Industrial and Hazardous Waste Management in the Philippines: A Focus on Polychlorinated Biphenyls

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A Quarterly Newsletter Published under

Asian Regional Research Programme on Environmental Technology (ARRPET)

Asian Institute of Technology

Vol: 2 No: Special June 2002 AARRRRPPEETT

Special Issue

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This is a special issue of HWTM Newsletter dedicated to National Workshop details conducted by National Research Institutes in their respective countries. The full paper or other related documents can be obtained from the respective NRI.

Industrial and Hazardous Waste Management in the Philippines: A Focus on

Polychlorinated Biphenyls

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Contents

National Workshop in Philippines 1

National Workshop in Malaysia 4

National Workshop in Sri Lanka 6

National Workshop in Indonesia 8

National Workshop in India 9

National Workshop in China 11

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The De La Salle University-Manila National Research Institute on Industrial and Hazardous Wastes of ARRPET conducted the first national workshop on January 25, 2002 at Angelo King International Center, Manila, Philippines.

A total of 89 participants attended the workshop. There are national research partners that belong to government agencies, industries, academe and research groups.

The presentation of papers is properly sequenced from laws and policies on PCBs in the Philippines to the treatment of toxic chlorinated organic chemicals. Environmental responsibility was also given emphasis. Several experts were given the opportunity to share their experiences in the management and treatment of PCBs both local and abroad.

De la Salle University Manila, Philippines

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Papers Presented

PPaappeerrssPPrreesseenntteedd

• Relevant Laws & Regulations on the Management of PCBs in the Philippines - Ms. Leah Texon

• National Initiatives on Dioxin, Furans & Dioxin-like PCBs - Ms. Ma Victoria Pasagui • NPC’s Management of PCBs - Engr. Miguel Bisnar

• Safe Method of Encapsulating the PCB Contaminated Soil - Rolando Cuico & Jaime Barretto

• Experiences in Training for Assessment& Inventory of PCBs (Phil. & California) - Dr. Genandrialine L. Peralta

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• An Assessment of PCB Management in the Philippines - Gerly Moradas & Susan Gallardo

• Development of Analytical Techniques for PCB Analysis - Carl Renan Estrellan & Susan Gallardo

• An Introduction to Global Positioning System (GPS) - Joseph Remigio & Ronaldo Gallardo

• Biodegradation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls - Josephine Borja, Joseph Auresenia, & Donna Taleon

• Alternative Technology Options for the Chemical Treatment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls - Carmela Centeno, Leonila Abella, Susan Gallardo

• Membrane Technology: A Promising Route to PCB Treatment - Tender Ferolin & Julius Maridable

• EMS: Its Significance in the Support of Environmental Protection & Prevention of Pollution in Balance with Socio- Economic Needs Ms. Grace Rosales

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Selected Abstracts

SSeelleecctteedd AAbbssttrraaccttss

ASSESSMENTT OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS MANAGEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES AASSSSEESSSSMMEENNT OOFFPPOOLLYYCCHHLLOORRIINNAATTEEDDBBIIPPHHEENNYYLLSSMMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTTIINNTTHHEEPPHHIILLIIPPPPIINNEESS

Gerly B. Moradas & Susan M. Gallardo Chemical Engineering Department

De La Salle University

Polychlorinated Biphenyls or PCBs is one of the most persistent and potentially worrying groups of pollutants in our environment. The widespread use of PCBs in various industrial applications presents a major environmental issue because of the toxicity associated with bioaccumulation. Today, PCB is one of the 12 POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants) banned worldwide under the Chemical Treaty signed in the Stockholm Convention in May 2001.

This paper presents an assessment of the present management of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in the Philippines with emphasis on its inventory to develop safe and environmentally sound technology to destroy stockpiles of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and identify existing storage, treatment and disposal methods to manage PCBs. Also, related studies on PCBs are included.

Brochures describing the project and survey forms have been sent out to industries that are possible PCB generators and PCB recyclers or treaters. The goal of the survey is to identify sources of PCBs, storage and disposal practices and the type and disposal capacity of available facilities for PCBs and PCB-containing wastes and equipment. Government agencies were also asked to provide information on PCB management in the

Philippines. Networking with possible research partners has been done.

