Donald Ary dkk (1994); Sanapiah Faisal (1995) dan Moh Nasir (1999)

(1)

(2)

Darimana masalah ditemukan?

1. pengamatan terhadap kegiatan manusia sekeliling 2. ulangan serta perluasan penelitian

3. cabang studi yang sedang dikembangkan 4. praktek serta keinginan masyarakat

5. bidang spesialisasi

6. pelajaran yang sedang diikuti 7. diskusi-diskusi ilmiah

8. persaan intuisi 8. persaan intuisi

9. pengalaman dan catatan pribadi 10. deduksi dari teori

11. literatur yang relevan (termasuk laporan hasil penelitian)

12. kebijakan-kebijakan yang dikeluarkan oleh suatu instansi, lembaga atau organisasi

Donald Ary dkk (1994); Sanapiah Faisal (1995) dan Moh Nasir (1999)

(3)

What is a research problem?

• Konvensional: problem adalah seperangkat kondisi

yang memerlukan solusi, diskusi dan informasi.

• Teknis/metodologis: menunjukkan perlunya dilakukana

penelitian empiris; pengumpulan data dan analisis

• It is not:

– (1) how to do something; – (1) how to do something;

– (2) a vague or too broad a proposition; or – (3) a value question.

• But by asking these types of questions a researchable

problem may emerge.

• Preliminary work determines what type of logic would

best serve the investigation. Is deductive or inductive

reasoning needed?

(4)

research problem

• Penelitian kualitatif: sejumlah

pertanyaan atau hipotesis. Hipotesis

deductive reasoning.

• Penelitian kualitatif: suatu pertanyaan

penelitian yang merupakan hasil pemikiran

induktif untuk memahami situasi tertentu.

Biasanya diungkapkan dengan kata “how,

what, why”

(5)

Merumuskan masalah

• Rambu-rambu perumusan masalah :

– Masalah biasanya dirumuskan dalam bentuk

pertanyaan

– Rumusan hendaknya jelas dan padat

– Rumusan masalah harus berisi implikasi adanya data

untuk memecahkan masalah

– Rumusan masalah harus merupakan dasar dalam

perumusan hipotesis

– Masalah harus menjadi dasar perumusan judul

penelitian

(6)

Tujuan Penelitian

• The purpose of this study is to . . . (it

should imply the question, define the

variables for the purpose of the study,

and define the population of the study)

(7)

Problem Statements

• The problem statement is more specific

than a topic and it limits the scope of

the research problem.It

communicates:(1)the focus &

importance of the problem;(2)the

context & scope; &(3) the framework

for reporting the results.

(8)

Jenis Permasalahan

• Masalah = problem

• Tiga jenis problem:

– Problematik deskriptif, yaitu problema untuk mengetahui status dan mendeskripsikan fenomena sehingga lahirlah penelitian deskriptif

– Problematik komparatif, yaitu problema untuk membandingkan dua fenomena atau lebih. Disini peneliti berusaha mencari

dua fenomena atau lebih. Disini peneliti berusaha mencari

persamaan dan perbedaan fenomena, selanjutnya mencari arti atau manfaat dari persamaan dan perbedaan tersebut

– Problematik korelatif, yaitu problema untuk mencari hubungan antara dua fenomena. Problem korelasi ada dua macam, yaitu korelasi sejajar dan korelasi sebab akibat.

• Ketiga jenis permasalahan ini biasanya dijadikan dasa

peneliti dalam merumuskan judul penelitian

(9)

Formulating research aims and objectives

• Maksud (Aims):

– are broad statements of desired outcomes, or

the general intentions of the research, which

'paint the picture' of your research proposal

– emphasize what is to be accomplished, not

how it is to be accomplished

– address the long-term project outcomes, i.e.

they should reflect the aspirations and

expectations of the research topic

– do not need to be numbered

(10)

Latar Belakang,Rumusan

masalah dan Judul Penelitian

(11)

• Objectives:

– are the steps you are going to take to answer your research questions or a specific list of tasks needed to accomplish the goals of the project

– emphasize how aims are to be accomplished – must be highly focused and feasible

– address the more immediate project outcomes

– make accurate use of concepts and be sensible and precisely described

– are usually numbered so that each objective reads as an – are usually numbered so that each objective reads as an

'individual' statement to convey your intentions

• For each specific objective you must have a method to

attempt to achieve it. The development of a realistic time

schedule may help to prioritize your objectives and help to

minimize wasted time and effort

.

(12)

Aims and Objectives should not:

• be too vague, ambitious or broad in scope:

– though aims are more general in nature than objectives it is the viability and feasibility of your study that you have to demonstrate and aims often present an over-optimistic picture of what the project can achieve

• just repeat each other in different terms

• just be a list of things related to your research topic • just be a list of things related to your research topic

• spend time discussing details of your job or research site i.e.:

– it is your research study your assessors are interested in and you

should keep this in mind at all times.

• contradict methods, that is, they should not imply methodological goals or standards of measurement, proof or generalizability of findings that the methods cannot sustain

(13)

Remember:

• at the conclusion of your project you will need to assess

whether or not you have met your objectives and if not,

why not.

• you may not however always meet your aims in full,

since your research may reveal that your questions were

inappropriate, that there are intervening variables you

could not account for or that the circumstances of the

study have changed etc. Whatever the case, your

conclusion will still have to reflect on how well the

research design that was guided by your objectives has

contributed to addressing your aims.

(14)

Jenis-jenis metode penelitian

• Metode deskriptif: penelitian yang

menggunakan metode kuantitatif untuk

menggambarkan fenomena seperti apa

adanya fenomena tersebut. Bukan

bermaksud untuk memanipulasi atau

mengontrol. Contoh:

– Naturalistic observation

– Survey research

(15)

• Penelitian korelasional: mengidentifikasi

hubungan antara variabel-variabel,

bukan

untuk melihat hubungan sebab akibat

• Prosesnya melibatkan

– developing a research question,

– collecting data, and

– drawing a conclusion.

• Proses pengumpulan data yang dilakukan

dalam bentuk pengukuran variabel bukan

memanipulasi variabel

(16)

Beberapa persoalan dalam

penelitian korelasional

• Karena hanya mengukur tidak bisa

ditetapkan mana yang penyebab mana

yang akibat

• Bisa saja terjadi variables X dan Y

berkorelasi,meski X tidak menyebabkan

Y. • Misal: hubungan antara banyaknya teman

dengan kesehatan

(17)

• Misal: ada hubungan positif antara

banyaknya teman dengan kesehatan

• Kemungkinan :

– Banyak teman membuat seorang menjadi

lebih sehat

– Karena lebih sehat seseorang punya banyak

teman. Orang yang sehat bisa terlibat banyak

dalam aktivitas sosial sehingga memiliki

(18)

Contoh penelitian korelasional

• smoking and violent crime (Brennan, 1999)

• Women surveyed during the final trimester of

pregnancy about smoking. Correlated with

arrested records of their sons 34 years later.

Controlled for:

• socioeconomic status

parental psychiatric problems

age

fatherís criminal history

Conclusion: ìmaternal

smoking during pregnancy is related to

increased rates of crime in adult offspring.î

(19)

Contoh

• Does being violent cause people to seek

violent television shows? Or does

watching violent television shows cause

violent behavior? If all we do is measure

the variables, we can't tell which of these

is true

(20)

• Metode eksperimental: bertujuan

memanipulasi dan mengontrol variabel

untuk melihat (establish) hubungan

sebab-akibat.

– Quasi-experimental designs

– True experimental designs

– Single-subject designs

(21)