17378f68019df008d37606ac18293ac6

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Pa is Pa t ‘epo t

-CONTENTS OF THE REPORT

Acknowledgments ……….………

Regional groupings ………..….

Disclaimer ……….…..

Acronyms ……….

Introduction……….…….

The Paris Pact Initiative–Update o the Pa t e ship s implementation of the Vienna Declaration & the UNODC global Paris Pact programme ……….………… Pillar I of the Vienna Declaration – Strengthening and implementing regional initiatives

to combat illicit traffic in opiates originating in Afghanistan ……… 57 Pillar II of the Vienna Declaration – Detecting and blocking financial flows

linked to illicit traffic in opiates ……….………… 71 Pillar III of the Vienna Declaration – Preventing the diversion of precursor chemicals

used in illicit opiates manufacturing in Afghanistan ……….….……… 91 Pillar IV of the Vienna Declaration – Reducing drug abuse and dependence

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Acknowledgments

The Paris Pact Report 2015-2016, prepared by the Paris Pact Coordination Unit, is the result of an inter-divisional participatory process, benefitting from the expertise and valuable contributions of UNODC colleagues in the Division for Operations, the Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs and the Division for Treaty Affairs, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

Regional groupings

This report uses a number of regional and sub-regional designations. Along the northern and Balkan drug trafficking routes, these designations are aligned to the respective UNODC Regional Programme. These are not official designations, and are defined as follow:

West and Central Asia: The Islamic Republics of Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

South Eastern Europe: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Kosovo under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244. Persian Gulf: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates.

East Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Somalia and Tanzania.

Disclaimers

This report has not been formally edited. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC, Members States or contributory organizations, and nor does it imply any endorsement. The designations employed and the presentation of material on maps within this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Information on uniform resource locators (URL) and links to internet sites contained in the present publication are provided for the convenience of the reader and are correct at the time of issue. The United Nations takes no responsibility for the continued accuracy of that information or for the content of any external website.

Comments on the report are welcome and can be sent to:

Paris Pact Coordination Unit Division for Operations

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Tel.: (+43-1) 26060-4118

Fax: (+43-1) 26060-74118 E-mail: paris-pact@unodc.org

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ACRONYMS

A

AA Acetic Anhydride

ADAM Automated Donor Assistance Mechanism, www.paris-pact.net AFRIPOL African Mechanism for Police Cooperation

AIRCOP UNODC Airport Communication Programme

AKT Tripartite (Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan) Initiative ALR annual legitimate requirement (precursor related)

AMERIPOL Police Community of the Americas AML Anti-Money Laundering

AOTP UNODC Afghan Opiate Trade Project APCU Airport Control Unit

APG Asia-Pacific Group on Money Laundering APICC Asia Pacific Information and Coordination Center ARINAP Asset Recovery Interagency Network - Asia Pacific ARINSA Asset Recovery Inter-Agency Network for Southern Africa ARINWA Asset Recovery Inter-Agency Network for West Africa ARQ UNODC Annual Report Questionnaire

ASEANAPOL Association of Southeast Asian Nations Police ASYCUDA Automated System for Customs Data

B

BENATOC UNODC Global Programme on Building Effective Networks Against Transnational Organized Crime and the Networking the Networks Initiative

BOMCA EU Border Management Programme in Central Asia BOMNAF EU Border Management Northern Afghanistan

C

CA Prog. UNODC Central Asia Programme CADAP EU Central Asia Drug Action Programme

CARICC Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre for Combating Illicit Trafficking of Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and their Precursors

CARIN Camden Asset Recovery Inter-Agency Network

CASC Network Network of Prosecutors and Central Authorities from Source, Transit and Destination Countries in response to Transnational Organized Crime in Central Asia and Southern Caucasus

CASH Central Asia and Southern Hub initiative CCP UNODC-WCO Container Control Programme

CCPCJ Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice CFT Combating the Financing of Terrorism

CIP Common Information Picture

CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CM Paris Pact Consultative Mechanism CMF Combined Maritime Forces CND Commission on Narcotic Drugs COAFG UNODC Country Office in Afghanistan CPD continuous professional development CPS UNODC Co-Financing and Partnership Section CRS UNODC Crime Research Section

CSTO Collective Security Treaty Organization

D

DDDU UNODC Data Development and Dissemination Unit

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DMP Drugs Monitoring Platform, http://drugsmonitoring.unodc-roca.org DRS UNODC Drug Research Section

E

EAG Eurasian Group on combating money laundering and financing of terrorism ECO Economic Cooperation Organization

ECOPOL Economic Cooperation Organization Police

EMCDDA European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction

EU European Union

EULEX European Union Rule of Law Mission Kosovo Eurojust European Union's Judicial Cooperation Unit Europol European Police Office

EWG Paris Pact Expert Working Group

F

FAST Families and Schools Together Programme FATF Financial Action Task Force

FIU Financial Intelligence Units

G

GCC-CICCD Gulf Cooperation Council Criminal Information Center to Combat Drugs GCCPOL Gulf Cooperation Council Police

GFPI Interpol Global Focal Point Initiative on Asset Recovery GIZ Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, Germany GMCP UNODC Global Maritime Crime Programme

goAML UNODC software for Financial Intelligence Units goTRACE UNODC Confidential Data Matching System software

GPML UNODC Global Programme Against Money Laundering, Proceeds of Crime and Financing of

HONLEA Heads of National Drug Law Enforcement Agencies

I

ICE UNODC's International Collaborative Exercises IDS Individual Drug Seizures

ILECU International Law Enforcement Cooperation Unit INCB International Narcotics Control Board

Interpol International Criminal Police Organization IOFMC Indian Ocean Forum on Maritime Crime I.R. Islamic Republic of

IRDC UNODC s Inter-regional drug control approach ISIL Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

ISS UNODC Implementation Support Section

ITMCFM Russian Federation International Training and Methodology Center for Financial Monitoring

J

JPC Joint Planning Cell JPCU Joint Port Control Unit

L

LE Law enforcement

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M

ML money laundering

MONEYVAL Committee of Experts on the Evaluation of Anti-Money Laundering Measures and the Financing of Terrorism

MoU Memorandum of Understanding MSP Money Service Provider

MVTS Money or Value Transfer Systems

N

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGO non-governmental organization NRA National Risk Assessment

O

OFID Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Fund for International Development OLAF European Anti-Fraud Office

OCB UNODC Organized Crime Branch

OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

P

PCGM Paris Pact Policy Consultative Group Meeting PCU Port Control Unit

PEN Online INCB Pre-Export Notification online tool

PICS INCB Precursors Incident Communication System PPCU Paris Pact Coordination Unit

