalam album Speak Now World Tour Live. Penggunaan bahasa teori semantik dalam lirik lagu sangat penting untuk memberikan pemahaman yang menyeluruh kepada pendengar.
Kata kunci: Semantic, Makna Asosiatif, Lirik Lagu Taylor Swift.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, the writer would like to express her greatest thanks to the Almighty Allah Subhanallahu wa Ta’ala who give blessings and guidance to the writer to finish this thesis. Shalawat and Salam were presented to Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu A'laihi Wasallam, an inspiring person around the world.
In this good occasion, I would like to thank to the Rector of University of Sumatera Utara Dr. Muryanto Amin, S.Sos., M.Si., the Dean of Faculty Cultural Sciences Dr. Tengku Thyrhaya Zein, M.A., the Head of English Postgraduate Program Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D., and the Secretary of English Postgraduate Dian Marisha Putri, M.Si.
I would also like to thank my supervisor Prof. Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A., and co-supervisor Dr. Umar Mono, M.Hum for the guidance, advice, and motivation in writing this thesis. Then, I would like to thank to all lecturers who also have shared me the knowledge while studying in English Postgraduate Program.
I feel fortunate, and I want to express my sincere gratitude to my dear family for having faith in me to do everything in my power to complete my thesis. They spur me on and give me the strength I need to finish this thesis right away.
Finally, I want to express my sincere gratitude to all of my dearest friends from my past who have helped me accomplish this thesis, including Zeny, Intan, Rani, and others whose names I am unable to mention in full. I have no idea what I did to earn your friendship as my dearest buddy.
Medan, 29 July 2022 The Writer
Mazlah Aini Siregar
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ABSTRACT ……… i
ABSTRAK ……….. ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……….. iii
TABLE OF CONTENT ……… iv
LIST OF TABLES ……… vii
LIST OF FIGURE ……… viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background of the study ... 1
1.2 Problems of the Research ... 7
1.3 Objectives of Research ...7
1.4 Scope of Research ...8
1.5 Significance of Research ... 8
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 10
2.1 Semantics ... 10
2.2 Meaning ... 12
2.3 The characteristics of Associative Meaning ……….. 13
2.4 Types of Associative Meaning ... 14
2.4.1 Connotative Meaning ... 15
2.4.2 Social Meaning ... 17
2.4.3 Affective Meaning ... 18
2.4.4 Reflected Meaning ... 19
2.4.5 Collocative Meaning ... 19
2.5 Data Interpretation ………...… 20
2.6 Lyric ... 21
2.7 Song Lyrics ... 22
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2.10 Conceptual Framework ... 29
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 32
3.1 Research Design ...32
3.2 Data and Source of Data ... 33
3.3 Technique of Collecting Data ... 34
3.4 Technique of Data Analysis ... 35
CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION ……….... 39
4.1 Data Analysis ……….. 39
4.1.1 The Interpretation of associative meaning in the song lyrics of Speak Now World Tour Live Album ..………. 39
4.1.1.1 Connotative Meaning ……….... 40
4.1.1.2 Social Meaning ……… 42
4.1.1.3 Affective Meaning ………... 43
4.1.1.4 Reflected Meaning ………... 45
4.1.1.5 Collocative Meaning ………. 47
4.1.2 The Use of Associative Meanings in the Song Lyrics of Speak Now World Tour Live Album ……….….……… 48
4.1.2.1 Connotative Meaning ……..………. 49
4.1.2.2 Social Meaning ….……… 50
4.1.2.3 Affective Meaning …….………... 50
4.1.2.4 Reflected Meaning …….………... 51
4.1.2.5 Collocative Meaning ……….... 53
4.1.3 The most Frequently Use of Associative Meaning in the Song Lyrics of Speak Now World Tour Live album ……….. 53
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CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ……… 63
5.1 Conclusions ………... 63
5.2 Suggestions ………... 65
REFERENCES ……….... 66
APPENDIX ……….. 69
vii
Table 2.1 Data sheet in the song lyrics of album “Speak Now World
Tour Live” ………... 34 Table 4.1.3 Associative in the Song Lyrics of Speak Now World
Tour Live Album ………. 54
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Figure 2.1 Conceptual Framework ……… 31 Figure 3.1 Components of Data Analysis : Interactive Model (Miles, Huberman
and Saldana, 2014) ……… 35
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Interpretation is not a specific topic or resource. Many people have heard the word interpretation. However, this word may have a broad meaning for people based on their background, training or experience in the interpretive profession.
Interpretation is the act of explaining, reframing or demonstrating your understanding of something. Interpretation is an educational activity that aims to reveal meanings and relationships to people about what they feel, the things they see and do there (Tilden, 1957). In this study, the interpretation would explain or reveal how the process of associative meaning occurs in the song lyrics of Speak Now World Tour Live album. When learning a language, it will be easier for people to understand the meaning of the language. Leech (1981) states that meaning is an idea or concept that can be expressed from the speaker’s mind to the listener’s mind by conveying it in the form of one language or another. The meaning must be completed and adapted with the space and time in which an expression that applied because the same expression can have different meanings if used in different conditions. Semantics is the study of how words and sentences convey the meaning.
The meaning of a word depends on its use in the sentence, while the meaning in a sentence depends on its use in language. Kreidler (2003) states that semantics is the systematic study of meaning. In linguistics, semantics is the study of how language organizes and expresses meaning. Linguistics aims to study the properties of
meaning systematically and objectively, which refers to the widest possible variety of speech and language. From some of the definitions above, the author can conclude that semantics is a branch of linguistics that studies the types of meaning significantly.
The object of this research was the song lyrics from the Taylor Swift’s and would analyze the associative meaning proposed by Leech’s Theory (1981) as the guidelines to support the research. Taylor Swift's album is used as the data for this research because she is the youngest artist to win the Album of The Year (Speak Now) category in music history. "Speak Now" album became a record for a country album by the first female artist to break more than one million copies in its first week, and second overall, after Garth Brooks. “Speak Now” album itself is an album written by Taylor Swift herself without the help of a co-writer. This is a very rare thing that happens in the world of music. Swift is known for narrating songs about her personal experiences. As a songwriter, she has been honored by the Nashville Songwriters Association and the Songwriter Hall of Fame. She wrote almost all the songs included in each of his albums. Most of the song lyrics that she writes come from real-life stories.