Studies have shown that several contaminated sites or “hotspots” were identified in the Philippines. According to report, the former US military bases in the country have left their own poisonous legacy and are a main contributor to the high level of (POPs) like PCBs still polluting the environment. Elevated levels of PCB in soil were detected in the decommissioned power plant and transformer in severely contaminated areas of Clark field, Pampanga. Another reported “hotspot” was the PCB contaminated soil of the former Rockwell power plant. Meralco claimed that the presence of PCBs in the soil at Rockwell was only incidental due to the temporary storage of retired electrical equipment containing PCBs awaiting final disposal. Meralco considered several alternative technologies before they came to a final decision to encapsulate PCB contaminated soil at Brgy. San Joaquin, Pasig City.

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ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR THE CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF AALLTTEERRNNAATTIIVVEETTEECCHHNNOOLLOOGGYY OOPPTTIIOONNSS FFOORR TTHHEECCHHEEMMIICCAALL TTRREEAATTMMEENNTT OOFF

POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS PPOOLLYYCCHHLLOORRIINNAATTEEDDBBIIPPHHEENNYYLLSS

Carmela R. Centeno, Leonila C. Abella, Susan M. Gallardo Chemical Engineering Department

De La Salle University

The management of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and PCB-containing wastes is becoming a major global concern. Several countries, including the Philippines, are currently doing inventories on available technologies for the destruction of PCBs.

Although high temperature incineration technology is a standard method of destruction for bulk PCBs, any high temperature burning is prohibited under the Clean Air Act of the Philippines. The formation and subsequent release of toxic gases is also a constant issue in the application of incineration for toxic and hazardous wastes. Thus, alternative treatment technologies are constantly being studied and evaluated.

This paper presents an examination of several viable non-incineration technologies for their applicability to and limitations for treating PCB-contaminated materials. Discussion is, however, focused

on the different chemical treatment options. The following alternative technologies are presented: chemical dechlorination, chemical reduction, solvent extraction and soil washing; while emerging alternative technologies discussed include supercritical water oxidation, solvated electron technology and photocatalysis. The paper covers a description of each technology, matrix-applicability and advantages and limitations of some technology options.

Throughout the technology review and discussion process, it is apparent that the selection of applicable technology depends mainly on site-and matrix-specific characteristics. It may also be noted that no single non-incineration chemical technology is applicable to all PCB-contaminated materials. Combining two or more technologies in series may offer advantages over the use of a single technology in achieving the required degree of treatment.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTTAALLMMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT SSYYSSTTEEMMSS::

ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE SUPPORT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND PREVENTION OF POL UTION IN BALANCE WITH SOCIO-ECCONOMIC NEED

IITTSSSSIIGGNNIIFFIICCAANNCCEEIINN TTHHEESSUUPPPPOORRTTOOFFEENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTTAALLPPRROOTTEECCTTIIOONNAANNDDPPRREEVVEENNTTIIOONNOOFF PPOOLLLLLUUTTIIOONN IINN BBAALLAANNCCEEWWIITTHH SSOOCCIIOO--EECOONNOOMMIICC NNEEEEDD

Ms. Grace Rosales

Environmental Compliance Consultants International Organizations of all kinds are increasingly

concerned to achieve and demonstrate sound environmental performance by controlling the impact of their activities, products or services on the environment, taking into account their environmental policy and objectives. They do so in the context of increasingly stringent legislation, the development of economic policies ad other measures to foster environmental protection and a general growth of concern from interested parties about environmental matters including sustainable development.

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Wastewater Treatment and Recycling

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Removal of Recalcitrant Chloroorganics and Heavy Metals

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The Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia conducted the first National Workshop on 31st January 2002 at Renaissance Palm Garden Hotel, PutraJaya, Malaysia. A total of 23 participants attended the workshop from various backgrounds. There were engineers, academicians, researchers, scientists, policy makers who are the National Research Partners for the ARRPET project.