PPI Paris Pact Initiative

PSC Programme Support Costs (UNODC)

PTRS UNODC Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation Section

R

RAB UNODC Research and Trends Analysis Branch

REFLECS3 Regional Fusion & Law Enforcement Centre for Safety & Security at Sea RLO Paris Pact Research and Liaison Officer

ROCA UNODC Regional Office for Central Asia RP UNODC Regional Programme

RP ANC UNODC Regional Programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries RP SEE UNODC Regional Programme for South Eastern Europe

RRAG Research Review and Advisory Group in Latin America RWGFD Regional Working Group on Forensic Capacity and Drugs RWGP Regional Working Group on Precursors

RWGT Regional Working Group on Law Enforcement Training

S

SARICC South Asian Regional Intelligence and Coordination Centre on Transnational Organized Crime SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

SDGs Sustainable Development Goals

SELEC Southeast European Law Enforcement Centre SFP Strengthening Families Programme

SMART UNODC Global Synthetics Monitoring Programme StAR Interpol Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative

T

TI Triangular Initiative (Islamic Republics of Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan) TADOC Turkish International Academy Against Drugs and Organized Crime

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U

UICC Union for International Cancer Control

UMOJA United Nations Secretariat Enterprise Resource Planning System UN United Nations

UN-CTS Survey on Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNGASS United Nations General Assembly Special Session

UNMIK United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

UNSCR United Nations Security Council Resolution UTC Universal Treatment Curriculum

W

WACAP Network of West African Central Authorities and Prosecutors against Organized Crime WCO World Customs Organization

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INTRODUCTION

At the request of the Paris Pact partnership and in support of its objectives, the Paris Pact Report 2015/2016, issued in November 2016, covers year 2 and 3 of Phase IV of the Paris Pact Initiative.1

The close alignment of the report to the implementation dynamics of the Consultative Mechanism – whereby a one-year cycle usually goes beyond a calendar year – determines the frequency of the report. Phase IV of the Paris Pact Initiative

The report, initiated at the beginning of Phase IV (2013), is an output of the Paris Pact Programme in the Division for Operations, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. This mechanism intends to keep partners informed, evaluate progress, suggest new interventions and guide Paris Pact Expert Working Groups.

This report complements the well-established Consultative Mechanism's Policy Consultative Group Meeting (PCGM) – a forum for all members of the partnership including UNODC to report on activities, priorities and provide guida e o all atte s elated to the Pa is Pa t s a date.

The report represents a non-official record of the various processes of the Consultative Mechanism – the policy and expert levels. Consequently, a degree of flexibility exists in the formal presentation of different sections given the distinctive evolution of each pillar.

To produce a print- ead e sio of the epo t e ui es a ut-off date . Thus, the epo t ep ese ts a o goi g p o ess of i fo atio olle tio a d e te sio , a o k i p og ess which attempts to facilitate the work of the partnership by enhancing information sharing amongst partners as well as identifying strategic priorities for funding and technical assistance.

The report is not intended to serve as a comprehensive analytical document and primarily reflects UNODC activities based upon the information made available to the Paris Pact Coordination Unit by the Paris Pact partners, including UNODC. The report can be expanded to capture the activities of other Paris Pact partners based on the principle of voluntary information sharing amongst the partnership.

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The Paris Pact Report 2014 was published for the 11th Paris Pact Policy Consultative Group Meeting in September 2014 and covered the period 2013-2014, which corresponds to year 1 of Phase IV of the Paris Pact Initiative (as in the illustration above).

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In parallel, an online repository of information developed within the Drugs Monitoring Platform (DMP)

and the Automated Donor Assistance Mechanism (ADAM) 2 – in existence since 2014 and consistently updated – represents a supplementary means for partners to inform themselves and the partnership. The online repository is a valuable advocacy tool for partners to provide information and promote their actions relevant to the Vienna Declaration.

The epo t d a s p i a il f o the esults of the E pe t Wo ki g G oups EWGs a d elated gap a al sis e e ise ; it also o e s the three EWGs held in 2016 and aims to compile key operational activities related to the Vienna Declaration, looking back to 2015 and ahead to 2016/2017. This report highlights the importance of inter-regional connectivity beyond the traditional Paris Pact setting of the West and Central Asia and South Eastern Europe regions to key traje to ies alo g the southe t affi ki g

oute .

For details on the 2014 Paris Pact Report, please refer to ADAM, the Pa is Pa t s o li e i fo atio hu .

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The Pa is Pa t I itiati e

Update o the Pa t e ship s I ple e tatio

of the Vienna Declaration &

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OVERVIEW

The Paris Pact Initiative

Since its inception, the broad international coalition known as the Paris Pact Initiative (PPI), made up today of 58 partner countries and 22 organizations,3 including UNODC, has evolved into one of the most important frameworks for combatting the traffic in opiates originating in Afghanistan.4

As a well-established platform for consensus building, the Paris Pact functions as an essential bridge between political commitment at the highest international levels and the prioritization of technical assistance interventions on the ground. It is a multi-layered initiative that defines and strengthens linkages between various counter-narcotics actors at the global level. The partnership aims to define policy and provide stronger evidence for coordinated action by all Paris Pact partners.

The following presents an overview of the commonly agreed value-added of the Paris Pact partnership culminating in the development of targeted operational activities to combat the opiate threat in support of the various pillars of the Vienna Declaration:5

The Benefits of the Paris Pact Partnership

3

The Eurasian Group on combating money laundering and financing of terrorism (EAG) joined the partnership in 2015. 4

Opiates o igi ati g i Afgha ista a e he eafte efe ed to as opiates as pe the Vienna Declaration, paragraph 1. 5

The Vienna Declaration and the four pillars for enhanced cooperation are explained in further detail in the next section.

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_{Adapting to evolving}

_{Increased availability of}

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The Vienna Declaration

–

cornerstone of the Paris Pact

The Third Ministerial Conference of the Paris Pact partners was held in 2012 and attended by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moo . The su se ue t adoptio of the o fe e e s out o e document, the Vienna Declaration, significantly changed the focus and strategic vision pushed forward under the aegis of the Paris Pact from 2012 to present.

The Vie a De la atio efle ts the pa t e ship s o it e t to strengthening international and regional cooperation to counter, in a balanced manner, the global challenge and threat opiates pose to international peace and stability in different regions of the world. The Vienna Declaration embodies a

oad ap fo Pa is Pact partners, recognizing their common and shared responsibility.