The meaning is classified into seven types of meanings, five of them are identified as associative meaning. They are connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, and collocative meaning. Leech (1981) states that associative meaning is the unstable meaning and varies with the individual’s experience (based on the historical period, culture, and the experience of the individual). Leech’s theory was applied in this study because the language
contained in the song lyrics on this album is very interesting by expressing personal feelings and is important for studying the meaning. It means associative meaning is a meaning that relates to one’s experience, where experience one of which can be felt in the surrounding environment. For instance, the word “needle” is associated with the meaning of pain and illness; the word “low calorie” is associated with the meaning of the healthy.
Associative meaning is a type of meaning that is usually used to analyze words, phrases, and sentences in the form of written or spoken language (Leech, 1981). The associative meaning of an expression is closely related to the individual mentality in the speaker’s understanding. In addition, associative meaning is the meaning of words that have a connection or word relationship with the condition beyond the language. To understand the meaning of a word or sentence, we need to know how the words or sentences convey the meaning. The idea is that when we read a text, we try to find out how the words are arranged to convey a meaning so that it can be understood by the reader.
Taylor Swift’s song lyrics on the Speak Now World Tour Live album were the object of this research and interesting to analyze because the lyrics can express the singer’s feelings, describe the conditions or situations the singer that her face and this album contains many meaningful words that make listeners curious to know the meaning of these words. There were 16 songs that would be covered in 1 album which consists of 485 lyrics. This study applied the theory proposed by Leech to find out the types of associative meanings in song lyrics, especially in Taylor Swift’s song lyrics and analyze the messages contained in the meaning of
the lyrics. Leech (1981) maintains that repetition plays a very important role in improving the ability to memorize, so this is the reason why every word or sentence contained in each song lyric has an interesting meaning that makes listeners curious.
In this study, the associative meaning contained in the song lyrics of “Speak Now World Tour Live” album would be explained so that the readers can easily understand the meaning.
In conducting this research, some previous studies discuss the associative meaning entitled “Types of Meaning in the Opening Statements used by the host of Mata Najwa Talk Show” conducted by Nelvia. The clear difference between this study and her research was the theory used. The research theory used the theory proposed by Searle (1979), while this study used the theory proposed by Leech (1974). The previous research also analyzed the song entitled “Associative Meanings in the Lyric of Lorde’s Selected Songs” conducted by Masriyah. The clear difference between this study and her research was the technique of data analysis. The research data analysis technique used some steps proposed by Berg (2000), while this study used the data analysis technique proposed by Miles, Huberman, and Saldana (2014). Lorde’s song genre discussed in her research was Pop, and Lorde’s album tells about the singer’s disappointment and sadness with her life story in a bad and insolent environment, while the genre of the album
“Speak Now World Tour Live” was Pop Rock and Country Pop. This album told about the singer’s life, especially her love relationship, where her feelings are often hurt and disappointed. This research focused on semantic elements, more precisely on types of meaning. Meaning must be completed with context based on the time
and scope in which an expression is applied because similar expressions may have different meanings if used in different conditions.
Griffee (1995) states that songs have elements in common with speech, but they are a unique form. Both songs and speech are vocally produced, which are linguistically meaningful and have a melody. The songs used words to convey a meaning, song is usually written before publication, both can be played to music and can be listened. The song consists of the stanzas that are sung by people. A song is a composition made up of lyrics and music, with the intent of the lyrics being sung, for the purpose of producing a proportionate feeling or emotion with a particular matter. Nowadays, music and people are two things that cannot be separated. Music is a part of human life. Listening to music is one of the relaxing activities for people. In music, a song is a short piece of music, usually with words.
It combines melody and vocals, although some composers have written instrumental pieces, or musical works without words, that mimic the quality of a singing voice.
The composer always tries to create beautiful and meaningful lyrics and make listeners more interested in listening to music. Through a song, there is a message in the lyric that is more interesting for listeners to accept so that composer’s messages such as feelings of happiness, sadness, hate, anger, depression, love, and all the things that lead to emotional feelings that can be conveyed. The composer creates beautiful lyrics using meaning. Expression of meaning is related to the individual mental understanding of the speaker. However, the meaning is not easy for the reader or listener to understand the real meaning of
a sentence or utterance that contains associative meaning because the meaning will vary based on personal perception. For example, part of a sentence found in the song lyrics of Taylor Swift Albums:
1) Oh, baby, smile …
The word “baby” has a denotative meaning for an extremely young child especially:
an infant. The connotative meaning of “baby” is defined as purely conceptual as (+human, +boy, +cute). The meaning of cute is something or someone small or young, pleasant and attractive. In this lyric, the word “baby” is categorized as a connotative meaning intended for affection as a human being who has a relationship and has the meaning of an expression of affection for her partner.
2) I’m on my guard for the rest of the world
Based on the sentence above, “on my guard” has a denotative meaning which means a person or group of persons that guards, protects, or keeps a protective or restraining watch. In the connotative meaning, the word “on my guard” is someone who is always careful or wary of someone that she just knows and will approach her. Therefore, the italic word “on my guard” is called the reflected meaning because it does not have the meaning of something which means a guard or bodyguard for someone who needs protection, but the word “on my guard”
represents to describe the feeling of vigilance of someone who often gets disappointed or often hurt by her boyfriend so that she should be more vigilant for the whole world.
