* Alamat Korespondensi : irdikama@apps.ipb.ac.id DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bullittro.v33n1.2022.41-52
0215-0824/2527-4414 @ 2017 Buletin Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat
ADDED VALUE OF LOCAL ORGANIC WASTES TO DEVELOP AROMATIC PLANTS IN AGROFORESTRY
Nilai Tambah Limbah Organik Lokal untuk Pengembangan Tanaman Aromatik dalam Agroforestri
Muhammad Syamil Hizbi1), Irdika Mansur1*), and Supriyanto2)1) Department of Silviculture – IPB University Jl. Lingkar Akademik Kampus IPB, Dramaga, Bogor, 16680
2) South-East Asian Regional Center for Tropical Biology (SEAMEO BIOTROP) Jl. Raya Tajur KM 6, Bogor, 16134
INFO ARTIKEL ABSTRACT/ABSTRAK
Article history:
Diterima: 12 Agustus 2022 Direvisi: 12 Oktober 2022 Disetujui: 06 Januari 2023
An agroforestry system consisting of fast-growing aromatic plants, such as citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus L.) and tree crops that produce aromatic substances, such as ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thomson forma genuina), was an alternative to the sustainable agricultural system. The growth and oil production of citronella grass can be enhanced by fertilization and planting patterns. The effects of planting patterns of citronella grass and ylang-ylang and compost application from various organic wastes on plant growth, biomass weight, and citronellal and geraniol content of citronella grass were investigated in a field experiment. The experiment consisted of two factors: planting patterns and types of fertilizer. Planting patterns (main plot) consisted of two levels, with citronella grass planted between ylang-ylang rows (IR) and between and within ylang-ylang rows (IWR). Five levels of fertilizer types comprised the subplot: no fertilization (P0), bamboo leaf compost (P1), vetiver leaf compost (P2), dairy cow dung compost (P3), and inorganic fertilizer (P4).
Compost made from dairy cow manure significantly increased leaf length, tiller count per plant, canopy width, and citronellal content. Furthermore, its application in the IWR pattern revealed the optimal interaction that significantly increased citronella grass canopy width 4 and 8 weeks after planting. This result indicated that local organic wastes greatly aided the development of aromatic plants in agroforestry.
Keywords:
Cananga odorata;
Cymbopogon nardus; geraniol;
yield; citronellal
Kata kunci:
Cananga odorata; Cymbopogon nardus; geraniol; produksi;
sitronelal
Sistem agroforestri menggunakan komoditas cepat menghasilkan seperti serai wangi (Cymbopogon nardus L.) dan tanaman aromatik tahunan seperti ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson forma genuina) dapat menjadi alternatif sistem pertanian berkelanjutan. Optimasi pertumbuhan dan produksi minyak serai wangi dapat dilakukan melalui pemupukan dan pengaturan pola tanam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pengaturan pola tanam serai wangi dengan ylang-ylang dan aplikasi berbagai kompos dari limbah organik yang berbeda terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman, produksi biomassa, kandungan sitronelal dan geraniol dari minyak serai wangi. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan rancangan petak terbagi faktorial dengan dua faktor, yaitu desain agroforestri dan jenis pupuk.
Desain agroforestri (petak utama) terdiri atas dua level, yaitu penanaman diantara baris ylang-ylang (IR) dan penanaman diantara dan di dalam baris ylang-ylang (IWR). Anak petak terdiri dari lima level jenis pupuk yaitu tanpa pupuk (P0), kompos daun bambu (P1), kompos daun akar wangi (P2), kompos kotoran sapi perah (P3), dan pupuk anorganik (P4). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kompos kotoran sapi perah secara nyata dapat meningkatkan panjang daun, jumlah anakan, diameter tajuk, dan kandungan sitronelal. Kombinasi IWR dan kompos kotoran sapi perah memberikan pengaruh interaksi terbaik dalam meningkatkan diameter tajuk serai wangi pada umur 4 dan 8 minggu setelah tanam. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa limbah organik lokal memiliki manfaat yang besar untuk mendukung pengembangan tanaman penghasil atsiri dalam system agroforestri.
INTRODUCTION
Population growth has directly led to an increase in solid waste, particularly solid organic waste. Solid organic waste consists of organic biodegradable fractions with a high moisture content, which pose an environmental risk if mismanaged. Waste management practices such as open burning and improper waste disposal cause air pollution, global warming, water-borne disease, and pathogen replication (Das et al. 2018; Okedere et al.