The objectives of this Regional Workshop were to raise awareness on recalcitrant

pollutants and heavy metals in water and wastewaters and to develop analytical and treatment expertise with regards to these pollutants. These pollutants are focussed on as they are often at low concentrations but are often potentially very detrimental to public health. This workshop focused on the removals of recalcitrant chloroorganics and heavy metals and an event that served as a platform for exchange of ideas among professionals with wastewater treatment and recycling interests.

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

PPaappeerrssPPrreesseenntteedd

• Chloroorganics in Water and Wastewaters – A Review - Rakmi Abd Rahman, Abu Zahrim Yaser an

• d Chia S.K.

• Wastewater Treatment of Pulp and Paper Effluents: Biodegradation of Chlorocatechol - Awang Bono and Jidon Janaun

• High Molecular Weight Chlorolignin Degradation Using Phanerochaete Chrysosporium - Dwina Roosmini, Wisjnuprapto, Soepangat Soemarto, Oei Ban Liang • Anaerobic Biodegradation of Recalcitrant Cryytalline Cellulose By Clostridium

Thermocellum - Mohd Sahaid Kalil, Pang Wey Kit and Wan Mohtar Wan Yusoff

• The Effect of O- (4-Bromo-2-Chlorophenyl)-O-Ethyl-S-Propyl Phosphorotioate) Exposure on the Health of Farmer - Katharina Oginawati, Juli Soemirat Slamet, Suphia Rachmawati

• Residual Chlorine Decay in Drinking Water Distribution System – A Case Study - Othman Jaafar, Rakmi Abdul Rahman and Rosalam Hj. Sarbatly

• Qualitative Quantitative Studies on Volatile Organic Compounds in Ambient Air - Abdul A. H. Kadhum, Abu Bakar Mohamad, Wan R.W. Daud and Eman N. Ali

• The Intriguing Aspects of Copper Cadmium Uptake by Pseudomonas testosteroni -

Wan Azlina Ahmad

• Biosorption of Heavy Metals using Thiobacillus Ferrooxidans - Zainul Akmar Zakaria and Wan Azlina Ahmad

• Predominant Microorganisms on the Biodegradation of Organophosphate – Katharina Oginawati, Moh. Irsyad, Agus J. Effendi, Betty Wediawaty, Nurulaini, Linda Setiawan

• Catechol Synthesis via Methyl Group Removal from Guaiacol by an Anaerobic Bacterium Acetobacterium Woodii Mohd Sahaid Kalil, Zainatul'Asyiqin and Muhammad Zaki

• Heavy Metals Removal for Leachate Sludge - Azni Idris, Abdul Ghani Liew Abdullah, AidaHapini Derum

• The Use of Biosensors for the on Site Detection of Chloro-Organics and Heavy Metals in Wastewater - Lee Yook Heng

• Review of Analysis of Chloroorganics in Wastewater – Rakmi Abd Rahman and Mey Chea, Khor

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• Removal of Recalcitrant Organics by Chemicobiological Treatment for Tannery Wastewater - Rakmi Abd. Rahman, Nor Zaini Md Noor and Abu Zahrim Yaser

SSeelleecctteedd AAbbssttrraaccttss

CHLORO RGANICS IN WATER AAND WASTEWATERS – A REVIEW CCHHLLOORROOOOORRGGAANNIICCSS IINN WWAATTEERR ANNDD WWAASSTTEEWWAATTEERRSS–– AARREEVVIIEEWW

Rakmi Abd. Rahman, Abu Zahrim Yaser and Chia S.K. Department of Chemical and Process Engineering

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Chloororganics have become a major concern to public health due to its toxicological characteristics. The sources of chloroorganics from industries include industrial plants for pulp and paper, textile, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, etc. Wastewater treatments using physicochemical and biological processes are reviewed here. Where chlorine is involved, organochlorides (AOX) may be

formed, whether in the production process or during wastewater treatment. Application of biological treatment alone to remove/eliminate chloororganic compounds in wastewater is generally not sufficient due to compound recalcitrance and toxicity. Several physicochemical treatments followed by biological treatment have been found to be effective as shown here.