1.2 Problems of the Research
In line with the background of the study, the problems of the study can be formulated as the followings:
1. How are the associative meanings interpreted in the song lyrics of Speak Now World Tour Live album?
2. Why are the associative meanings used in the song lyrics of Speak Now World Tour Live album?
3. What associative meaning is most frequently used in the song lyrics of Speak Now World Tour Live album?
1.3 Objectives of Research
In accordance with the problems of the study the objectives of the study are:
1. To analyze how the associative meanings are interpreted in the song lyrics of Speak Now World Tour Live album.
2. To explain why the associative meanings are used in the song lyrics of Speak Now World Tour Live album.
3. To find out the associative meaning which is most frequently used in the song lyrics of Speak Now World Tour Live album.
1.4 Scope of Research
Based on the background above this study needs to be limited only to interpreting the lyrics of sixteen songs from “Speak Now World Tour Live” album using the theory of associative meaning by Leech (1981). And explaining why the associative meanings are used in the song lyrics. And also to find out the associative meaning which is most frequently used in the song lyrics of the Speak Now World Tour Live album.
1.5 Significance of Research
It is expected that the results of this study are relevant and useful theoretically and practically. Theoretically, this research gives contribution to the readers or students, especially students of the English Department who are interested in Semantic studies. By providing 16 songs in one album entitled “Speak Now World Tour Live” as an example of types of meaning, the students will more easily understand well about Semantics, especially regarding the associative meaning proposed by Leech (1981).
Practically, this research can make the readers know the language of the song. How the language is applied in songs and what types of meaning are used.
Therefore, the readers can easily find out the meaning contained in the song lyrics.
This research will make it possible for the readers, especially the students who read it for exam purposes in studying the semantics and types of meanings found in song lyrics to understand them better.
Hopefully, this research can also motivate some singers to use the language more meaningful, powerful and attractive in conveying the message or meaning in it, so that the people not only understand and give good responses but also receive useful information from it.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Semantics
Semantics is a study that focuses on studying the meaning of words, phrases and sentence meanings in language which is abstracted from the context of using descriptive texts. Semantics is an important role in terms of communication.
This is because the language has the means to the speaker to convey or communicate the meaning to listeners. Leech (1981) states that semantics is central to the study of communication; and the center of the study of the human mind – thought processes, cognition, conceptualization – how we classify and convey our experiences of world language. This study uses Leech’s theory about the meaning to conduct this analysis. Crystal (1991) states that semantics is one of the branches of linguistics that studies meaning and it is considered as the main branch of linguistics devoted to the study of meaning in language. Semantics is an important subject at least from two aspects, namely the teaching of language and communication. Associated with the function of any language as the main means of communication. Hurford (2007) states that semantics is the study of meaning in language. The study of meaning includes the study of the meaning of words, sentences, and utterances, as well as sentences that are used in context. The aim of semantics is to explain and describe the meaning in natural language. Explicitly, in a short simple way, it can be said that the purpose of semantics is to explain what
underlies the use of the word means and related terms (sense, nonsense, signify, ambiguous, antonym, synonymy, etc.) in English and other languages.
The method in which the experience of the world is communicated and categorized through language is intricately connected with the mental process, cognition, and conceptualization of the human mind. Semantics is the study of meaning in the discipline of linguistics, able to transform the meaning and relationship between words with concepts or word meaning, as well as objects or things that are referred to by the meaning of beyond language. These are the points that can be drawn from the description above. To achieve the goal of communication and to avoid or reduce any misunderstandings that can arise, it is crucial to understand how others are expressing themselves. Thus, it is no doubt that studying and learning semantics is important for communication especially for those who are specialized in linguistics and language. Katz (1972) semantics is linguistics that studies about meaning. It is concerns with what sentences and other linguistics object express, not arrangement with syntactic parts and pronunciations.
Palmer (1976) states that semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning. Meaning is regarded as one of the most ambiguous and controversial terms in the theory of language. The meaning of word is determined by the words arrangements in sentences or in other words. Based on the definitions above, it can be concluding that semantics is the study of meaning through language. In semantics we can see how people communicate meanings with pieces of language. The study of meaning can be used to communicate better in real life and to understand every word, literature, even in song.
2.2 Meaning
The term meaning is simply derived from the word “mean”. Meaning is regarded as the message that is intended or expressed or signified. Meaning is the message conveyed by words, sentences, and symbols in a context. In other word, it can be said that meaning is the intended aim. Leech (1981) states that meaning is an idea or concept that can be transferred from the speaker’s mind to the listener’s mind by embodying it in the form of one language or another. The meaning must be completed with the context by the space and time in which an expression is applied because a similar expression may have a different meaning if used in different conditions. Leech (1983) describes the context as a component in speech situations. Leech (1983) states that context is defined as aspects related to an utterance's physical and social environment. Leech added in his definition of context as the background knowledge possessed by the speaker and this context helps the speaker interpret the speaker's purpose. The term “hand” may occur in several kinds of contexts in which it contributes quite diverse meaning, for examples:
1. He raised his hand 2. We give him a hand
It can be explained in a sentence (1), the word "hand" refers to a person who wants to ask something because there is something the questioner does not understand. Usually, this happens in the classroom (interaction between teacher and students) or at conferences / seminars (interaction between speakers and participants). In example (2), the word “hand” refers to a person who wants to give
help to those in need or to pay attention to someone who is in a disaster. One word may have some different meanings. The term hand can appear in several types of contexts that contribute quite a variety of meanings. Meaning is an important thing that is always being searched by people in their everyday lives, both the explicit meaning and the implicit meaning. Leech (1981) says that the importance of meaning in communication is become the media between the speaker and the hearer to understand each other. We can investigate easily the difference between how to deliver the meaning and how to make the hearer understand the intention.
Palmer (1991) states that meaning has a wide scope to be defined; it is rarely causing a variation in interpreting a meaning. The definition of it also being diverse because meaning do not seem to be stable but depend upon speakers, hearer and the context. The meaning of a word is defined in part by its relations with other words in the language. Meaning must be something that in the mind rather the word and it must be abstract than pictures and more than just features.