2019; Sharma et al. 2019). These traditional practices brought about harmful risks, nutrient depletion in the soil, and economic losses (Yadav and Garg 2011).
Organic waste utilization as compost was more sustainable than traditional methods (Sharma et al. 2017). Composting was the proper choice to convert solid organic waste, like agricultural waste, into organic fertilizer. Agricultural wastes have very high nutrients to be value-added products.
Therefore, it could enhance the growth and production of valuable crops (Soobhany 2019; Anli et al. 2020; Kandil et al. 2020). Recycling local agricultural wastes through composting and using them in cropping was considered to promote sustainability (Pergola et al. 2018; de Corato 2020;
Mengqi et al. 2021).
Sustainable land management can increase farm production without degrading soil and water resources. In addition, improved agronomic practices, such as organic fertilization, agroforestry, minimal soil disturbance, and residue incorporation, were deemed sustainable land management because they increased yield and soil carbon sequestration (Branca et al. 2013). The principle of sustainable practice was producing and managing crop residues (Kumari et al. 2018). Incorporating organic wastes and residues in the cultivation could promote the recycling of nutrients and organic carbon, prevent agricultural soil reduction, and enhance their water retention capacity (Martínez-Mena et al. 2020). In addition, it could elevate yield in both sole cropping and intercropping through agroforestry (Kumar et al. 2018; Partey et al. 2018).
Sustainable land management by reusing agricultural wastes and practicing agroforestry systems can be applied to support development strategies in densely populated areas such as West Java. One of its strategies was empowering pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) to grow businesses according to their potential (Muhaemin 2021). Pesantren is one education model in Indonesia that equipped the students with life skills.
For instance, some pesantren have great agricultural resources to be the core of students' life skills
(Fatchan et al. 2015; Pradini et al. 2017; Muhardi et al. 2020). Moreover, it is essential to introduce sustainable land management for broad benefits not only in education but also for business development, particularly for certain pesantren that have focused on cultivating specialty crops in West Java, which is renowned as the center of aromatic plant production in Indonesia (Aviasti et al. 2019).
Developing aromatic plants in an agroforestry system can utilize fast-producing commodities, e.g., citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus L.) and another aromatic-producing tree crop like ylang–ylang (Cananga odorata forma genuina (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thomson). Citronella grass can be harvested 6 months after planting (MAP), whereas ylang–ylang can produce oil 2–3 years after planting (Manner and Elevitch 2006;
Zigene et al. 2018). Citronella oil is known as a mosquito repellent, antiseptic, antispasmodic, diuretic, and febrifuge (Eden et al. 2020). Ylang–
ylang oil is mainly used for fine fragrances, cosmetics, and detergents. It was also a flavoring agent for beverages, ice cream, candies, chewing gums, and baked goods (de Groot and Schmidt 2017). Both citronella grass and ylang-ylang have broad applications and market opportunities.
However, their benefits depend on their chemical composition (Barbieri and Borsotto 2018). For instance, growing citronella grass in an agroforestry system was more difficult because environmental factors significantly influenced the chemical composition of the oil (Morshedloo et al. 2017).
In agroforestry, spatial patterns, and nutrient management are indispensable. Developing citronella in agroforestry could affect its chemical composition, thereby influencing biomass yield and oil quality (Katsoulis et al. 2022). In addition, environmental conditions such as soil fertility impacted essential oil yield (Bhagat and Prajapati 2021; Emami et al. 2018; Yeddes et al. 2018). In this study, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of planting patterns of citronella grass and ylang-ylang and the application of compost from organic wastes on plant growth, biomass yield, citronellal and geraniol content of citronella grass.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The study was conducted from February to August 2021 at the Pesantren Pertanian Darul Fallah (Dafa), Benteng Village, Ciampea Sub-district, Bogor District, West Java Province (6º32'50,7" S and 106 º42'8,7" E). The soil was categorized as brown Latosol (Humic Dystrudepts) with a silt
texture to the clay. Seedlings of citronella grass and ylang–ylang were obtained from the Southeast Asian Regional Centre of Tropical Biology (SEAMEO BIOTROP) nursery in Bogor. The citronella oil was extracted using steam-water distillation in the cohobating process (Oktavianawati et al. 2022) at the Laboratory of Natural Products, SEAMEO BIOTROP.
Meanwhile, citronellal and geraniol were analyzed with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) at the Health Laboratory of Jakarta.
