MATERI 6
PERILAKU ORGANISASI
2 JENIS PENGAMBILAN
KEPUTUSAN MANAJERIAL
• INDIVIDUAL DECISION MAKING Pengambilan Keputusan Manajerial yang dilakukan oleh Seorang Manajer. • GROUP DECISION MAKING
JENIS MASALAH
KEPUTUSAN
• Masalah Keputusan Terstruktur (Structured Problem)
- Algoritma Pemecahan Sudah Jelas
• Masalah Keputusan Tidak Terstruktur (Unstructured Problem)
LEVEL MANAJEMEN &
MASALAH KEPUTUSAN
• TOP : Mostly Unstructured Problem • MIDDLE : Balance
KARAKTERISTIK
KEPUTUSAN EFFEKTIF
1. Quality of the Decision
2. Acceptance of the Decision
PROSES PENGAMBILAN
KEPUTUSAN (BAZERMAN)
• Define The Problem • Criteria Identification • Criteria Weighting
• Alternative Generation • Rating each Alternative
PROSES PENGAMBILAN
KEPUTUSAN (H.SIMON)
• Intelligent • Design
• Choice
RATIONAL DECISION
MAKING
• Perfectly Defining the Problem • Identifying All Criteria
• Accurately Weighting All Criteria • Knowing All Relevant Alternatives
• Accurately Assessing each Alternatives on each Criteria
BOUNDED RATIONALITY
• Lack of Information
• Time and Cost Constraints • Perception Biases
• Limitation of Usable Memory
JUDGMENT DALAM
KEPUTUSAN MANAJERIAL
• THE AVAILABILITY HEURISTICS Ketersediaan Informasi dalam memori • THE REPRESENTATIVENESS
HEURISTICS
Kesamaan Masalah
BIAS PENGGUNAAN
AVAILABILY HEURISTICS
1. Informasi yang mudah diingat kembali
2. Informasi yang mudah dicari 3. Korelasi Maya (Illusory
BIAS PENGGUNAAN
REPRESENTATIVENESS H.
• Tidak sensitif terhadap kemungkinan suatu hasil (outcomes)
• Tidak sensitif terhadap ukuran sample • Miskonsepsi tentang “Chance”
BIAS PENGGUNAAN
ANCHORING& ADJUSTMENT
• Adjustment yang tidak memadai • Overconfidence
• Hubungan yang keliru
STRATEGIES FOR MANAGER
• Warning about the possibility of bias • Describing the direction of the bias • Providing a dose of feedback
ESKALASI NON RASIONAL
• Eskalasi : Bertahan, “ngotot” • Ada 2 Macam :
1. The Unilateral Escalation Paradigm
Bertahan pada satu keputusan yang keliru, karena masih yakin benar
2. The Competitive Escalation Paradigm
SEBAB-SEBAB ESKALASI
NON RASIONAL
• Perceptual Biases • Judgmental Biases
STRATEGIES FOR MANAGER
• Set limit on your involvement and commitment in advance.
• Avoid looking to other people to see what you should do.
• Actively determine why you are continuing.
PERTIMBANGAN
GROUP DECISION MAKING
• Type of Problem or task • Acceptance of Decision
• Characteristics of Individuals
BENTUK GROUP DECISION
MAKING
• BRAINSTORMING / SYNECTICS • NOMINAL GROUP TECHNIQUE • DELPHI TECHNIQUE
KEUNGGULAN GROUP
DECISION MAKING
• Multiple Knowledge & Skills • Expedites Acceptance
KELEMAHAN GROUP
DECISION MAKING
• More Time
• Ignore Individual Expertise • Satisfices
SYMPTOMS OF
GROUPTHINK
• Stereotypes • Pressure