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REMOVAL OF RECALCITRANT ORGANICS BY CHEMICOBIOLOGICAL TREATMENT RREEMMOOVVAALL OOFF RREECCAALLCCIITTRRAANNTT OORRGGAANNIICCSS BBYY CCHHEEMMIICCOOBBIIOOLLOOGGIICCAALLTTRREEAATTMMEENNTT

FOR TANNERY WASTEWATER FFOORRTTAANNNNEERRYYWWAASSTTEEWWAATTEERR

Rakmi Abd. Rahman, Nor Zaini Md Noor and Abu Zahrim Yaser Department of Chemical and Process Engineering

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Tanning wastewaters have high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colour, indicating high concentration of recalcitrant organics. Considering the large amount and the low biodegradablility of such chemicals, a combined method of advanced oxidation process (AOPs) and biological treatment (chemicobiological) was investigated. Chemicobiological treatment through hydrogen peroxide oxidation aided by ferrous sulphate also known as Fenton's process followed by biological sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treatment was investigated in this study. The combined process chemically converts recalcitrant molecules to intermediates (such as short chain acids) which are then further amenable to biological depletion and these may enhance biodegradation of organic constituents. Experiments were carried out to study the effects and to obtain the optimum value of the three

factors (concentrations of Fe2+_{, H}₂_O₂_and

OH-_{) on COD and colour removals from}

tanning wastewater. The optimal pH was found to be at pH 2.9-3.9; the optimum H2O2 and FeSO4 concentrations were

found to be 2040-3400 mg/L and 200 mg/L respectively resulting in 60% COD and 90% colour removals. The chemically treated effluent was then fed into the SBR reactor. A lab scale biological SBR with granular activated carbon (GAC, size 2.0-3.0 mm) as media was operated at room temperature (28-30o_{C), pH 8-9 and}

dissolved oxygen of 2-4 mg/L. The hydraulic retention time was 24 hours and the study was focussed on COD and colour of recalcitrant organics removals. The SBR had reduced the residual COD of 300-500 mg/L to below 60 mg/L; while colour reduction was from 150 PtCo to below 10 PtCo. These results show that chemicobiological treatment is effective in removing recalcitrant organics.

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Heavy Metal Removal from Industrial Wastewaters and Hazardous Waters

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The University of Moratuwa conducted the first National Workshop on March 2, 2002 at Crystal Room, Taj Samudra, Colombo,

Sri Lanka. A total of 82 participants attended the workshop from various backgrounds.

University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka

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Papers Presented PPaappeerrssPPrreesseenntteedd

• Need for research in hazardous waste management – Prof. N. Rathnayake • Proposed policies on hazardous waste management - Ms. Padmini Batuwitage • Regulatory and Enforcement Approaches towards hazardous waste management by

CEA - Mr. K.G.D. Bandarathilake

• Overview of heavy metal analysis carried out by CET Division, ITI - Ms. Sharmini Wickramarathne

• Heavy Metals in Dandugam Oya - Mrs. Wasantha Wijesinghe

• Heavy metal levels of groundwater in Rathmalana-Moratuwa industrial area. A comprehensive survey carried out in 2002 - Miss. Dayani Gunawardhana

• Heavy metal pollution in port of Colombo Sri Lanka - Dr. Mahesh Jayaweera

• Evaluation of electrodialysis technique for heavy metal concentration in industrial wastewaters - Dr. Suren Wijekoon

• Removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewaters & hazardous waters by electrowinning - Dr. D.M.D.O.K Dissanayake

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Managing heavy metal rich groundwater by low – cost integrated approach encompassing phytoremediation followed by biogas production and composting in Rathmalana – Moratuwa industrial area - Dr. Mahesh Jayaweera

SSeelleecctteeddAAbbssttrraaccttss

MANAGING HEAVY METAL RICH GROUNDWATER BY LOW –COST INTEGRATED APPROACH IN RATMALANA –MORATUWA INDUSTRIAL AREA

MMAANNAAGGIINNGG HHEEAAVVYY MMEETTAALL RRIICCHH GGRROOUUNNDDWWAATTEERR BBYY LLOOWW ––CCOOSSTT IINNTTEEGGRRAATTEEDD AAPPPPRROOAACCHH IINN RRAATTMMAALLAANNAA––MMOORRAATTUUWWAAIINNDDUUSSTTRRIIAALLAARREEAA