Seedling and media preparation
The seedlings of the Sitrona 2 Agribun variety (citronella grass) and ylang–ylang have been prepared from previous research (Zuhriansah et al.
2020). The average size of ylang–ylang seedlings was 100 cm in height and 18,69 mm in diameter.
The seedlings were grown in polybags filled with soil and compost (3:2) and were maintained for one month at the nursery of SEAMEO BIOTROP before being transported and planted at the experimental site of Dafa.
Land clearing
A systemic herbicide (glyphosate active ingredient) was applied as pre-emergent weeding at the beginning of the study, then the weeds and natural trees were manually cleared. Organic litter from the land clearing was collected to be then composted. The soil samples at 20 – 25 cm depth were taken and analyzed for their chemical and
physical characteristics to determine the land fertility status.
Composting process
The composts material for this study was obtained from on-site organic wastes: bamboo leaf litter, vetiver leaf waste, and dairy cow dung (manure). Each material was arranged into three layers and separated into different piles. The effective Microorganism–4 (EM4) and bio enzyme from starfruit waste was added into every layer to accelerate the composting process. Compost piles were then covered by a polyethylene–mulch sheet and incubated until they reached stable temperature and turned over every three days to ensure good aeration.
The stable temperature at 26–30ºC was reached four weeks after composting, following Mahapatra et al. (2022) statement that compost reached maturity at 10–46ºC. The compost was then analyzed for its macronutrient content to ensure it fulfilled the Indonesia National Standard (SNI 19- 7030-2004).
Experimental design
The trial was arranged in a factorial split-plot randomized block design with two factors and repeated three times (R1, R2, and R3). The main plot was planting patterns (A) and fertilizer type (P) as the subplot. The main plot consisted of two treatments A1 = citronella grass in between rows of ylang–ylang (IR) and A2 = citronella grass in
Figure 1. Planting design and plot randomization.
Gambar 1. Desain penanaman dan pengacakan plot.
between and within rows of ylang–ylang (IWR).
Meanwhile, the subplot consisted of five fertilizer types which were control or without fertilization (P0), bamboo leaf compost (P1), vetiver leaf compost (P2), manure compost (P3), and commercial inorganic fertilizer with 150 kg ha-1 urea, 50 kg ha-1 SP36, and 125 kg ha -1 KCl (P4).
The dose of inorganic fertilizer followed Setiawan et al. (2019). Those combinations were replicated three times. The trial layout is pictured in Figure 1.
Plant spacing for the ylang–ylang was 3 m x 3 m, and for citronella grass was 1 m x 1 m. In addition, plant spacing between ylang–ylang and citronella grass followed the treatments, IR was 0.5 m, and IWR was 1 m. Ylang–ylang was planted before citronella grass. Planting-hole size for ylang–
ylang seedlings was 30 cm x 30 cm x 50 cm, while for citronella grass was 20 cm x 20 cm x 20 cm. The compost was applied only for the citronella grass 1 kg/plant and was split into three applications. The first application was at the time of planting, and the rest was applied every three weeks. Ylang–ylang was simply fertilized with 1 kg of goat manure per plant.
Observation, data collecting, and analysis The parameters observed on citronella grass were growth (leaf length, tillers number per clump, and canopy width) and yield (biomass and oil quality). The growth parameter data were collected 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks after planting (WAP). The leaf length was measured from the bottom to the top of the longest leaves of the plant sample.
Furthermore, the tillers' number per clump was measured by counting every tiller per clump of the sample plants. At the same time, the canopy width was the average of the longest and the shortest canopy diameter.
The yield parameters of citronella grass were biomass production and chemical content (citronellal and geraniol). The clumps of citronella grass were harvested without their roots and weighed to get the fresh biomass. The citronella oil was extracted using water–steam cohobating distillation. Cohobation was the extraction process that drew the condensed liquid from the water back to the extractor body once the oil was released to sustain the distillation process (Quezada-Moreno et al. 2019). The analysis of citronellal and geraniol was only performed on three treatments (the best treatment, control, and commercial inorganic fertilizer) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) following the method of Kusumo et al. (2019).
All data were statistically analyzed using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR) software and Microsoft Excel to determine differences among treatments (Analysis of Variance/ ANOVA). The ANOVA result was further tested with Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) with α = 0.05 if there were any significant differences.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Soil chemical properties and compost macronutrients
The soil chemical characteristics listed in Table 1 mostly fit the acidic soil characteristics, such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium deficiency. However, there was no indication of Al toxicity dan P deficiency which was commonly found in acidic soil (Han et al. 2019). The deficiency of potassium, calcium, and magnesium negatively impacted plants because these nutrients were involved in some physiological processes, especially photosynthesis, enzyme regulations, disease, and stress resistance (Hauer-Jakli and Trankner 2019; Thor 2019; Wang et al. 2019;
Sardans and Peñuelas 2021; Xie et al. 2021).