2.3 The characteristics of Associative Meaning.
Dickens (2014) says that there are three types of associative meaning character:
1. Extra linguistic-based associative meaning
Associative meanings that derive from the realities of the extra linguistic world are known as extra linguistic associative meanings, or perhaps a better name would be motivated associative meanings. One illustration is the gender-specific connotations that the word "nurse" carries. The vast majority of nurses in the United Kingdom (and the Western world) are
female. Thus, the term "nurse" frequently connotes females. However, males make up the vast majority of engineers. The word "engineer" has the association meaning "man," and as a result, tends to be linked with men.
2. Linguistic-based associative meaning
Linguistic associative meanings are associative meanings that are determined by the semantics of the language concerned rather than by characteristics of the extra linguistic actual world. Certain instances of what is frequently referred to as imperfect synonymy, or pairings of words having the same denotation and range of meanings but a propensity to signify different things from one another, provide a particularly clear illustration of linguistic associative meanings.
3. Scalar implicature-based associative meaning
Thirdly, there is a category of associated meaning that is neither extralinguistic nor linguistic. It has nothing to do with linguistic semantic rules or characteristics of the natural world. Instead, conversational implicature is generally used to evaluate this situation.
2.4 Types of Associative Meaning
The meaning of a word that is connected to another term is called its associative meaning. These are associations of sentiments that are not fundamental to what the world means and have different meanings depending on the speaker's or the sentence's context. In other words, a word's meaning is related to how words
relate to circumstances that go beyond linguistic boundaries. For example, the term
"jasmine" is linked to the idea of holiness; the word "black" is linked to the idea of despair and melancholy, and the word "red" is linked to the idea of bravery. Leech (1981) states that meaning can be distinguished into seven types of meaning, five of them are identified as associative meaning. They are connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, and collocative meaning. Leech (1981) states that associative meaning can be defined as unstable meaning and has variants of individual experience. The analysis of words, phrases, and sentences in spoken or written language is known as associative meaning. An expression's association meaning depends on the speaker's unique mental comprehension.
Additionally, it is the meaning of words that relate to or are connected to the state outside of language. The red liquid that circulates through the bodies of humans and other animals is what the word "blood" refers to in terms of conceptual meaning, for instance. Accidents, deaths, and sacrifices are all associated with the color red.
The second illustration comes from the word "needle," which conceptually refers to a tiny, extremely thin bit of steel used for stitching. Injuries, blood, and anguish are all connected to needles.
2.4.1 Connotative Meaning
Connotative meaning (what language communicates by virtue of what it means) refers to the associations or emotional connotations associated with a term.
The word "snake" has negative connotations, such as danger and wickedness. Leech (1981) states that connotative meaning refers to what is communicated by virtue of
what language refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. It is something more than the dictionary meaning which embraces putative properties of reference due to the viewpoint of personal, social, or communities. Leech (1981) states that discussing connotative refers to the real world, which is what the word refers to when someone uses or hears it in speech. Age, society, and personal experience all have a significant impact on this meaning. Instead of having a conceptual meaning, it is more ambiguous and open-ended. In any ways, it describes something that goes beyond mere referent of a word and hints at its attributes in the real world. The real-world value is perceived in terms of tacit socio- cultural principles, norms, and rules. These terms are only the same in the conceptual meaning but have difference in those senses. At least, the meaning will be recognized when appropriate with the time to time and condition of people that reflects to the real world. Finch (1998) states that connotative meaning is consistently exploited by writers who wish to engage our emotions, stimulate our imagination, or enlist our prejudice. It causes that behind the word of connotative which hints attribute in the real world have something valuable.
Connotative meaning is unstable and depends on culture, historical period, and individual experiences, therefore it may occasionally vary from one civilization to another. Like people's knowledge and worldviews, connotative meaning is ill- defined and open-ended. Leech (1981) comments that latest semanticist believed that the same basic conceptual framework is common to all languages, and that is universal property of the human mind. For example, the word “woman” is classified into the form of conceptual meaning in physical form is +human, +female, +adult
but the psychosocial connotations could be ‘gregarious’, ‘having maternal instinct’
or typical (rather than invariable) attributes of womanhood such as ‘babbling’,
‘experienced in cookery’, ‘skirt or dress wearing’ etc.
2.4.2 Social Meaning
Social or stylistic meaning is a different category of associative meaning that Leech (1981) distinguished. It is about a linguistic expression of the social situations in which language is used. According to Leech (1981), social meaning is the kind of meaning that refers to a social context. This context might take the shape of time, dialect, individuality, language, or the speaker's origin based on the geographical or social milieu. Because dialects come from a variety of sociocultural origins, the language that people use to communicate is tied to those settings. Their speech will differ in terms of style and word choice. For instance, the color black is connected with unfavorable traits in both Chinese and English, such as Black Market, Black List, Black Sheep, Blackmail, etc. Black Box, on the other hand, has a slightly different meaning. We could initially presume it has to do with something dark. Even though the Black Box is an object with an orange tint. But since black is a color associated with tragedy and bad luck, it is known as the "Black Box." This term's selection is based on the meaning, not the color. The phrase "Black Box"
then refers to the mental state that a person may encounter and is connected to discomfort, annoyance, and other similar negative synonyms. Black Hole is yet another instance of the word "black." Additionally, the phrase "The hole is Black"
can be used to describe a black hole in astronomy. However, it is referred described as a heavenly body phenomena.
2.4.3 Affective Meaning
The speaker's perspective on the topic being discussed is connected to the affective meaning. Affective meaning serves the purpose of communicating to the audience one's own feelings or views. Leech (1981) states that it is a kind of language that reflects the speaker’s personal feelings, including his attitude towards something he is talking about. It expresses the speaker's personal feeling or attitude about something that is happening based on the situation to the listener because associative meaning relates to the emotive devices. For example, “I love you, you are my sunshine” from this sentence the speaker seems to have a very positive attitude towards his listeners. The literal meaning of sunshine is sun or sunny weather in the associative of being the most loved person, important and very special. This is called affective meaning. In affective meaning factors such as intonation and tone of voice are important things. The impression of politeness in sentence
a) Can be reserved by a tone of biting sarcasm; sentence
b) Can be turned into a playful remark between intimates if it is delivered with the intonation of a mild request. There are less obvious ways to show our attitudes than this, such as lowering our voices to silence individuals out of politeness, like in the following sentence: "I'm sorry, but if you would be so kind as to make lower your
volume a little." The speaker employs a sentence out of politeness in this sentence.