The Declaration guides the partnership on four interlinked pillars for enhanced cooperation

Pillar I: Strengthening and implementing regional initiatives

Pillar II: Detecting and blocking financial flows linked to illicit traffic in opiates

Pillar III: Preventing the diversion of precursor chemicals used in illicit opiates manufacturing in Afghanistan

Pillar IV: Reducing drug abuse and dependence through a com-prehensive approach

For international resolutions bolstering the importance of the Paris Pact Initiative, see Annex II.

The two Dimensions of the Paris Pact

The scope of the Paris Pact Initiative extends far beyond the involvement of a single stakeholder and requires active collaboration and commitment from a wide range of both bilateral and multilateral actors. As a result, the Paris Pact Initiative, is made up of two equally important and distinct parts:

1) The partnership itself, made up of 58 partner countries and 22 partner organizations, including UNODC, responsible for defining and implementing priorities outlined in the Vienna Declaration, based on the principle of shared responsibility; and

2) The global programme established by UNODC on behalf of the partnership to provide coordination support. The current phase Phase IV of the GLOY09 programme, supported by the Paris Pact Coordination Unit located in the Division for Operations, has been extended to cover a four-year period (2013-2017) with a total budget of roughly 6.7 million USD.6

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The Paris Pact UNODC Global Programme (GLOY09) and its three Components

Launched on the 10th anniversary of the Initiative in 2013, Phase IV of the Paris Pact programme builds upo the p e ious phases of UNODC s glo al p og a e and seeks to enhance synergies and increase cooperation among Paris Pact partners including UNODC. Phase IV, coordinated by the Paris Pact Coordination Unit, continues to drive forward the three well-established components developed over the preceding phases:7 Central Asia as well as South

Eastern Europe. Paris Pact Coordination Unit

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UNODC as a

Equal P

art er of the Paris Pa t

UNODC has a dual role to play in support to the Paris Pact: one is a coordination role (as described above) in support of the partnership, and the second is as an equal member of the partnership, working to implement the Vienna Declaration.

UNODC’s Global and Regional Responses to Specific Thematic Issues

UNODC delivers an integrated, cross-the ati o e-UNODC operational response through a variety of global, regional and country programmes in support of the Vienna Declaration.

Inter-regional drug control approach (IRDC)

In 2013, UNODC initiated the Inter-regional drug control approach (IRDC) to stem opiates originating in Afghanistan.8 This umbrella approach can address the drug trade along all three of the traditional trafficking routes as well as along new trajectories, including by sea. The approach facilitates the promotion of coordinated actions among UNODC programmes addressing the opiate trade and its partners to enhance inter-regional coordination. All of the programmes encapsulated within the IRDC are involved in implementing the Vienna Declaration.

The IRDC facilitates this bolstering of inter-regional operational efforts to support the priorities of the Vienna Declaration that will require the Paris Pact to collaborate with the Global Maritime Crime Programme, the UNODC Strategic Partnership with the member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council as well as the global, regional and countries programmes implemented in East Africa. Within the IRDC, the Networking the Networks initiative will remain a pivotal inter-regional vehicle to support many of the Vienna Declaration priorities.

Harmonized Programme (HARP) – an integrated UNODC solution for Europe, West and Central Asia

For Europe and the West and Central Asia region, UNODC has been moving towards more effective integration of country, regional and global programmes to enable synergy of efforts and increased impact related to transnational organized crime, drug trafficking and terrorism threats. UNODC developed a harmonized th ee-tie app oa h to suppo t Eu ope, West a d Ce t al Asia ith i te e tio s at th ee distinct yet closely inter-connected levels: country, regional and inter-regional. The initiative, which is referred to as the Harmonized Programme (HARP), brings the comparative advantages of each UNODC office in West and Central Asia together in an integrated programing effort, with coordination by the Regional Programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries. The Paris Pact provides strategic guidance through its Policy Consultative Group Meetings and related expert meetings.9

Paris Pact Programme – evolving partnerships within UNODC

The Paris Pact programme facilitates cross-divisional and horizontal coordination and collaboration across UNODC structures to e a le the su essful i ple e tatio of the Pa is Pa t s st ateg .

Within the framework of the Paris Pact Programme, inter-divisional and geographical UNODC partnerships continued to expand in 2015. It is anticipated that these partnerships will continue to grow for the foreseeable future, especially along the southern route in response to ongoing shifts in the opiate threat.

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“t ategi Pape I te-regional drug control approach: connecting UNODC programmes and initiatives to stem drug trafficking o igi ati g f o Afgha ista , Fe ua

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The following diagram depicts (without claiming to be exhaustive) the coordination layers between the Paris Pact programme and other UNODC structures to support the comprehensive implementation of the Vienna Declaration.

Coordination between the Paris Pact Global Programme (GLOYO9) and other UNODC interventions

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STRATEGIC SETTING

Geographic Context

The concept of the Paris Pact centers on developments along major opiate trafficking routes. Since the inception of the Paris Pact, the partnership has adapted operational responses according to emerging geographic trends, starting with the northern route followed by an expansion along the Balkan route. More recently under the Paris Pact, there is increased focus on certain trajectories of the southern route, specifically the trajectories through specific countries along the Persian Gulf and East Africa.10 To effe ti el a d o p ehe si el ta kle the th eat of opiates, ope atio al espo ses a e eeded o la d, sea a d ai u de the Pa is Pa t.

Flows of heroin from/to countries or regions

Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2016

The priorities and outcomes of Paris Pact policy and operational level discussions related to drug supply have specifically highlighted the necessity of a continued response to trends along the Balkan, northern and most recently as of 2013, the southern route.

Developments along these routes underline the importance of mutual cooperation between countries, regions and organizations. The opiate menace is not static. In order for the Paris Pact to maintain its dynamism, a well-timed response to on-the-ground realities is vital.

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UNODC’s Progra atic Evolutio

I espo se to the Pa is Pa t s st ategi i te ests i elatio to shifts alo g t affi ki g outes, a d as a equal member of the partnership, the Paris Pact global programme funds the participation of experts to enable engagement in Expert Working Group meetings and places field staff in countries that have requested varying levels of support and backstopping from UNODC and other stakeholders to combat the threat of opiates.11 Starting with the West and Central Asia region (northern route response – Phase I and II of the Paris Pact) and, in a second step, along the Balkan route (South Eastern Europe – Phase III),12 the Paris Pact programme is currently expanding its activities along the southern route (Phase IV).

Paris Pact Outreach

Since the beginning of Phase IV of the Paris Pact in 2013, the operational resolve of the partnership to adapt to emerging threats and issues is at an all-time high. The Paris Pact is witnessing an unprecedented level of partner and UNODC programme engagement. Membership to the Paris Pact Initiative is open to all interested countries and organizations, particularly as a mechanism for dialogue and the exchange of best practices extending beyond Europe and West and Central Asia.