Mahesh Jayaweera

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Management of groundwater quality in Ratmalana-Moratuwa industrial area with special emphasis on heavy metal contamination was studied. Groundwater samples (about 10) are taken from existing wells and analyzed for heavy metals. Results manifested that most of the wells (more than 50%) are polluted with heavy metals mainly due to the release of wastewaters from nearby industries. The paper is therefore meant to elucidate a total solution for remediation of groundwater quality with low-cost technologies together with some economic gains. The proposed low-cost integrated approach encompassing phytoremediation followed by biogas production and composting is found to be very promising in reducing heavy metal contamination of the groundwater in Ratmalana-Moratuwa industrial area.

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they were considered to be hazardous material. Above-ground material was utilized for biogas production while below-ground parts were stored to be sent to secure landfills.

About 62% of methane was formed at the end of 62 days in the biogas digester. Cow dung and urea added into the digester have helped to achieve a higher rate of biogas. Nevertheless, control of pH and moisture content is of paramount importance in optimizing the biogas percentage. Sludge taken from the biogas digester showed a considerable potential to be used as a supplement to compost.

The essential characteristics for compost such as C:N ratio, N:P:K ratio and moisture content suggest that the dried sludge could be effectively used only as a supplement but did not show very promising attributes to be directly used as a compost. The crops to be tested with water hyacinth compost are yet to be identified.

In general, the technologies described seem very promising, affordable with some tangible economic benefits and far more ease in applying even at the rural community levels.

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EVALUATION OF THE ELECTRODIIALYSIS TECHNIQUE FOR HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATION IN INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER

EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONNOOFFTTHHEEEELLEECCTTRROODDIAALLYYSSIISSTTEECCHHNNIIQQUUEEFFOORRHHEEAAVVYYMMEETTAALLCCOONNCCEENNTTRRAATTIIOONNIINN IINNDDUUSSTTRRIIAALL WWAASSTTEEWWAATTEERR

S. L. J. Wijeyekoon

Department of Chemical and Process Engineering University of Moratuwa

Heavy metal contamination of water supplies has led to serious health and environmental problems. Conventional treatment methods such as chemical precipitation are less effective when metal concentrations are low and have the added disadvantage of producing a hazardous sludge creating disposal problems. Fundamental aspects of the

electrodialysis technique are discussed with particular emphasis for heavy metal separation. The electrodialysis technique for heavy metal concentration offer definite advantages in terms of cost, reliability and operational safety. This paper discusses the details of the technique and its suitability for heavy metal concentration for Sri Lanka.

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REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATERS AND HAZARDOUS WATEERS BY ELECTROWINNING

RREEMMOOVVAALL OOFF HHEEAAVVYY MMEETTAALLSS FFRROOMM IINNDDUUSSTTRRIIAALL WWAASSTTEEWWAATTEERRSS AANNDD HHAAZZAARRDDOOUUSS WWAATTERRSS BBYY EELLEECCTTRROOWWIINNNNIINNGG

D.M.D.O.K Dissanayake Dept. of Earth Resources Engineering

University of Moratuwa

The metal production, processing and chemical industries have an increasingly difficult problem of controlling the effects arising from its wastewater. The wastewaters that could cause problems include rinse waters from metal electroplating solutions, waste from acidic and alkaline cleaning and pickling solutions, waste waters from mining and treatment of ores, metallurgical plants and rolling mills, photographic, textile, leather and chemical industries. These rinse waters, if discharged into the environment without treatment, can pollute natural resources and disturb natural processes. Conventionally, the processes and

technologies involved the removal of heavy metals from industrial waste water are chemical precipitation, ion exchange, complexation, adsorption, evaporation and electrochemical process. Although these techniques are effective enough in improving the quality of the water effluent, they introduce some additional waste disposal problems such as disposal of hydroxide sludge.