Here, tonality and voice quality are equally crucial.
2.4.4 Reflected Meaning
Leech (1981) conveys that reflected meaning is communicated by association with another sense of the same expression or the meaning that develops when a word has numerous conceptual meanings and one sense of the word is a part of our reaction to another sense. It implies that the interpretation and application of all other senses of the world depend on how a word is used in one meaning. This is typically created when familiarity with one meaning of a term influences how that meaning is understood in another. For example:
I pray that you will find your way and I ask God to protect you always.
You brought joy to my soul and pleasure to my eyes.
My little girl and my baby girl.
2.4.5 Collocative Meaning
Collocative meaning deals with words that are paired with other words to form good sentences and produce the desired sounds. Lubis (2013) states that Collocation is a common linguistic occurrence. It is used in all human-spoken languages, including English, just as the idiom. In other words, collocation can be found in various languages. Collocation is derived from the term collocate, which meaning to bring things together or to find something. Leech (1981) states that The context of another word is most often used to convey the collocational meaning of
a word. It alludes to the award's regular habitual co-occurrence with particular word kinds. Then, collocative meaning is influenced by both aesthetic and conceptual variations in addition to co-occurrence events. It has an odd tendency for specific terms, to put it simply. For instance, "beautiful woman" and "handsome man" both refer to someone attractive in English. However, "beautiful" is associated with
"girl," "woman," and "flower," but "handsome" is associated with "boy," "man,"
"vehicle," "vessel," and "overcoat." Finch (1998) adds the verb "collocate," which means "to go with," is the source of the meaning of the word collocative and one of the ways we determine a word's meaning. Clear cases, clear skies, and a clear conscience are a few examples of words that begin with "clear." In the same way as a clear sky is devoid of clouds and an unmistakably clear case is without guilds.
In light of this, the linguistic context in which collocative words are used might alter their meaning.
2.5 Data Interpretation
The process of reviewing data and drawing pertinent conclusions using a variety of analytical techniques is known as data interpretation (Dickens, 2014). To categorize, reframe, and summarize the data to address important topics, researchers use data interpretation. There is no doubt about the significance of data interpretation, which is why it must be done correctly. No matter the method or state of the qualitative or quantitative data, data analysis, and interpretation, may include the following steps:
1. Selecting 2. Reading 3. Identification 4. Explanation
From the steps above the writer must take the actions listed to interpret the data.
2.6 Lyric
A lyric is a brief poem that serves as the meditative expression of the strong emotions, ideas, or observations of a single speaker. According to Abrams (1985) a lyric is any relatively brief poetry that is expressed through the vocals of a single performer or a group of performers (a band), and that captures a mental state during the processes of perception, thought, and emotion. Greek poetry gave rise to the lyric, which is how the term "lyric" was coined. But the term "lyric poetry" still connotes music even today. A song's lyrics are an essential component since they can enhance its beauty. In truth, the phrase "lines of a song" is also used in music.
The term "lyric" refers to all forms of poetry that have the very broad characteristics of being personal, emotional, expressive, meditative, and musical. Therefore, sonnets, elegies, metaphysical poems, romantic poems, and even ballads and odes may all be considered to be lyrical. The majority of lyrics are the poet's meditations on loneliness, but they can also be dramatic if they are addressed to a specific individual. When interpreting lyrics, it is best to think of them as being spoken by a fictional speaker or character.
2.7 Song Lyrics
The song is a sequence, combination, and temporal relationship of tones or sounds that results in a cohesive and continuous musical composition, usually accompanied by an instrument (containing rhythm). The song is another word for a variety of tones or rhythmic sounds. Songs can be performed solo, in a duet, in a triad, or in the frolicking (choir). The song's lyrics are typically shaped like rhythmic poetry. Music listening is a relaxing hobby. We all agree that a song is necessary for music to exist. A song is a composition for a voice that is sung or played with musical instruments in music. Hornby (2000) states that a song is a brief composition of music with lyrics that you sing.
A song's lyrics are a group of words that are typically divided into verses and choruses. Lyrics may have explicit or implicit significance. When lyrics are abstract and nearly impossible to understand, form, articulation, meter, and symmetry of expression are highlighted in their explanation. A lyric is a piece of writing created by a person with the creative ability to craft lovely words with significant meaning. A great song with nice music and lyrics would result. A lyricist, sometimes known as a lyrist, is a person who writes lyrics. Hornby (2000) states that the words of a song are known as the lyrics, which are used to reflect a person's unique feelings and thoughts while singing. Despite being the song's second component, lyrics make a substantial impact on the music itself. Lyrics help the audience or listener comprehend the song's meaning clearly; in other words, they help the audience or listener fully understand the song's message. Dallin (1994) states that the interaction between the writer and the listener is expressed in the
lyrics. For listeners to experience what the author went through, the author conveys a message through the lyrics. For instance, the interaction and purpose of a person are embedded in their cultural setting, and the author can inform or inspire listeners through song lyrics. Each song has a unique meaning. The lyrics of a song affect its listeners' attractiveness and efficacy. Depending on how the author has structured the words in the song lyrics, the message contained therein can be delivered.
(Bertoli and Bissaco, 2006).