To comprehensively address key challenges in tackling both the supply and demand sides of opiates t affi ki g, politi al ill a d a tio ust e te d e o d the u e t p io it ou t ies of the Pa is Pa t as identified at the outset of the Initiative.

A clear example of these evolving trends and priorities, that have emerged during the current Phase IV of the Paris Pact, includes the participation of Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, and Kenya (non-partner countries), and the United Arab Emirates at several Paris Pact meetings in 2015 and 2016. The United Arab Emirates officially joined the Initiative at the last Paris Pact Ministerial Conference of 2012, and remains as of today the only partner among the Persian Gulf states, paving the way for strengthened inter-regional dialogue to better understand and address trafficking flows. At present, none of the African countries are Paris Pact partners.

This participation underlines both the significance and readiness of countries situated along key trajectories of the southern route to engage in the global dialogue on opiates and benefit from the collective expertise and experience of partners under the Paris Pact framework.

At the next expert and policy meetings, outreach will be stepped up to Persian Gulf states and East African countries. This will serve the objectives of the partnership by fostering and increasing inter-regional coordination, strengthening engagement in Paris Pact thematic operational meetings, and bolstering cooperation with new stakeholders across both the drug supply and demand priorities of the Vienna Declaration. Such stakeholders include the Combined Maritime Forces and the African Union, as well as within UNODC, the Global Maritime Crime Programme, the Regional Programme for the Arab States, and the Regional Programme for East Africa.

For specific Vienna Declaration linkages connected to outreach activities, please refer to the subsequent three chapters titled Pillar I, Pillar II and Pillar III of the Vienna Declaration .

11

UNODC operational tools include global, regional and country programmes located along trafficking routes. The countries that the Paris Pact Programme supports correspond to the countries under the Regional Programme for Afghanistan and Neighbouring Countries and the Regional Programme for South Eastern Europe.

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Map of present Paris Pact partner countries and outreach to potential new partners along the southern route

Global Thematic Context

It is well known that the Paris Pact serves as a vehicle for action to facilitate international commitments related to combating the multi-faceted nature of the opiate threat. At the same time, the international community continues to underscore the links between drug trafficking and other forms of transnational organized crime especially as drug trafficking networks overlap with other criminal networks.

Trafficking in opiates, including precursor chemicals, is part of the illicit web of transnational organized crime, o e of the o ld s ajo halle ges a d a iti al o sta le to pea e, development and good governance. It represents a threat to public health and affects the universality of the new sustainable social and economic development agenda.13

The magnitude of the illicit opiate market is one of the most significant international policy challenges faced today. Effectively responding to the cross-section of issues related to the opiate market requires concerted efforts through political will, cooperation and the support of the international community. Drug trafficking and the ills that accompany this trade, pose both short- and long-term, direct and indirect threats to many regions around the globe. Building well-integrated counter narcotics programmes at the national and regional levels that incorporate best practices and lessons learned and focus on national, regional and global coordination of responses remains critical.14

13

High-level meeting of Partners for Afghanistan and Neighbouring Countries, conclusions of the Chairs, 14 December 2015 14

Regional Programme for Afghanistan and Neighbouring Countries (2016-2019) – A framework for action to achieve greater impact in West and Central Asia.

- Paris Pact partner countries

- Countries covered by the Regional Programmes for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries and for South Eastern Europe (also Paris Pact partners)

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Paris Pact – a Vehicle for Cooperation

In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the central importance of regional strategies and the need to enhance coordination of efforts on national, sub-regional and international levels in order to strengthen a global response to transnational organized crime and trafficking in illicit drugs as highlighted by the UN Security Council, General Assembly and Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) resolutions.15 The Paris Pact is strategically positioned to further increase regional and international cooperation to face these challenges within a multilateral setting. The Paris Pact is a vital mechanism among international and regional frameworks and initiatives in the area of drug control and international cooperation to address these calls for a strengthened global response.16

Over the years, numerous drug and crime related resolutions and political declarations of the UN General Assembly and CND emphasized the important ongoing contribution of the Paris Pact in the fight against opiates.17 For a comprehensive listing of linkages between the Paris Pact and international efforts, please refer to Annex II.

The efforts taken by the partnership to combat the threat posed by opiates including as part of a comprehensive approach to peace, stability and development in Afghanistan were further reinforced by

UN Security Council resolution 2274 (2016) adopted on 15 March 2016.

The Paris Pact, the 2030 Development Agenda and the UNGASS 2016

The Paris Pact, through the Vienna Declaration, is synchronized to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and assists in the response to several of the operational recommendations outlined in the 2016 UNGASS outcome document which are geared towards countering illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and addressing links with other forms of organized crime.

The most recent international commitments outlined in the outcome document of the landmark Special Session of the UN General Assembly (UNGASS) on the World Drug Problem in April 2016, entitled Our joint commitment to effectively addressing and countering the world drug problem18and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development19 underline the need to address cross-cutting issues that impact sustainable development and governance, as efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals and to effectively address the world drug problem are complementary and mutually reinforcing. Progress towards fulfilling the targets and goals outlined in these commitments can only be achieved once countries accept their

sha ed espo si ilit as a o ditio fo su ess.

Current challenges to drug control and demand lea l de o st ate the pa t e ship s eed to o ti ue strengthening and adapting its approach to shifts in opiate trafficking – as this threat has become increasingly more complex – within the broader context of combatting transnational organized crime. Summary of Goals, Targets and Recommendations of the SDGs and UNGASS 2016 as relevant to each Pillar of the Vienna Declaration

15

See for instance UN Security Council resolution 2195 (2014), operational paragraph 7. 16

These initiatives include the Heart of Asia Istanbul Process and other regional initiatives led by Paris Pact partners. 17

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Sustainable Development justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive

i stitutio s at all le els

Target 16.a “t e gthe ele a t

national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat

te o is a d i e

supporting regional, sub-regional and international cooperation through inter alia:

 strengthening the exchange of information through multilateral portals and regional information centres and networks;

 promotion and strengthening of the exchange of information and, as appropriate, drug-related criminal intelligence; and

 promotion of joint investigations and coordinated operations, in order to identify, disrupt and dismantle organized criminal groups operating transnationally that are involved in any activities related to the illicit production of and trafficking in narcotic drugs, the diversion of their precursors, and related money-laundering;

 strengthening specialized, targeted, effective and sustainable technical assistance, including training and capacity-building. return of stolen assets and combat

all fo s of o ga ized i e

addressing links of illicit traffic in narcotic drugs with other forms of organized crime, including money-laundering and other criminal activities by inter alia:

 encouraging the use of existing sub-regional, regional and international cooperation mechanisms;

 utilizing existing networks for exchange of operational information;

 integrating financial investigations more thoroughly into interdiction operations;

 improving the availability and quality of statistical information.

