Preface
All praises are due to Allah, God Almighty, Who made this annual event of successful. The
“3
rdAnnual Basic Science International Conference (BaSIC-2013)”
is an annual scientific event organized
by the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University. As a basic science conference,
it covered a wide range of topics on basic science: physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics and statistics.
In 2013, the conference took a theme of “
Basic Science Advances in Energy, Health and Environment
”
as those three aspects of life are hot issues.
The conference in 2013 was the continuation of the preceding conferences initiated in 2011 as the
International Conference on Basic Science (ICBS)
, where it was a transformation from the similar
national events the faculty had organized since 2004. What also changed in year 2013 was the use of the
ISSN for the conference proceedings book, instead of an ISBN used in previous proceedings books. The
change was based on the fact that BaSIC is an annual event, and, therefore, the use of ISSN is more
appropriate. The proceedings book was also divided into four books: Physics, Biology, Chemistry and
Mathematics, each with a different ISSN. The proceedings were also published in electronic forms that can
be accessed from BaSIC website. I am glad that for the first time both types of publication can be realized.
This event is aimed to promote scientific research activities by Indonesian scientists, especially
those of Brawijaya University, in a hope that they may interact and build up networks and collaborations
with fellow overseas counterparts who participated in the conference. This is in line with university vision
as a World Class Entrepreneurial University.
I am grateful to all the members of the program committee who contributed for the success in
framing the program. I also thank all the delegates who contributed to the success of this conference by
accepting our invitation and submitting articles for presentation in the scientific program. I am also
indebted to PT Semen Gresik and PT PLN (Persero) for their support in sponsoring this event.
I wish for all of us a grand success in our scientific life. And I do hope that the coming conferences
will pick up similar success, and even better.
Malang, April 2013
Foreword by the Rector of Brawijaya University
First of all I would like to congratulate the Organizing Committee for the success in organizing this
amazing event. I believe all dedicated time and efforts will contribute to the advancement of our beloved
university.
I would like to welcome all participants, domestic and overseas, especially the distinguished invited
speakers, to Malang, to the conference. An international conference is a good means to establish and build
relationships and collaborations among participants. So, I hope this conference will facilitate all of you, the
academicians and scientists, to setup a network of mutual and beneficial collaboration. As a university with
a vision to be “A World Class Entrepreneurial University”, Brawijaya University will support all efforts to
realize that dream.
Finally, I do hope that the conference will run smoothly and nicely and is not the last one. I would
like to thank all parties who have lent their hands in making this conference happened.
Malang, April 2013
Table of Contents
Preface ... i
Foreword by the Rector of Brawijaya University ... ii
Table of Contents ... iii
Program Committee ... iv
Scientific Program... vii
Scientific Papers
Invited Papers
Cluster Dynamics by Ultra-Fast Shape Recognition Technique... I01
Nanotechnology Development Strategy for Supporting National Industry in Indonesia ... I02
Role of Atomic Scale Computational Research in the Nanoscale Materials ... I03
Paeonilorin(PF) Strongly Effects Immuno System... I04
Investigating Chlamydia trachomatis using mathematical and computational... I05
Recent Trends in Liquid Chromatography for Bioanalysis ... I06
Submitted Papers
Potential of desiccant cooling system performance in hot and humid climate country... P03
The Orientation of Levels Thermal Comfort on Space (Case studied: Lauser International Building
In The Ground Floor) ... P05
Application of Induced Polarization to Estimate Saprolite and Limonite Deposits Case Study Kolo
Bawah Area, Morowali Regency, Central Sulawesi... P07