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The Reduction of Adsorbable Organic Halides (AOX) in Pulp & Paper

Wastewater and the Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution

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The Institute for Research and Development of Cellulose Industry conducted the first National Workshop on March 5, 2002. A total of 75 participants attended the workshop from various backgrounds. There were Policy makers, Scientists, Engineers, Environmental Consultants, Businessmen, Industrialists and Researchers who are the National Research Partners for the ARRPET project.

Institute for Research and Development of Cellulose Industry Bandung , Indonesia

The objectives of this Regional Workshop were To get more information and to share experiences in industrial hazardous waste treatment and management in order to establish comprehensive research plan, to provide platform to exchange ideas with the national partner and to provide input from national partners to address NRI research.

PPaappeerrssPPrreesseenntteedd

• An overview of efforts for reducing organo chlorine compounds in the pulp and paper industries - Wieke Pratiwi and Susi Sugesty

• Effluent treatment for reducing AOX in pulp and paper industries - Sri Purwati and Yusup Setiawan

• Current situation and handling of heavy metal pollution - Andoyo Sugiharto and Taufan Hidayat

• The process for producing pulp in PT. RAPP - M. Ali Sabri

• The policy of pulp and paper industry development in the globalization era - Hariyanto Eko Waluyo and Onny Sartono

• Procedure for the determination of parameters in the effluent standard – M. Zakaria, Safrudin and Budi Juliman

• The wastewater treatment plant in Pt.Indah Kiat pulp and paper Perawang - Albert Samosir

SSeelleecctteeddAAbbssttrraaccttss

CURRRENT SITUATION AND HHANDLING OFF HEAVY METAL POL UTION CCUURRREENNTTSSIITTUUAATTIIOONNAANNDD HAANNDDLLIINNGGOOF HHEEAAVVYYMMEETTAALLPPOOLLLLLUUTTIIOONN

Andoyo Sugiharto and Taufan Hidayat

Institute for Research and Development of Cellulose Industry Bandung

In the effort to support the Indonesian government policy on preserving environment, a preliminary survey on current situation and handling of heavy metal pollution in Indonesia has been performed. The survey focused only on chromium pollution generated in leather industries in Indonesia.

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EF LUENT TREATMENT FOR REDUCING AOX IN PULPP AND PAPER INDUSTRIES EEFFFFLFLUUEENNTT TTRREEAATTMMEENNTT FFOORRRREEDDUUCCIINNGG AAOOXX IINN PPUULLP AANNDDPPAAPPEERR IINNDDUUSSTTRRIIEESS

Sri Purwati and Yusup Setiawan

Institute for Research and Development of Cellulose Industry Bandung

Conventional bleaching process is still practiced by old mills in Indonesia, whereas the new ones have implemented ECF bleaching. The effluent from bleaching plant is a major source of water pollution containing Adsorbable Organic Halides (AOX). These compounds are toxic for aquatic organism and have a potential for being widely distributed in the environment.

AOX strength in the effluent of conventional bleaching mills are in the range of 1.0 – 3.0 kg/ADT bleached pulp currently. Although the government of Indonesia has not yet adopted AOX as

one of the effluent standard quality one has to be bear in mind that this level should be reduced to a certain standard.

It has been reported that in the developed countries that AOX content in the bleaching effluent can be reduced or eliminated to a lower level either by internal or external measures. It is stated that an extensive practices of external measures on biological treatment, such as sequential treatment of up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and activated sludge, can reduce AOX strength up to 80% removal.

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Effluent Management in Pulp & Paper Industry

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A National Workshop on ‘Effluent Management in Pulp & Paper Industry’ was organized at Agharkar Research Institute on 2-3 May, 2002. In response, 40 participants attended in the Workshop. The participants included experts from different areas like pulp and paper industries, pollution control boards, scientists, environmental consultants, students etc.

The Workshop ended with a panel discussion. In the panel discussion questions related to all presentations were discussed. The panel discussion was fruitful in answering the queries of industrial personnel and also explanation of certain doubts. The Workshop gave a platform to people from different fields to interact freely, present their problems and get more knowledge.