[3.(k)-(u)] Pillar III:

Precursors

Goal 16  strengthening national, regional and international monitoring of chemicals used in the illicit manufacture of drugs with a view to more effectively preventing the diversion of and trafficking in those chemicals;

 addressing the diversion and illicit manufacturing of and trafficking in as well as misuse of precursors under international control;

 tackling the misuse of pre-precursors and substitute or alternative precursors for illicit drug manufacturing. [5.(l),(m); 3.(e)-(g),(q)]

promote well-being for all at all

ages

Target 3.5 “t e gthe the

prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of

al ohol

promoting the health, welfare and well-being of all individuals, families, communities and society as a whole, and facilitating healthy lifestyles through effective, comprehensive, scientific evidence-based demand

reduction initiatives at all levels, covering prevention, early intervention, treatment, care, recovery, rehabilitation and social reintegration measures, as well as initiatives and measures aimed at minimizing the adverse public health and social consequences of drug abuse.

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The Partnership

–

looking forward

The following represents issues which were raised by partners and relate to the numerous complexities associated with drug trafficking: alternative development; opiate trafficking and the financing of terrorism; poly-drug trafficking and other drugs; understanding of poly-drug use for the treatment of opiate dependence. Since 2013, these issues were cited in Paris Pact expert and policy meeting dis ussio s ut ha e ot ee full o side ed as of toda u de the Pa is Pa t s f a e o k.

These issues, which emerged in expert meeting discussions, warrant discussion by the entire Paris Pact partnership and cannot be ignored. It is increasingly clear, given the global context, that neither opiates nor the thematic objectives outlined in each pillar of the Vienna Declaration can be viewed in isolation, especially due to the inter-relationship between supply and demand. At the same time, a more holistic approach may be needed to respond to the threat of drugs, thus understanding demand is fundamental to fully understand supply.

Alternative Development

Although the Vienna Declaration calls for the partnership to consider alternative development as an integral part of combatting the world drug problem, so far, this topic has not been a part of expert or policy level meeting discussions. As demonstrated in the World Drug Report 2016, clear linkages exist between drugs and development. Drug policies are successful in the long run if they consider development goals. As drug and development policies can have an inadvertently counter-productive effect on each other, the two streams of intervention – development and countering the world drug problem – need to work in symbiosis. Specific drug-related development initiatives need to be mainstreamed into general development initiatives.20 The partnership may consider exploring how the Paris Pact framework can concretely support the operational recommendation outlined in the UNGASS outcome document.

Rationale for discussion Link to Vienna Declaration

(1)The operational recommendations contained in the outcome document of the UNGASS highlight the need to promote long-term, comprehensive, sustainable, development-oriented and balanced drug control policies and programmes that include alternative development.

Pillar I

(2)As described in the 2015 World Drug Report, opportunities may exist for the alternative development approach to be applied to counter illegal activities other than illicit crop cultivation. Alternative

development could be used to support communities affected by drug trafficking.

Opiate Trafficking and Financing of Terrorism

In view of the growing concern posed by terrorists benefitting from transnational organized crime a ti ities, the UN “e u it Cou il adopted esolutio hi h st esses the i po ta e of strengthening trans-regional and international cooperation on a basis of a common and shared

espo si ilit to ou te the o ld d ug p o le a d elated i i al a ti ities .21

20

UNODC World Drug Report 2016, p. xxiii.

21

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(1)Together with UN Security Council Resolution 2199 (2015),22 both resolutions underline the importance of strengthened regional and international cooperation to address the nexus between transnational organized crime and terrorism, in which illicit drug trafficking appears to play a role.

Pillars I & II

(2)According to the 2016 World Drug Report,23 the profits associated with the illicit drug trade are a key motivation for non-state armed groups to engage in trafficking.

(3)Illicit drug cultivation, production and trafficking may become an important source of income for extremist and insurgent groups and terrorist organizations; they may do so by actively engaging in or facilitating the illicit activity or by extracting a monetary premium in return for tolerating such activities.24

Poly-drug Trafficking and Other Drugs

At the 2015 and 2016 Paris Pact expert meetings, the poly crime nature of organized crime networks was noted. The inter-regional and interconnected nature of transnational organized crime requires an approach which goes beyond a single drug market. Poly-drug trafficking organizations are versatile and adapt quickly to the changing markets of single drugs, so fighting Afghan opiate trafficking can be successful only if looked into the context of other drug markets.

(1)In order to comprehensively tackle opiates, there is a need to understand the dynamics of illicit drug markets, including to what extent markets are related and whether trafficking is undertaken by the same criminal groups.

Pillars I, II & III

(2)According to the UNODC World Drug Report 2016, drug markets have seen great diversification in the past few years, with the emergence of new substances, new combinations of poly-drug use and new injecting behaviours.

Pillars I, II & III

(3)Partners specifically highlighted the emergence of the New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) in addition to the threats of opiate trafficking. Although not directly under the Paris Pact mandate, participants were keen to build on existing initiatives to share information on the NPS threat and the issue of poly-drug trafficking.

22

UN Security Council Resolution 2199 (2015), operational paragraph 8. 23

UNODC World Drug Report 2016, p. 97. 24

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Understanding of Poly Drug Use for the Treatment of Opiate Dependence

According to the 2016 UNODC World Drug Report, what makes the global picture of drug use more blurred is the fact that many people who use drugs, both occasionally and regularly, tend to be poly-drug users who use more than one substance concurrently or sequentially. Within poly-drug use, the concomitant use of opiates and stimulants has been reported as an expanded phenomenon in Afghanistan and neighbouring countries.

(1)The Report also cites an emerging pattern among people in treatment for opiate dependence as methamphetamine use has also been described as a new form of poly-drug use among opiate users.

Pillars IV

(2)How drug users change patterns of use cannot be viewed according to isolated drugs.

(3)Poly-drug use and the increased complexity of shifts between the uses of different drug types pose challenges to people responding to emergencies related to drug use, as well as to those treating drug use disorders. Thus in order to improve treatment services, a better understanding of drug use is needed.