Simulation Design Of Earthquake On Fault Zone Using Stochastic Model (A Brief Review).... P09
A New Concept Water Saturation Estimation Based on Vertical Seismic Profiling Data ... P10
Investigation of Subsurface Structure With Integrated Geophysical Methods in Sedau, Lombok
Barat to Determined a Landslide Risk ... P13
Instrument Corrections for Broadband and Short-period Seimometers (Case Study: Japan's
Earthquake September 5th 2004) ... P14
Iron rock positioning determination, using the geomagnetic method, in the Mount Lawang, Aceh,
Indonesia ... P15
Shoreline Changes and Seismic Vulnerability Index in The Earthquake Prone Areas (The Case of
Coastal North Bengkulu, Bengkulu Province-Indonesia)... P16
Array Technique Application to Determine Direction of Rupture of Tohoku's Earthquake, March
11th 2011... P17
Installing Surface Microseismic Monitoring in Mt. Lamongan Geothermal Area (MLGA), East
Java, Indonesia ... P18
Magnetic Survey within Penantian Geothermal Area in Pasema Air Keruh, South Sumatra ... P20
Application of Biot -Gassman Substitution methodin Generating Synthetic of S-Wave Sonic Log
for Simultaneous AVO Inversion ... P26
Detection of low velocity zone using receiver function analysis from CJ1 station ... P27
Analysis of The 3D Geothermal Reservoir Model from Anomaly Magnetic Data Using Mag3d
(Case Study: Rajabasa Geothermal field, Lampung Province, Indonesia) ... P28
Development of Information Systems to Semeru Volcano Activity using SMS : In Study ... P29
Prediction Pattern Around Ground Water Depth TPA Supit Urang (Landfill) Using Geoelectric
Resistivity soundings Method ... P30
CORRECTING THE PULL-UP EFFECT IN SEISMIC DATA USING PRE STACK DEPTH
MIGRATION METHOD ... P32
Geomagnetic Data Interpretation of Mount Ungaran Geothermal Using Pseudogravity Transform
for Determining Heat Source Rocks ... P33
Analysis of seismic activity 1973-2012 in the volcanic arc system of West Nusa Tenggara (NTB)
to examine the Rinjani VolcanoActivity ... P35
Detection of seepage patterns direction in the Bajulmati Dam, Banyuwangi, Indonesia using
geoelectrical method, Schlumberger and dipole dipole configuration... P37
NITRIDING BEHAVIOR OF AISI 316 L in high density PLASMA NITRIDING ... P39
The effect of deposited ZnPc islands in ZnPc/Polystyrene/Quartz Crystal oscillator stack for QCM
based biosensor ... P40
INFLUENCE OF THE WAVEFORM and DC OFFSET on THE ASYMMETRIC HYSTERESIS
LOOP in Au/PZT/Pt/ Al2O3/ SiO2/Si THIN FILMS PREPARED by MOCVD METHOD ... P41
Reactive Mixing In Stirred Tanks Under Different Kinds Of Perturbations (April 2013) ... P42
Potential Benefits of Hypofractionation scheme to Improve Radiotherapeutic Ratio for lung cancer
treatment (April 2012)... P44
Comparison between general purpose crystal resonator and TCXO as reference frequency for
frequency counter... P45
Treatment Strategy for Dynamic Organs in Radiation Oncology... P46
The Relation of Temperature to PM2.5 Production from Wood Burn ... P49
Effect of Purification of Carbon From Coconut Shell pyrolisis With Acid Reaction Method in HCl
1 M Solution... P50
A Preliminary Application of Fuzzy Logic to Classify Volcanic Earthquakes and Tremors
Recorded at Semeru Volcano, East Java, Indonesia ... P51
Development of Instrumentation System for Heavy-Load Measurement Based on Piezoelectric
Sensor... P52
Program Committee
Patrons
Rector, Universitas Brawijaya
Dean, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya
Advisory Boards
Associate Deans 1, 2 and 3, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya
Chairperson
Johan A.E. Noor, Ph.D.
Deputy-Chair
Dr. Suharjono
Secretary
Agus Naba, Ph.D.
Treasurers
Mrs. Sri Purworini
Mrs. Rustika Adiningrum
Mr. Surakhman
Secretariat & Registration
Dr. Masruroh
dr. Kusharto
Mr. Sugeng Rianto
Mr. Gancang Saroja
Conference Web
Agus Naba, Ph.D.
Publication & Proceedings
Arinto Y.P. Wardoyo, Ph.D.
Mr. Wasis
Public Relations & Sponsorship
Chomsin S. Widodo, Ph.D.
Mr. Moch. Djamil
Mrs. Firdy Yuana
Venue
Mr. Ahmad Hidayat
Dr. Ahmad Nadhir
Mr. Sunariyadi
Mr. Purnomo
Mr. Karyadi Eka Putra
Accommodation & Hospitality
Ms. Siti J. Iswarin
Mrs. Nur Azizah
Mr. Robi A. Indrajit
Mrs. Trivira Meirany
Master of Ceremony
Himafis
Transportation, Excursion & Social Events
Djoko Santjojo, Ph.D.
Dr. Sukir Maryanto
Mr. Wahyudi
Mrs. Arnawati
Workshop, Poster & Scientific Exhibitions
Hari Arief Dharmawan, Ph.D.