2.8 Taylor Swift
Despite having spent most of her childhood in Wyomissing, Taylor Swift was actually born in Reading, Pennsylvania, on December 13, 1989. Taylor Alison Swift, a real-life person, is the first child of Scott Swift, a stockbroker, and Andrea Swift, a housewife. She is Austin's older sister and the first sister of Austin. The song "Speak Now" comes from the album "Speak Now," which was written by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. Swift collaborated with Nathan Chapman in the production of the song "Speak Now." The Big Machine Records label released the single "Speak Now" from the album Speak Now on October 5, 2010. (2010). Swift had a conversation with her friend, whose ex-boyfriend is about to marry another girl, after which Swift penned the song about interrupting a wedding. The song's lyrics describe a narrative viewpoint of a person who interrupts her ex-wedding boyfriend so that she might rekindle their relationship. Swift and producer Nathan Chapman of country music oversaw the recording of this album, which was created during the years of 2008 and 2010 in several facilities. Swift
expanded the genre of country pop music with Speak Now, a song that features lyrics about love, romance, and heartache. Speak Now was a successful album that debuted at the top of the US Billboard 200 list after receiving favorable reviews from music reviewers. In the first week after release, this album sold 1,047,000 copies. The standard edition of the album's 16 songs all made the Billboard Hot 100, with the single "Mine" peaking at number three. Rolling Stone has named the
"Speak Now" album as the 13th best album of 2010. With respectable competitions all over the world.
Taylor Swift has won about 300 prizes. In addition to the exceptional honors she has received for her achievements in the music industry, including the Pinnacle Awards, Milestone Awards, and the Dick Clark for Excellence, he has ten Grammys. Top Artist, 1989 Album, and Women of the Year on Billboard 200.
Throughout her musical career, she has also accomplished a great deal more. She demonstrated to the entire world that she is a singer who should not be underestimated and is not merely reliant on her physical attributes. In 2011, she had previously brought two trophies. The youngest artist in music history to win the Album of the Year (Speak Now) category, she won her first Grammy in 2008, making her the record-holder. The number of Grammy awards she currently holds is 10. It is conceivable that Taylor made a sizable sum of money from the sales of the three albums, which each sold 1 million copies in the first week of publication.
Her first three records (Speak Now, Red, 1989) went on to set records for consecutive best-sellers. Speak Now set a record for a country album by the first female artist to break more than one million copies in its first week, and second
overall, after Garth Brooks. Another country-style female artist who once held this record is Shania Twain with her album up in 2002 which sold 847,000 copies in its first week. Taylor Swift wrote the whole Speak Now album by herself, without the aid of a co-writer. In the world of music, this is a highly uncommon occurrence.
Swift is renowned for using her own experiences as the basis for her songs. She has received accolades from the Songwriters Hall of Fame and the Nashville Songwriters Association for her songwriting. Nearly every song on each of his albums was written by her. She draws inspiration for the majority of her song lyrics from true events.
2.9 Related Studies
In conducting this research, there are some previous studies to support the research ideas or contribute to this thesis, as follow :
Nelvia (2019) analyzes about the types of meaning in the Opening Statements in Mata Najwa Talk show. The researcher used Searle's theory in examining the talk show's meaning (1979). Connotative meaning (25 data), stylistic meaning (1 data), emotive meaning (5 data), mirrored (21 data), and collocative meaning are the categories of associative meaning in this research, according to the findings (0 data). Aspects of associative meaning, connotative meaning, stylistic meaning, affective meaning, and reflected meaning are also explored in this study.
Connotative meaning is used to convince listeners of the speaker's ideas, stylistic meaning is used to demonstrate the speaker's expression through word choice, affective meaning is used to convey the speaker's feelings, and reflective meaning
is used to introduce new word meanings. The associative meaning function was mostly used as a representation in this study. Nelvia's research, which she contributed to this study, focused on associative meaning, particularly as it related to the language used by talk show hosts. The theory employed is the key distinction between this study and the author's research. The research theory uses the theory proposed by Searle (1979), while this study uses the theory proposed by Leech (1981).
Masriyah (2019) analyzes associative meanings in the lyric of Lorde’s selected songs. The purpose of this study was to determine the types and purposes of associative meanings in the lyrics of Lorde's chosen songs. This research used theory of associative meaning from Leech’s (1974). In this study, words, phrases, and sentences in the lyrics from two albums that had associative meaning, such as connotative meaning, social meaning, emotive meaning, reflected meaning, and collocative meaning, were collected, marked, and described by the researchers to collect data. The findings of this study revealed that Lorde's lyrics for ten songs had 69 associative meaning data along with their functions. There were 7 data of connotative meaning, 35 data of social meaning, 11 data of affective meaning, 11 data of reflected meaning, and 5 data of collocative meaning. The societal meaning that was most frequently used in Lorde's song lyrics was expressed through the usage of idioms, slang, and colloquial language. The method of data analysis used in this study clearly differs from the author's research. The research data analysis technique uses some steps proposed by Berg (2000), while this study uses the data analysis technique proposed by Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014). Pop is the
song type that Lorde sings about in her research, and her album "Speak Now Tour Live" has Pop Rock and country Pop as its genres. The album informs about the singer's displeasure and grief with her life narrative in a poor and obnoxious setting.
This album explores the singer's life, particularly her love life, where she frequently experiences betrayal and damaged sentiments.
Noor, et al. (2015) with their journal entitling “The Language of TV Commercials “Slogans: A Semantic Analysis”. This qualitative descriptive study emphasizes the semantic quality of TV advertisement slogans. The study focuses on the investigation of the linguistic strategies employed by TV commercial copywriters to sway the target audience. Leech’s (1981) associative meaning with its sub-types provide a theoretical basis to the study. The study shows that copywriters employed a variety of techniques. It emphasizes the associations connected to the keywords of the chosen phrases based on the aforementioned theory of meaning. In addition to semantics scholars, the research aids TV viewers in comprehending the deception utilized by copywriters to trap them. The contribution of research conducted by Noor’s research to this research is to introduce the language of advertising slogans on TV by applying the theory proposed by Leech (1981). The clear difference between this study and the author’s research is the source of the research data. The source of the data in his research was taken from the language of advertising slogans on TV, while this research used song lyrics from the album “Speak Now World Tour Live” as a source of research data.