The I itiati e s

Mandate and a Fourth Ministerial Conference of the Paris Pact

Partners

The Vienna Declaration adopted in 2012 currently defines the mandate of the Paris Pact under Phase IV. Several of the issues raised by partners outlined above, may require the partnership to review its current mandate to determine whether it needs to be renegotiated. Should the partnership decide to review the current mandate of the Initiative, a Policy Consultative Group Meeting or a Ministerial Conference could serve as the appropriate review mechanisms.

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UPDATE ON VIENNA DECLARATION IMPLEMENTATION

Situation Overview

Although much is known about illicit drug suppliers, consumers, traffickers and routes, interdiction of illicit drugs and precursor diversion still remains difficult. Drug traffickers constantly change their methods, modus operandi and trafficking routes, and with new technologies, this challenges law enforcement and judicial agencies to keep pace.25

Disrupting the illicit economy should be at the heart of every counter-narcotics strategy, and enhancing our understanding of the illicit opiate enterprise should be a priority, given that no comprehensive systems analysis of the global Afghan opiate trade as a financial enterprise has taken place.26

Introduction

Much has changed in the focus and strategic vision pushed forward under the aegis of the Paris Pact. Since the inception of the Vienna Declaration in 2012, the Consultative Mechanism of the Paris Pact has undertaken numerous activities to move the implementation of the four interlinked pillars for enhanced cooperation – regional initiatives, illicit financial flows, precursors and drug prevention and health – forward in a balanced fashion.

The following chapters of the report provide an update on these activities and attempts to capture initiatives undertaken primarily by UNODC to operationally support the implementation of the Vienna Declaration.

Each chapter corresponds to a Vienna Declaration pillar for enhanced cooperation. Pillars I, II and III of the Vienna Declaration relate to drug supply reduction, while Pillar IV relates to drug prevention and health. Each chapter contains an overview of Consultative Mechanism activities and is followed by a detailed e pla atio of the esults of the gap a al sis p o ess. I fo atio is o ga ized a o di g to recurring themes that continued to emerge in Expert Working Group meeting discussions since the start of Phase IV of the Paris Pact. This ethodolog ai s to fa ilitate the pa t e ship s u de sta ding of ongoing needs to meet the objectives outlined in the Vienna Declaration.

25

Regional Programme for Afghanistan and Neighbouring Countries (2016-2019); Paris Pact Expert Working Groups Reports 2015. 26

UNODC Paris Pact Initiative Detecting and blocking financial flows linked to the illicit traffic in opiates Report 2014; UNODC s first study addressing opiates trafficking as a financial enterprise focused o the Balka oute: Drug Money: the illicit proceeds of opiates trafficked on the Balkan route, UNODC ‘esea h, .

World Drug Report 2016

Afghanistan still accounts for almost two thirds of the global area under illicit opium poppy cultivation. The global opiate market appears to be stable despite important regional changes; however, there are indications that heroin use may be undergoing a resurgence in some countries where it was previously declining.

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Partners are welcome to share information and data at any time with the Paris Pact Coordination Unit for any area, country or pillar deemed underrepresented.

2015 Expert

Worki g Groups Gap A al sis E er ise

An integrated, comprehensive and balanced response is fundamental to tackling the opiate threat. In relation to this, the partnership itself has a shared responsibility to adapt its strategy to evolving needs on the ground, keeping in mind that the opiate threat is not static.

The Pa t e ship s ‘espo si ilit i Ta kli g the Opiate Threat

Reflecting on the current landscape of transnational organized crime and more specifically the challenges related to combatti g d ug t affi ki g, the pa t e ship s fo us o de elopi g ade uate espo ses to the world drug problem must be continually refined. The concept of streamlining priorities across the pillars of the Vienna Declaration first took root at the inception of Phase IV of the Initiative (2013). Since then, the pa t e ship s effo ts ha e ee o e ope atio all fo used, a d this esol e ost e e tl t a slated i to a gap a al sis e e ise o du ted at all fou of the E pe t Wo ki g G oup eeti gs.

The gap a al sis p o ess – a donor and partner driven effort – was a key objective of the June 2015 Expert Working Group meetings and sought to identify and determine requirements to address ongoing gaps under each of the Vienna Declaration pillars. At each Expert Working Group meeting, a set of recommended interventions was identified to determine the most appropriate, operational and strategic way forward for the partnership.

From the time of the expert meetings to the December 2015 policy meeting, the UNODC thematic experts, who guide efforts of the partnership for each pillar of the Vienna Declaration, further developed a set of activities, where applicable, to satisfy the priorities emanating from the expert meetings. These proposed activities were presented to the partnership for discussion at the policy meeting, but not formally agreed upon.

Defining Priorities

Formulating and implementing Expert

Meeting recommendations Identifying targeted

interventions under the framework of

the Vienna Delcaration to contribute to this

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E olutio of the Gap A al sis E e ise from Expert to Policy Level

Dialogue on the modality of implementation of these activities is ongoing and they are considered to be a work in progress.27 Partnership-wide engagement is a necessity to move this process forward.

Several Paris Pact donors and partners requested an associated costing to enable the implementation of priorities for each pillar.

The gap a al sis esults a e ot i te ded to e s et i al, keepi g i i d that ea h pilla of the Vienna Declaration is unique, a d fo this easo , the pa t e ship s efforts cannot be assessed in a uniform manner across each area.

At this fi st stage of the gap a al sis, the proposed response is largely focused on UNODC efforts. Optimizing what each partner country and organization can contribute, as part of the collective response to implement these priorities is still to be determined in the coming months and years at subsequent expert and policy meetings. Expert dialogue in 2016 continues to efi e the esults a d the pa t e ship s

espo ses to the gap a al sis process.

Paris Pact Drug Supply Operational Cross-cutting Issues

The 2015 drug supply expert meetings demonstrated the relevance of the cross-cutting approach to tackling opiate issues and the fact that global, regional and even national level responses are not sustainable if presented in the form of stand-alone projects and structures.

UNODC contributes to the implementation of the Vienna Declaration by creating a series of integrated initiatives focusing on building international, regional and local partnerships and delivering solutions in the field. Several actions are already in place, while others are outlined in the respective pillar chapters as part of the gap a al sis p o ess fo a i teg ated UNODC espo se to opiates.

The cross-cutting issues (research, inter-regional cooperation, intelligence sharing and multilateral operations, capacity development, tackling illicit financial flows, legal cooperation and maritime trafficking) must be addressed in a cohesive manner at the country, regional and global level in order to effectively implement the Vienna Declaration. Efforts to disrupt the global market of Afghan opiates needs

27

These priorities do not comprehensively reflect activities implemented by each and every one of the 80 Paris Pact partners. Paris Pact

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to consider the drivers of both supply and demand. So addressing global demand is necessary for a i izi g the pa t e ship s work on drug supply reduction.