Mr. Pudji Santoso
Mr. Sahri
Mr. Murti Adi Widodo
Documentation
Mauludi A. Pamungkas, Ph.D.
Mr. Susilo Purwanto
General Supports
Himafis
Scientific Program
Dr. rer.nat. M. Nurhuda
Dr. Sunaryo
Mr. Agus Prasmono
Local Scientific Committees (Reviewers & Editors)
Physics
Dr. rer.nat. Abdurrouf
Adi Susilo, Ph.D.
Mr. Unggul P. Juswono
Dr.-Ing. Setyawan P. Sakti
Biology
Dr. Moch. Sasmito Djati
Dr. Muhaimin Rifai
Dr. Catur Retnaningdyah
Chemistry
Dr. Masruri
Dr. Ahmad Sabarudin
Dr. Lukman Hakim
International Scientific Committee and Editors
A/Prof. Lilibeth dlC. Coo,
University of the Philippines, the Philippines
Prof. Dr. Gereon Elbers,
FH Aachen, Germany
Prof. S.K. Lai,
National Central University, Taiwan
Prof. Kwang-Ryeol Lee,
Korean Institute of Science and Technology, Korea
A/Prof. Dann Mallet,
Queensland University of Technology, Australia
Prof. Lidia Morawska,
Queensland University of Technology, Australia
Prof.Dr. Petr Solich,
Charles University, Czech Republic
Dr. Michitaka Suzuki,
Nagoya University, Japan
Prof. Hideo Tsuboi,
Nagoya University, Japan
Abstract— Pumice deposits as a result of eruption of Rinjani volcano in Lombok Island, where it spreads and the thickness of the layers are not clear yet (hypothetically only). One of powerful method is used to determine the thickness of the pumice layer by using resistivity method. The purpose of this research is to analyze the thickness of the pumice layer by the resistivity data. The result indicate that the fumice was found in all around of layers depend on location distance, both horizontal and vertical direction from the center volcano eruption.
Keyword— Eruption, fumice, resitivity, volcano
A. Regional Geological Structure of Lombok Island
Geological structures of Lombok island is consist of normal faults and shear faults generally trending in northwest-southeast. At the beginning of the Pliocene to Pleistocene volcanic activity of volcano Lombok groups compose some formations such as Kalipalung with Selayar Member, Kalibabak, and Lokopiko. Volcanic activites occured since the Pleistocene to Recent controlled by Rinjani, Pusuk and Nanggi volcanoes.
The area of Sembelia, Belanting and Sembalun of East Lombok are a result of Quarter Holocene volcanic rock and
sediment volcanic rock such andesite. In the eastern of this area are alluvium and coastal sediments (Qa), as well as in Sembalun. Pringgabaya region composed by Pleistocene Lokopiko Formation (QVL) such as andesite (An), quartz sand (Pk), pumice (Pu), gravel (Pa) and TRAS (Dv). These area are crossed by Koko Grenggengan and Koko Blimbing. In the southern Rinjani volcano is occupied by the Narmada, Suranadi, Pringgarata, Mantang, Kopang, Terara, Sikur, Masbagik and Aikmel. Where the country rocks are arranged by Pleistocene Lokopiko Formation (QvL) and Kalibabak Formation (Qtb) [2]-[3] southwest side whose length is about 70 km. It reaches 5,435 km² which is in the rankings of the 108 big island in the world.
The rock composition of peak area of Mount Rinjani, north Bayan, Sesaot, east Sembalun and Sembelia. It composed by Quaternary to Late Holocene (Qhv(R)). Pemenang (Qhv(PN)) rock is the result of volcanic rocks and lake sediment (QVB) and then Sembelia alluvia sediment (Qa), Gili Lawang and Gili Sulat.
Morphological units of the low and undulating ridge downslope complex occupies around Rinjani suchas Sambelia, Pusuk Mountains, Pemenang and west Sekotong, west Praya to Pujut of west Lombok characterized by slope angle less than 30 degrees. The river flow pattern is radial, dendritic and parallel, with the basic form of lava rock, fallout of firoclastic, and alluvium with forest vegetation. Its valley form U to V reflect the highly erosion. The rock formations compose the flat areas up to Coast, as follows [3]:
i) Lokopiko Formation, the upper Pleistocene to Quaternary (QVL) results old volcanic rocks, alluvium sediment (Qa), pumice (pu), andesite (An). They are occupy an area of Bayan, Anyar, Santong, Sukadana, East Sesaot and Gondang.