Filippova (2019) analyzes associative meaning in religious worldview expression. This study analyzed data from a free-associative experiment to examine how the concept of "god" manifests itself in the consciousnesses of Yakut and Russian speakers. Associative meanings assist them in identifying the conventional behavioral patterns that result in the incorporation of the stimulus inside a specific set of interpersonal relationships that are exclusive to a particular ethnic group. We looked into respondents' linguistic consciousnesses and the uniqueness of their religious worldviews. The respondents' ages ranged from 16 to 21. They were Yakut and Russian people who lived in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). They divided their subjects into three groups (each with about 230 participants):
Russians; Urban Yakuts who thought Russian to be their primary or only language of communication; and Rural Yakuts who believed Yakut to be their primary language of communication. A comparative analysis of the associative fields of the stimulus word “god” (бог/ bog, таҥара/ tangara) allowed them to distinguish the common features in the worldviews that exist in the Yakut and Russian consciousnesses (reactions faith, heaven, church, the Sun, the cross, paradise, light, etc.). As for the differences, Rural Yakuts responded with holy spirit of the upper world/ айыы/ ajyy, spirits of the middle world/ иччи/ ichchi, upper world/ үөhээ дойду/ üöhee dojdu and others, which reflect the traditional religious ideas of the Yakuts about the structure of the world and the existence of several gods and different spirits, which the Yakut people from cities seem to have lost. In general, the research's findings may be used as examples of the elements of the worldview that are still present in the day-to-day consciousnesses of people from various ethnic
cultures. The study of the substance of the associated meanings of the concept of god in the Russian and Yakut linguistic consciousnesses, as well as the identification of the elements that verbalize their religious views, are two contributions made by Filippova's research to this field of study. Finding the cross- cultural meaning of god was made possible by comparing the national-cultural meanings of the compared cultures. A clear difference between this study and the author's research is the theory used. The theory of research uses the associative experiment theory conducted by C.G Jung (1918), G.H. Kent & A.J Rosanoff (1910), while this study uses the theory proposed by Leech (1981).
The relevant studies mentioned above were used as guidelines for analyzing the associative meaning in the song lyrics of Speak Now World Tour Live Album, which accessed from google on the website https://genius.com/albums/Taylor-swift/Speak-now-world-tour-live by using Leech’s theory of associative meaning.
2.10 Conceptual Framework
To understand the meaning of language, semantics is crucial to learn.
Language sources use a variety of techniques to convey thoughts and messages because language enables interpersonal interactions. In particular, the album
"Speak Now World Tour Live" will be the focus of this study to identify the many sorts of meanings that are present in song lyrics. To conduct this analysis, this study used the hypothesis put forward by Leech. Leech (1981) states that meaning can be distinguished into seven types of meaning, five of them are identified as associative
meaning. They are collocative meaning, reflected meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, and connotative meaning. For listeners or readers, the analysis of associative meaning on five different forms of meaning in song lyrics must be clear and understandable. Therefore, it's critical to examine the type of meaning included in song lyrics, particularly those from the album "Speak Now World Tour Live." The language used in the song lyrics on this album is particularly intriguing since it expresses personal feelings, and it is significant for understanding the meaning of the songs, which is why Leech's theory was used in this study. It signifies that associative meaning is a meaning that is connected to one's experiences, where one's experiences can be felt in the surroundings. The conceptual framework of this research is shown in the diagram below:
Interpretation Of The Associative Meaning In The Song Lyrics of “Speak Now World Tour Live” Album
Figure 2.1 Conceptual Framework
Types of Meaning in Semantics based on Leech Theory (1981)
Conceptual Meaning
Associative Meaning
Thematic Meaning
The most frequently use of associative meanings in the song lyrics of Speak Now World Tour Live album
Analysis
Findings
Conclusion Connotative
Meaning
Social Meaning
Affective Meaning
Reflected Meaning
Collocative Meaning The interpretation of
associative meanings in the song lyrics of Speak Now World Tour Live album
The use of associative meanings in the song lyrics of Speak Now World Tour Live album
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
In this study, the method used in analyzing the data is qualitative research.
Because this study explained the associative meanings that appear in the song lyrics of Speak Now World Tour Live album, qualitative analysis is needed to describe the data. Qualitative research is conducted to describe the form of narrative without using a statistical procedure. Bogdan and Biklen (1992) state that qualitative research is descriptive data. Qualitative research means finding out how a theory works and the data collected is in the form of words or pictures, not numbers.
Descriptive design only describes what is going on with the data display.
This study used descriptive qualitative because it was only focusing on the semantic nature of the data. In other words, how a theory works in various semantics phenomena. The purpose of using this descriptive design was simply because this design can collect and describe the meaning of the song lyrics. This research was designed with a single case system, where semantic analysis is always conducted in the song lyrics of Speak Now World Tour Live album.
3.2 Data and Source of Data
Bogdan and Biken (1992) state that data show is defined as the rough material collected by the researchers from the world, they are studying from in the basis of analysis data in qualitative research. The data of this research were analyzed in this research were the lyrics of Taylor Swift’s songs in the album “Speak Now World Tour Live” that was launched in 2010. One album has 16 songs and consists of 485 lyrics. This research data relates to word, phrases, clauses and sentences containing associative meaning found in the lyrics of Taylor Swift’s song on the album “Speak Now World Tour Live”.
The data of this research were collected from Taylor Swift’s songs in Speak Now World Tour Live album entitled Sparks Fly, Mine, The Story of Us, Mean, Ours, Back to December / Apologize, Better than Revenge, Speak Now, Last Kiss, Drops of Jupiter, Bette Davis Eyes, I Want You Back, Dear John, Enchanted, Haunted, Long Live. Taylor Swift’s song lyrics on the Speak Now World Tour Live album were the object of this research and interesting to analyze because the song lyrics on this album can express the singer’s feelings, especially about her love relationship, where she is often hurt and disappointed, describing the singer’s condition or situation that she faces and this album contains many meaningful words that make listeners curious to know the meaning of these words.