The subsequent chapters on Pillars I-IV of the Vienna Declaration explain what measures UNODC has undertaken in 2015 to address these issues and, usi g the gap a al sis p o ess as a depa tu e poi t, what still needs to be done.

Research

Since the inception of the Paris Pact in 2003, out of all of the above-mentioned cross-cutting issues, research embodies the backbone of the two dimensions of the Paris Pact (partnership and UNODC global programme).

Source: Paris Pact Expert

Meeti g Dis ussio s a d Gap A al sis P o ess

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Key Knowledge Gaps along the three Drug Trafficking Routes

Evidence produced by UNODC research has helped the partnership to be effective by focusing on emerging threats. The Afghan opiate market remains very dynamic and further research is needed to address the knowledge gaps (such as the ones highlighted above) related to the latest developments. The Paris Pact Programme has in place several tools to access evidence for action across the three programme components that can also be used to support narrowing these knowledge gaps. These tools include: Paris Pact Programme Research Tools by Programme Component

For an overview and update on the Paris Pact Questionnaires, please refer to Annex III.

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UNODC PARIS PACT GLOBAL PROGRAMME (GLOY09):

UPDATE 2015-2016

Taking into consideration the two equally important and interlinked dimensions of the Paris Pact Initiative – the partnership and the global programme – Phase IV of the UNODC Paris Pact Global Programme builds upon its previous phases and seeks to enhance synergies and increase cooperation among Paris Pact partners including UNODC. Phase IV, coordinated by the Paris Pact Coordination Unit (PPCU), based in UNODC Headquarters Vienna, Austria, continues to drive forward the three well-established components developed over the preceding phases. The following details the achievements and planned activities of the programme in 2015-2016 per component.

Consultative Mechanism (Component 1)

The Paris Pact programme makes available information on the opiates threat and promotes and facilitates the I itiati e s st ategi a ti ities the e li ki g poli a d ope atio al ele e ts. U de the u ella of the Consultative Mechanism, there are two levels of consultation that take place under the oversight of the UNODC Paris Pact Programme: the technical Expert Working Group level and the strategic/policy level through the Policy Consultative Group Meeting.

The PPCU is responsible for: identifying hosts for Expert Working Groups; planning, coordinating and implementing Expert Working Group and Policy meetings in collaboration with identified hosts, partners and subject matter experts;28 liaising with partners on the implementation of expert meeting outcomes; and in collaboration with UNODC specialist sections, assisting the partnership through the policy meeting to set priorities for the year ahead.

The PPCU through the Paris Pact Coordinator represents a neutral interface among partners by facilitating processes and reinforcing the extensive information sharing and communication systems already in place for donors and partners alike. This unique positioning among the partners assists:

 To successfully implement of PPI s st ateg ;

 To conduct targeted outreach to improve inter-regional coordination and strengthen engagement in Paris Pact meetings; and

 To bolster programmatic sustainability.

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Overview of the yearly cycle of the Consultative Mechanism

The Paris Pact programme facilitated the following Consultative Mechanism activities in 2015: Expert Working Group Level

 The law enforcement-oriented Tri-fold meeting (Pillars I, II and III of the Vienna Declaration) took place on 1-5 June in Almaty, Kazakhstan hosted by the Central Asian Research and Information Coordination Centre (CARICC). For the first time, representatives from Kenya, Oman, Qatar, the Combined Maritime Forces and the UNODC Global Maritime Crime Programme participated.

 The Government of Kyrgyzstan hosted the Expert Working Group on Community-based and outpatient treatment, on 25-26 June in Bishkek. (Pillar IV of the Vienna Declaration).

Policy Level

 The sets of recommendations, which resulted from the meetings, were reviewed and approved at the 12th PCGM convened in Vienna on 15 December 2015 back to back with the High Level meeting of partners of Afghanistan and Neighbouring Countries on 14 December.

 The 12th PCGM welcomed the Eurasian Group on Combatting Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing (EAG) as a new member of the Paris Pact partnership following their active engagement in activities under Pillar II of the Vienna Declaration.

 At the 12th PCGM, partners also approved the extension of the current Phase IV of the programme until the end of 2017.

The Pa is Pa t p og a e u de took a additio al fu tio suppo ti g the gap a al sis e e ise29 that encapsulates an intensification of an approach initiated at previous EWGs and in line with a request brought to the attention of the Executive Director by key Paris Pact partners. This approach reinforces the direction of partnership efforts so far undertaken and provides the needed stimulus to continue moving ahead.

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Pa is Pa t P og a e s “uppo t to the Gap A al sis p o ess

The Paris Pact programme facilitated the subsequent Consultative Mechanism activities decided at the 12th Policy Consultative Group Meeting and scheduled for the remainder of 2016 to early 2017 with a clear emphasis on the in-depth engagement of Paris Pact partner organizations:

Expert Working Group Level

 Expert Working Group on Integrating Drug Dependence Treatment in the Public Health System jointly hosted by the Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Government of Serbia in Belgrade, Serbia on 10-11 October 2016 (Pillar IV of the Vienna Declaration).30

 Expert Working Group on Law Enforcement Training in Support to Cross-border Cooperation took place at Interpol General Secretariat in Lyon, France, on 8-9 November 2016 (Pillar I of the Vienna Declaration).

 Expert Working Group on Precursors was held at Europol in The Hague, the Netherlands, on 1-2 December 2016 (Pillar III of the Vienna Declaration).

 Expert Working Group on Illicit Financial Flows took place on 17-18 January 2017 at UNODC Headquarters in Vienna, Austria (Pillar II of the Vienna Declaration).

Policy Level

 The 13th Paris Pact Policy Consultative Group meeting was held on 1-2 February 2017 in Vienna, Austria, back-to-back with the 12th Senior Officials Meeting of the Triangular Initiative on 3 February 2017.

 The sets of recommendations, which resulted from the 2016/Jan. 2017 meetings, were reviewed and approved.

 The 13th PCGM welcomed the Gulf Cooperation Council Criminal Information Center to Combat Drugs (GCC-CICCD) as a new member of the Paris Pact partnership.

In line with the benefits of the Paris Pact partnership outlined on p. 13, the Paris Pact programme itself supports the fi di gs of the gap a al sis e e ise. The follo i g ep ese ts a e t a t of a ti it a eas fo 2016-2017 outlined in the subsequent update on the four pillars of the Vienna Declaration.

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Fo details o all e pe t eeti gs, see the espe ti e hapte s Pilla I to IV of the Vienna Declaration.