ii) Kalibabak Formation (Qtb), the lower Pleistocene to Quarternary Lokopiko Formation QVL) of old volcanoes result the pumice (Pu). It occupies an area Pemenang to Senggigi, Suranadi, northern Pringgarata, Mantang, Kopang, Sukamulia, Korleko, and Pringgabaya.
iii) Tertiary Oligocene to Miocene Kawangan Formation (Tomk) Tertiary Oligocene to Miocene, alluvium sediment (Qa), clay (Cl), gravel (Pa) compose the Gunungsari area, Ampenan, Mataram, Cakranegara, Narmada, Labuapi. Kalipalung Formation (QTP), Potassium (Ka), Andesite
Analysis of Pumice Thickness Layers As a Result of
Rinjani Volcano Eruption in Lombok Island Based on
Resistivity Data
Hiden, S.B. Kirbani, S. Wiwit, D.S. Hadmoko, and Sismato
I. INTRODUCTION
Lombok island geomorphology is dominated by mountains units in the North, while the South dominates by hills and in the Central is composed by plateaux. In general, the morphology of the Lombok island is composed by volcanic rocks and sedimentary rocks. Volcanic deposits consist of pebbles, gravel, sand, conglomerate, pumice, silt, clay, breccia, tuff, tuffaceous sandstone, while the sedimentary rock consist of limestone, limestone, and breccia.
(An) are located in Penujak, Sengkol, in the south of Mujur, Jerowaru, and Keruak.
II. BASIC THEORY A. Pumice
Volcanic eruptions can produce pumice is Strombolian and Plinian. Plinian type eruption of Rinjani volcano produces pumice. Pumice-rich pyroclastic flows obtained from the ruins of an eruption column. Pumice flow is more energetic and mobile. This section has a lower density, but larger stores kinetic energy generated by the vertical thrust up to a few kilometers above the volcano peak. The farther pumice fall, the greater the kinetic energy and faster horizontally.
Single type of Plinian eruption can raised up hundreds of Caldera generate frictionless flow into the valley, filling valleys and low mountains adjacent cover. This flow produces predominantly pumice pyroclastic flow sheet at (http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_vocanoes_work/thumblin ks/eruttypes_page.html)[4].
Pumice has characteristics: hollow, generally grayish white to yellowish, has a specific gravity ranging between 1 - 2,5 gram/cm3. An eruption of volcanic material, generally has acid composition, formed by the rapid cooling, thus causing the gases contained in the eruption of rock out and leave scars cavities in it. This pumice has a grain size ranging from 2 mm up to 50 cm or more. Pumice has characteristics: hollow, generally grayish white to yellowish, has a specific gravity ranging between 1 - 2,5 gram/cm3. An eruption of volcanic material, generally has acid composition, formed by the rapid cooling, thus causing the gases contained in the eruption of rock out and leave scars cavities in it. This pumice has a grain size ranging from 2 mm up to 50 cm or more.
B. Resistivity Meter
Resistivity method used in the estimating subsurface conditions by utilizing electrical current injection into the earth through two current electrodes. Then the potential difference that occurs is measured by using two potential electrodes. From the measurement results of current and potential difference can be determined variation in resistivity of each layer below the measuring point.
There are some basic assumptions that can be used in geoelectric resistivity method, namely [5]:
1. Subsurface consists of several layers bounded by fields and there is a horizontal boundary resistivity contrast between the border areas.
2. Each layer has a certain thickness, except for the bottom layer of infinite thickness.
3. Each layer is considered homogeneous isotropic.
4. There is no current source in addition to current injected over the surface of the earth.
5. The electrical current is injected electric current.
Each layer have different resistivity value. Soil resistivity depends on several geological parameters, such as the type of mineral and water content, porosity and degree of water saturation in the rock, and other fractures.
Potential in a homogeneous isotropic medium is considered always energized. Relationship between the large electric field (E) that occurred with the current density (j) flowing in the medium, according to Ohm's Law [6]:
j= E (1)
is the electrical conductivity of rock material
When a current is injected into the earth, the potential difference observed on the surface. Then the resistivity value will obtained, it describe indirectly a layer of earth resistivity particular. However, this value is not the true resistivity values . Resistivity is a magnitude whose value depends on the electrode spacing. In the fact, the earthis consists of layers with different resistivity values, so the potential is measured as the effect of these layers. The difference resistivity are called apparent resistivity, (a) as in the following equation[7]:
I
thickness and depth of subsurface rock layers.III. METHOD
This research has been carried out respectively in East Lombok, North Lombok, Central Lombok, West Lombok and South Lombok, respectively. Resistivity measurements by using the Schlumberger configuration with a separation long of AB/2 maximum is 300 m, and MN/2 ranging up 0.5 to 25 m.