The sources of the data for this research was sentenced in the song lyrics taken from the internet on the website https://genius.com/albums/Taylor- swift/Speak-now-world-tour-live. This album had been downloaded on June 28, 2021.
3.3 Technique of Collecting Data
Creswell (2013) states that data collection techniques can be classified into four categories: observation, interviews, study of documents and study of audio- visual materials. For this research, the documentation method was applied to collect the data because the research data were in the form of documents song lyrics of
“Speak Now World Tour Live” album. Documents for this research were collected by downloading Taylor Swift’s song lyrics from the album “Speak Now World Tour Live”.
The data of the study were collected by the following the steps as follows:
1. Reading the song lyrics of “Speak Now World Tour Live” album.
2. Identifying and analyzing the word, phrases, clauses and sentences concerning associative meanings. This data contained 55 words, 33 phrases, 9 clauses and 51 sentences in the song lyrics of Speak Now World Tour Live album.
3. Then, putting them into a table/form.
In this study, data sheets were used in the process of identification and data analysis. The form of the data sheets was presented in the table.
Table 2.1 Data sheet in the song lyrics of album “Speak Now World Tour Live”
No. Lyrics Associative Meaning
3.4 Technique of Data Analysis
Data analysis techniques are used to answer the research question or to test the hypothesis that is derived from the research questions. In analyzing the data, the technique of the procedure used is a descriptive analysis. As proposed by Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014) there are some components of data analysis in qualitative research. The outlined data analysis components are shown as below :
Figure 3.1 Components of Data Analysis : Interactive Model (Miles, Huberman and Saldana, 2014)
1. Data Collection
Documentation method is applied to collect the data by the following steps, they are:
1. Selecting and downloading the song lyrics taken from the internet on the website https://genius.com/albums/Taylor-swift/Speak-now-world- tour-live. There are 16 songs in the song lyrics of Speak Now World Tour Live album entitled Sparks Fly, Mine, The Story of Us, Mean, Ours, Back to December / Apologize, Better than Revenge, Speak Now,
Data Collection Data Display
Data Condensation Conclusions :
Drawing / Verification
Last Kiss, Drops of Jupiter, Bette Davis Eyes, I Want You Back, Dear John, Enchanted, Haunted, Long Live.
2. Reading the song lyrics of Speak Now World Tour Live” album
3. Identifying and analyzing 55 words, 33 phrases, 9 clauses and 51 sentences concerning associative meanings.
2. Data Condensation
Data condensation refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying abstracting and transforming the data that appear in the full corpus (body) of written-up field notes, interview transcripts, documents, and other empirical materials (Milles, Huberman and Saldana, 2014). The steps are described as below:
a. Selecting
In this research, the first step was data selection. The selection of this research data were selected with the most suitable data which were taken from 485 song lyrics of “Speak Now World Tour Live” album. From the selection of the data, it can be known that the associative meaning was contained in each song lyric.
b. Focusing
This step related the data focusing on the problem type of associative meaning. Focusing this step consisted of the simplification step and abstracting step.
c. Simplifying
In the simplified step, the data inserted were tabulated which contains is going to be based on the type of associative meaning with Leech’s theory (1981) in
each song to make it easier and simple to understand. Data tabulation was conducted by taking the lyrics, phrases or sentences and then giving them some codes into the table, for the lyrics in bold are the criteria lyrics that contain associative meanings for each song.
d. Abstracting
Abstraction is the process of making a written summary of the types and realizations of associative meaning. In abstracting step, the data was abstracted by describing the percentage tabulation of each type of associative meaning that was found in song lyrics of “Speak Now World Tour Live” album.
e. Transforming
Transforming is to describe and connect the research data with related theories. All the data were selected and categorized were transformed into a table, because the data display of this research was the table.
3. Data Display
After the data condensation process is complete, the next step is to display the data. Data display is an organized, compressed assembly of information that permits conclusion drawing and action (Miles, Huberman, Saldana : 2014). The data in qualitative research can be presented as tables, graphs, phi charts, pictograms, and other representations that are similar to them. Expanded text and tables served as the display formats for the data. To make the analysis more understandable, extended text was used. The percentage of associative meaning types in the song lyrics from the album Speak Now World Tour Live was calculated
in this study using a table to illustrate the data. The analyzed data were sorted in percentages to identify the frequency of associative meanings found in the data by using Bungin (2001) formula as follows:
The formula is: P = 𝐹
𝑁 x 100%
P = percentage.
F = number of component from each structure.
N = the total number of components from each structure.
4. Conclusion Drawing and Verification
Based on the data display, the conclusion is reached. At this point, the researcher's findings will be used to confirm the findings. This study used the theory proposed by Leech (1981) to identify associative meaning based on word analysis, phrase analysis, clause analysis and sentence analysis contained in the song lyrics of Speak Now World Tour Live album. The display of the data was analyzed further to get the conclusions.
CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Data Analysis
The data in this study were collected from Taylor Swift's songs with the album Speak Now World Tour Live. Song lyrics on the Speak Now World Tour Live album were analyzed from the beginning until the end to get various data. As a result of the research analysis, from 16 songs contained in the Speak Now World Tour Live album, there are 55 words, 33 phrases, 9 clauses and 51 sentences containing associative meanings. The lyrics that contained associative meanings were marked with italic text which was completed with the context description and analysis after the songs. The lyrics of this song were selected, then analyzed based on the principle of associative meaning proposed by Leech (1981).
4.1.1 The Interpretation of Associative Meaning in the song lyrics of Speak Now World Tour Live album
The description of associative meaning in the data was divided into five categories, namely Connotative Meaning (CM), Social Meaning (SM), Affective Meaning (AM), Reflected Meaning (RM), and Collocative Meaning (CLM). The data were presented in Appendix 1. Based on the data analysis, to interpret the associative meaning in the lyrics of Speak Now World Tour Live album, there are four steps to interpret the data proposed by Dickens (2014): Selecting, Reading, Identification and Explanation.