Paris Pact Coordination Unit's unique positioning

Facilitated cross-divisional collaboration with lead experts of the four pillars of the Vienna

Declaration across UNODC structures situated in Vienna

and in the field

Drugs Monitoring Platform (DMP) database

Collated by the Research and Liaison Officer Network,

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Benefit of the Paris Pact Partnership

Paris Pact Programme Support to the Four Pillars of the Vienna Declaration

Offering a forum for dialogue

Utilize the Pa is Pa t e pe t eeti gs as a ehi le fo gap a al sis dis ussio s a oss

the four pillars of the Vienna Declaration;

Utilize Pa is Pa t e pe t fo a fo dis ussio s i f a e o k of the Net o ki g the Net o k s Initiative;

Advocate for participation of potential new partners such as the Persian Gulf states and East African countries;

Explore formation of sub-groups within the Expert Working Group structure; Integrate intelligence networks into cross-border cooperation discussions

Adapting to evolving threats along trafficking routes

Esta lish li ks et ee the Pa is Pa t a d the Gulf Pa t e ship F a e o k et ee

UNODC and the members of the Gulf Cooperation Council;

Facilitate outreach to new stakeholders including within the private sector;

Promoting good practice

Together with relevant UNODC programmes and projects, support the LE T ai Net as

pa t of UNODC s i stitutio al st ateg to la e fo e e t apa it uildi g at the regional level;

Link the Indian Ocean Maritime Crime Forum to countries along the northern and Balkan routes through the Expert Working and Policy structures of the Paris Pact; Explore means to increase registration of AML/CFT technical assistance on ADAM; Promote cooperation with the chemical industry in close cooperation with INCB; Promote the international standards on Drug Use Prevention and the field testing of the international standards for the Treatment of Drug Use Disorders

Enhancing evidence-based policy and strategy

Contribute to UNODC research products (see Component 2);

Support data collection and standardization processes under the IOFMC; Support to youth drug use surveys in West and Central Asia

Research and Liaison Officer Network (Component 2)

Currently, two Paris Pact Research and Liaison Officers (RLOs) are positioned in Central Asia (Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan), as well as one RLO in each of the following countries: the Islamic Republics of Iran and Pakistan, Serbia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The RLOs are responsible for: 1) liaison with national counterparts; 2) data collection, research and analysis; and 3) capacity building on data collection, analysis and geo-information systems for national counterparts.

This three-pronged approach to the work of the Research and Liaison Officers network allows them to contribute to addressing knowledge gaps along major trafficking routes. The network represents a valuable mechanism that can be adapted and extended to respond to shifts in opiate trafficking including along the southern route.

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Research and Liaison Officer Network Coordination within UNODC

Liaison and Research

The RLOs strengthen the connection between the global partnership and the ou t / egio al le el this is k o as the Liaiso fu tio . The ‘LOs fu tio as a primary point of contact in the field on behalf of the Paris Pact on the four pillars of the Vienna Declaration.

The 2015 Paris Pact Country Fact Sheets were completed in March 2016 and published on ADAM. A new strategy for aligning the sequencing of fact sheet publication, and the standardizing of certain data indicators, with the World Drug Report cycle was developed together with the Drugs Research Section and the Data Development and Dissemination Unit of the Research and Trend Analysis Branch. The RLOs are currently working on the 2016 Fact Sheets to be published in January 2017.

In support to other UNODC Divisions and programmes, the RLOs:

 Co ti ued p o idi g assista e to atio al ou te pa ts i o pleti g UNODC s a dated a ual data collection systems, including the Annual Review Questionnaire (ARQ), and Individual Drug Seizures (IDS) and the Survey on Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (UN-CTS).

 Continued to collect information on drug and precursor seizures from official and open sources and fed the data into the DMP.

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a) Assisted in the preparation of the 2015 and 2016 UNODC World Drug Reports by providing inputs on the validity of the data received and by following up with government counterparts on the completion of global UNODC surveys;

b) Contributed to the Research and Trend Analysis Branch study onthe Balkan Route and Illicit Financial Flows 2015 as well as the AOTP study on Afghan Opiates Trafficking through the Southern Route 2015 at data collection and national coordination levels; c) The RLOs located in Central Asia support a study currently underway under AOTP with

regard to trafficking of Afghan opiates along the northern route;

d) The RLOs in Central Asia assist the UNODC Global Synthetics Monitoring Programme (SMART) in their data collection efforts in the region; and

e) The RLOs located in Serbia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia will provide data, liaison and research support to the Measuring and Assessing Organised Crime in the Western Balkans project under the Crime Research Section (CRS) of the Research and Trend Analysis Branch.

Capacity Building

I suppo t of UNODC s i stitutio al st ateg to la e fo e e t apa it uildi g, the ‘LOs lo ated i Ce t al Asia o ti ued to deli e spe ialized t ai i g to st e gthe la e fo e e t p a titio e s research capacity in collaboration with multiple UNODC global, regional and country programmes active in West and Central Asia. Discussions are underway with AOTP to explore modalities for a joint capacity building delivery plan for West and Central Asia to maximize reach to law enforcement officials. The aim of the delivery plan will be two-fold: to produce evidence for policy-making purposes and to use research as a means to enhance the operational objectives of other UNODC projects and programmes. The Paris Pact p og a e seeks to oo di ate its apa it uildi g a ti ities ith the ‘egio al P og a e s Working Group on Training tentatively to be set up in November 2016.

The cornerstone of the RLOs capacity building efforts is to improve data collection, processing and analysis capacity of law enforcement agencies in Central Asia. Over the course of 2015 to October 2016, the RLOs of the UNODC Regional Office in Tashkent (ROCA) and UNODC Programme Office in Kyrgyzstan carried out 11 training activities for 100 participants in support to several UNODC projects in the region. As part of a capacity building drive on border management challenges taking place under the auspices of the UNODC Country Programme for Pakistan, the RLO from the UNODC Programme Office in Kyrgyzstan (in coordination with the RLO from the UNODC Country Office in Pakistan) conducted a training session on data gathering, classification and analysis in November 2016.

Network Expansion

As pa t of the Pa is Pa t s lose olla o atio ith AOTP, pla i g has ee i itiated fo a joi t e pa sio of oth p og a es esea h offi e et o ks to olste e isti g apa ities i West a d Ce t al Asia as well as along key trajectories of the southern route.31 It is anticipated, that new field positions will be cost-shared by AOTP and the Paris Pact based on existing cost-sharing models. An expansion of the research officer networks would aim to maximize synergies, ensure complementarity in suppo t to UNODC s existing data collection system and address existing data deficiencies in the above named regions.

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