The data collected from the data years of 1996 (PAT NTB) and the measured its own from the year 2010 until years 2012.
Th Gsound resistivity meter is used. Field data measured by spation AB/2 and MN/2 are potential difference (ΔV) and current (I). The Processing is conducted to obtain the physical parameters of the rock below the surface such as the actual value of resistivity, thickness and depth of the layer of pumice. Interpretation of the geological rock resistivity values are based on the local geology.
IV. RESULTS
Senggigi, Malaka, Kebun Buncit Lembar, Jembatan Kembar Grebekan and Senggigi, while in the South Lombok is conducted in Kidang and Sekotong.
A. Analysis of Pumice in East Lombok District
Produced pumice from the eruption of Rinjani volcano estimated by 44,581,539 tons [1] and the most widely available in East Lombok, such in Ijo Balit District Labuan Haji. One of the research is conducted by our student using 2D resistivity method. Re-data processing and interpretation were conducted in the four trajectory (path length 150 m respectively). Where the research area is flat and a plantation.
2D resistivity cross-section (Fig. 1) with an average error 6.88% and a maximum depth of 12.4 meters and detected resisitivitas values range between: 6.65 Ωm to 1264 Ωm. The data inversion results correlated to the geology and outcrop (Fig. 2) the study area were observed directly in the field. Rock resistivity, thickness and depth of each trajectory can be seen below.
Cross-section of each trajectories in a row from the top (I, II, III, IV) interpreted consists of 3 layers, 150m path length and depth of 12.4 m below the surface, as in Table 1 below.
In Table 1, it can be seen that the first layer (top soil), consists of dried tras so generally high resistivity values. Top soil thickness averaged more than 6 meters except on the third trajectories. The second layer is interpreted as a pumice stone with resistivity values between 51-441 Ωm. Thick layer of 3.0 to 9.75 m with kedamalan varied from 0 to 12.4 m measured from the local ground level.
Cross-section of each trajectories in a row from the top (I, II, III, IV) interpreted consists of 3 layers, 150m path length and depth of 12.4 m below the surface, as in Table 1 below.
In Table 1, it can be seen that the first layer (top soil), consists of dried tras so generally high resistivity values. Top soil thickness averaged more than 6 meters except on the third trajectories. The second layer is interpreted as a pumice stone with resistivity values between 51-441 Ωm. Thick layer of 3.0 to 9.75 m with kedamalan varied from 0 to 12.4 m measured from the local ground level.
Fig. 1. 2D geoelectric cross section respectively for Tracks I and II.
Fig. 2. Pumice stone outcrops, Ijobalit East Lombok
TABEL 1
INTERPRETASION OF LITHOLOGY BASED ON RESISTIVITY DATA
Line/ 1/1 441-1264 0-6,4 6,4 Top soil ½ 154-441 6,5-9,5 3,0 fumice 1/3 31,8-154 9,5-12,4 - clay 2/1 188-505 0-6,5 6,5 Top soil 2/2 70,1-188 6,5-11,5 5,25 Fumice 2/3 15,9-70,1 11,5-12,4 - Clay 3/1 198-771 0-3,75 0-3,75 Top soil 3/2 51,0-198 0-9,75 0-9,75 Fumice 3/3 6,65-51,0 3,75-12,4 2,65-8,65 Clay 4/1 322-872 0-6,38 6,38 Top soil 4/2 119-322 6,38-9,5 3,12 Fumice 4/3 26,6-11 9,5-12,4 - clay
For Belanting Sembelia, Pringgabaya and Selong areas, the sounding data used to analyze the pumice.
Based on the interpretation of the lithological composition of the layer on top and spread vertically, respectively: Top soil in the form of thick clay 1,05 m, a second layer with a thick alternating between breccias, sand, clay, sandy tuff, and lava. The number of layers one up to two, the average layer is on the third and fifth layers are usually flanked by a layer of sand or breccia or breccia and breccia. 2) In Belanting areas, it dominated by sand tuffaceous, 3) while in Geres and Sakra Selong layers alternating between sand and clay tuffaceous. The number of layers varies from 2 to 5 with an average thickness of between 3 and 50 m.