Agharkar Research Institute Pune, India

PPaappeerrssPPrreesseenntteedd

• Clean Technology Options for Paper Industry - Indian experiences - Prof. H. Veermani • Environmental Prospects & Status of Absorbable Organic Halides (AOX) released in

Pulp & Paper Industry - Dr. S. Panwar

• Lowering AOX Levels in Pulp Mills - Dr. Pramod K. Bajpai

• Permissible limits of Absorbable Organic Halides (AOX) for Pulp & Paper Industry - Dr. P. M. Ansari

• A Status of Pulp and Paper Mill in the State of Maharashtra with reference to the Effluent Management in Pulp & Paper Industry - Mr. D. T. Devale

• Environmental Audit in Pulp & Paper Industry - Mr. A. K. Mhaskar • Case study - Bilt Graphic Paper India Ltd. - Mr. S. P. Khare

• Pollution Control in Pulp and Paper Mill - A Case Study - Dr. V. D. Khanolkar • Analysis of Organochlorines - Dr. D. G. Naik

• Analytical Chemistry of Dioxins & Furans - Revisited & Their Pharmacokinetic Assessment Dr. S. N. Karkhanis

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• Efficiency in Pulp and Paper Industry - Smt. Nutan Zarapkar • How Clean is Clean? - Dr. Shyam Asolekar

• Anaerobic Treatment of Industrial Waste - Dr. A. D. Patwardhan ~

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AANNANAALLLYYYSSISIISSS OOOFFF OOORRRGGGAAANNNOOCOCCHHL_HLLOOORRRIIINNNEESESS D. G. Naik

Agharkar Research Institute, Pune

Analysis of chloride ions is a much simpler matter. This is because the chloride ions can be made to react with a number of reagents in the quantitative way. However this is not the case with the chlorine in organic compounds. The chlorine in such compounds is covalently bonded. These bonds are very strong which makes the compounds stable and in turn unreactive.

One of the ways to analyze such compounds is to convert organically bonded chlorine into the chloride ions. This is usually achieved by burning the compounds in the presence of oxygen gas (Schoniger technique). Since these experiments are carried out in the closed vessel, a careful attention has to be given to keep the reaction under control. To overcome this 'Parr' peroxide bomb is used. Various reactions are involved in these processes.

With the availability of modern analytical tools the problem of analysing organochlorines can be handled in a totally different way. Gas chromatography (GC), Gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) are the two major important methods used. Availability of the authentic compound could be one of the requirements, which may be felt difficult to fulfill. However for the industrial samples either from the pesticide industry or from paper industry, authentic samples can be made available from the readily available materials. The help of other analytical instruments like Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer (NMR), High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) or Elemental Analyser is sought for the characterization of the authentic compounds. The analyses carried out in this way are faster, reproducible and give a permanent record.

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D. T. Devale

Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, Mumbai

The situation in respect of pulp and paper industries in the State of Maharashtra is not encouraging because almost all the pulp and paper units attached to the Sugar Co-Operative Society are either closed or trying to switch over to the waste paper based technology. Similarly, almost all the medium scale industries except M/s Pudumjee Pulp & Paper Mills Ltd. have switched over to the waste paper based

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Technical Improvements to Chromium-Contained Wastewater Treatment in

China Plus Paper ad Pulp Wastewater Treatment

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South China Institute of Environmental Sciences Guangzhou, China

The South China Institute of Environmental Sciences (SCIES) conducted the first National Workshop last May 8, 2002 at the Center Building. A total of 42 participants attended the workshop from various backgrounds. There were engineers, academicians, researchers, scientists, policy makers who are the national research partners for the ARRPET project.

The objectives of the workshop were to provide a platform for the exchange of ideas with the national partners, to provide inputs from national partners to address the issues on chromium removal and recovery, to strengthen the cooperation with national research partners and to convene and discuss concerns on the chromium-contained wastewater.