B. Pumice Analysis in Central Lombok Area
Results of analysis of pumice in the Central Lombok each: Janapria, Batukliang, Narmada and Sengkerang, constituent rocks generally alternating between tuff, sand, volcanic breccia and pumice. Pumice layer generally consists of 2 to 4 layers that occupy layer 2 to 5. Average thickness between 1.2 meters to 30 meters.
Stratigraphy of this area is based on the data of each geoelectric Terara area, Janapria generally dominated by tuffaceous clay. Pumice occasionally punctuated by tuffaceous sand. Being in Mantang and Narmada are generally dominated by tuffaceous sand and pumice tuff.
C. Pumice Analysis in North Lombok Area
Information pumice in North Lombok, pretty much however, the geoelectric data supporting this research still very minimal. Data exist only in the region of Malaka Pemenang, Rempek, Panggung Barat, Sambik and Lempenge and Gangga. In Panggung Barat area 3 point, in Rempek 2 points, 4 points in Sambik and in Lempenge 3 with 2D trajectory while in the Gangga only 1 point. Pumice in this area based on geoelectric data, has an average thickness between 2 to 8 meters at a depth of 2 to 30 metres as measured at the local surface. Stratigraphy of the area is composed by clay, fumice, tuffaceous sand, breccia and lava.
D. Pumice Analysis in West Lombok Area
Pumice were analyzed in the Kebun Buncit Lembar, generally mixed with clay and sand. Thick layer of pumice here an average of 2.7 to 4 meters and is 2 to 6 meters below the local surface. Pumice is the second layer, from the surface. Lithological constituent structure in this region of the upper row are: top soil, pumice, sandstone, silty clay, and breccia.
E. Pumice Analysis in South Lombok Area
Pumice in South Lombok deer area, generally exposed at the surface with the thickness and depth of ± 3 meters. Resistivity varies from 60-428 Ωm. The second and the third layer is sand and clay. This stratigraphy is thought to result from the dynamic sedimentation river and marine sediments. Thus pumice thought to have originated from the river or from the tidal waves of the sea.
An interesting all a above analysis of pumice layer on top is that the pumice generally consists of somewhere multi-layered and these layer from the surface down to get heavier. It is very interesting for Paleovolcano. Pumice layers are repeated in a place indicates that the volcanoes produce pumice in this case has been repeatedly Rinjani volcano erupting with a massive eruption and produce pumice. This is consistent with having been released in the "history of Rinjani volcano eruption" by USGS [5]. The question that arises is: when, how often, how much, how VEI, What effect, is there any relation to the current climate eruption occurred? Will be our next study.
V. CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis of pumice layer thickness by using resistivity data can be concluded as follows :
1) Pumice layer thickness varies, respectively: East Lombok between 3-50 m, in Central Lombok between 1.2 - 30 m, in North Lombok between 2-8 m, in West Lombok from 2.7 to 4 m and 1-3 m in South Lombok.
2) The thickness of the layer of pumice depends on the vertical and horizontal distance from the center of the eruption, the more the presence of the layers is getting thicker and farther away from the source of the eruption of pumice layer thinner. Need further research why the value of resistivity and layer thickness varies with both horizontal and vertical distance from the center of the eruption, and the factors that influence it.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author would like to thank the NTB PAT team for their cooperation and given the permission to utilize the data in this paper, we extend thanks also to all those who have contributed to the writing of this paper is complete.
REFERENCES
[1] Eko Bambang Sutedjo, 2010, Potensi Bahan Galian Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat, Dinas Pertambangan Nusa Tenggara Barat,
ntbtamben@gmail.com www.distamben.ntb.go.id.
[2] Darman,H. & Saidi, H., 2000, An outline of The Geology Og Indonesia, IAGI.
[3] Hamilton,W,1979, Tectonics of the Indonesia Region, Geological survey Professional paper 1078, Washington
[3] Suratno, N., 1994, Peta Geologi dan Potensi Bahan Galian Nusa Tenggara Barat, Skala 1:250.000, Kantor Wilayah Departemen Pertambangan dan Energi NTB
[4] Global Volcanism Program — Department of Mineral Sciences —
National Museum of Natural History — Smithsonian Institution atau (http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm)
[5] Robinson, E.S.&Coruh, C.,1988, Basic Exploration Geophysics, John Wiley & Sons,New York.
[6] W.R. Telford, R.E. Sheriff, L.P. Geldart, 1990, Applied Geophysics, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press.