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• Potential improvements on chromium-contained wastewater treatment - Dr. Xihui Zhang

• Current situation of chromium wastewater treatment in the leather-tanning industry - Mr. Jiande Fang

• Case study of chromium-contained wastewater treatment in Zhongnan Leather Process Plant - Dr. Guangming Zhang

• Biological treatment of heavy metals in wastewaters - Dr. Hua Ying, Jinan • Bio-coagulant for wastewater treatment - Dr. Yongyou Hu

• Review of electroplating chromium wastewater treatment in China - Mr. Wenquan Yuan

• Toxicity Analysis Methods of Effluent from Papermaking Industry - Dr. Qin Zhou

• Trituration and application of lignin from pulp wastewater as water-stickability reducing agent - Mr. Yang Shi

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CURRENT SITUATION OF CHROMIUM WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN THE LEATHER-TANNING INDUSTTRY

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Jiande Fang, Xiudong Du

South China Institutes of Environmental Sciences

The paper reviewed the production, characteristics and treatment methods of chromium-contained wastewater in the leather process industry. Wastewater discharged from leather tanning was more than 70,000,000 t/y in China, accounting for 0.3% of the total national industrial wastewater discharge, carrying 3500 tons of chromium besides 120,000 tons of suspended solids and 150,000 tons of organics in terms of COD. Separate

collection – treatment and reuse of chromium are the key points to treat the wastewater to meet national discharge standards

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CASE STUDY OF CHROMIUM-CONTAINED WASTEWATTER TREATMENT IN THE ZHONGNAN LEATHER PROCESS PLANT

CCAASSEE SSTTUUDDYY OOFF CCHHRROOMMIIUUMM--CCOONNTTAAIINNEEDDWWAASSTTEEWWAATEERR TTRREEAATTMMEENNTT IINN TTHHEE ZZHHOONNGGNNAANN LLEEAATTHHEERR PPRROOCCEESSSSPPLLAANNTT

Guangming Zhang and Anqi He

Environmental Engineering & Management Center Shenzhen Graduate School, Tsinghua University

The production, contents, treatment methods of chromium-contained wastewater in Zhongnan Leather Process Plant was summarized and reported. Wastewater was generated in all procedures with a total production of 1200 t/d, plus residential wastewater of 280 t/d. The wastewater was treated in the planted and then piped to local wastewater treatment plant for further treatment. Separate collection and treatment were performed for

chromium-contained wastewater, sulfate-chromium-contained wastewater and the remaining part. NaOH was used to recover chromium from the chromium-contained wastewater, chemical oxidation of sulfate was carried out, and the integrated wastewater was biologically degraded. Separate collection and recycle of chromium were the key points in wastewater treatment, 97% of chromium was recovered from the effluent under steady operation

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BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF HEAVY METALS IN WASTEWATERS BBIIOOLLOOGGIICCAALLTTRREEAATTMMEENNTT OOFF HHEEAAVVYY MMEETTAALLSSIINN WWAASSTTEEWWAATTEERRSS

Hua Yin

Department of Environmental Engineering Jinan University

Biological treatment was regarded as better than traditional chemical treatment of wastewater since it was more natural. Bio-coagulation and bio-adsorption were discussed. A microorganism stream was gene-engineered to produce highly efficient coagulate and two more were gene-engineered for bio-adsorption. Acute toxicity of the products were tested employing lab mice and the results showed no hazard at concentrations

hundreds times higher than would be used. The bio-coagulant had efficiency comparable with commercial organic ones. More than 90% of Mn, Cu, Au, and Cr could be removed by bio-sorption and the sorbant could be regenerated with strong acids, bases and high temperature pyrolysis. More studies are needed to further elucidate the mechanisms, improve the efficiency, and simplify the regeneration process.

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HWTM Newsletter

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This newsletter is published and distributed by Asian Institute of Technology under the Sida funded project “ARRPET”. Materials published may be cited, provided a written permission must be obtained from the respective author (s).

For further information:

Dr. Ajit P. Annachhatre Principal Investigator,HWTM

UEEM/SERD, Asian Institute of Technology PO Box 4, Pathumthani 12120, THAILAND

Tel/Fax: +66 02 524 5644 E-mail: ajit@ait.ac.th