Amelioration was commonly done in acidic soil with lime application to manage acidic soil (Page et al. 2018), but liming was high cost.
Gurmessa (2021) suggested soil organic management instead of liming. Furthermore, Fujii et al. (2021) stated that soil organic matter from litter production and mineralization balanced proton generation and consumption, contributing to acidic soil neutralization. Dafa's local organic wastes were rich in plant macronutrients, providing plants with potassium, calcium, and magnesium (Table 2). All compost material had fulfilled C : N ratio requirement from SNI. Moreover, Afonso et al.
(2021) revealed that a C : N ratio of more than 20 could stimulate N immobilization.
Manure compost showed the most extensive content of organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphate, and calcium. As Nguyen et al. (2020) stated, compost from animal residue was more nutritious than plant residue. However, both animal-based compost and plant-based compost have unique benefits. Khasawneh and Yahia (2020) concluded that plant-residue compost could promote soil health and yield quality, while animal-residue compost was more improving yield through its complete nutrient content.
Table 1. Chemical soil properties at the experimental site.
Tabel 1. Status kimia tanah lokasi penelitian.
Parameters/
Parameter
Unit/
Satuan
Value/
Nilai
Criteria/
Kriteria*
pH H2O - 4.34 Very acid
Organic Carbon % 1.99 Low
Total Nitrogen % 0.25 Medium
Total Phosphate mg P2O5/100 g 147.13 Very high
Available Phosphate/P tersedia ppm 102.34 Very high
Total Potassium mg K2O/100 g 26.84 Medium
Exchangeable cation/Kation dapat ditukarkan
K cmol K/kg 0.37 Low
Mg cmol Mg/kg 1.76 Very low
C cmol Ca/kg 4.49 Low
Na cmol Na/kg 0.13 Low
Al cmol Al/kg 1.20 Very low
CEC/KTK cmol/kg 20.68 Medium
* ([Balittanah] 2009).
Table 2. The macronutrient content of compost from organic wastes.
Tabel 2. Hara makro dari kompos limbah organik.
Macronutrients/
Hara makro
Local organic wastes/
Limbah organic Bamboo leaf litter/
Serasah bambu
Vetiver leaf litter/
Serasah daun akar wangi
Manure/
Kotoran sapi perah
Organic carbon (%) 23.660 25.760 28.120
Total nitrogen (%) 1.385 1.525 1.600
C:N ratio 17.083 16.891 17.575
Phosphate (%) 0.408 0.618 1.405
Potassium (%) 0.268 0.850 0.635
Calcium (%) 0.358 0.203 0.380
Magnesium (%) 1.600 0.380 0.073
Growth of citronella grass
The growth parameters were significantly affected by planting pattern, fertilizer type, or the interaction of both (Table 3, 4, 5). Fertilizer type significantly affected leaf length from 2 WAP to 10 WAP (Table 3). Manure compost significantly elevated leaf length compared to others, although
commercial inorganic fertilizers promoted the longest leaf in the first two weeks. Inorganic fertilizers provide readily available nutrients for the plant but are also lost by leaching, polluting the environment. Organic fertilizer was claimed to be more sustainable and safe from pollution (Bhardwaj et al. 2021; Shaji et al. 2021).
Table 3. The leaf length of citronella grass on various fertilizer types application.
Tabel 3. Panjang daun serai wangi pada aplikasi berbagai jenis pupuk.
Fertilizer types/
Jenis pupuk
Leaf length/
Panjang daun (cm)
2 4 6 8 10
weeks after planting/
minggu setelah tanam
P0 21.84 ± 0.59b 57.92 ± 4.54ab 86.05 ± 8.08bc 98.44 ± 5.01b 104.21 ± 3.99c P1 22.10 ± 1.14b 60.11 ± 2.83a 88.61 ± 2.37abc 104.91 ± 5.78a 110.09 ± 4.37ab P2 21.71 ± 0.78b 59.35 ± 5.61ab 92.06 ± 11.51ab 100.89 ± 3.62ab 106.83 ± 2.81bc P3 22.11 ± 1.07b 62.30 ± 2.16a 94.10 ± 6.30a 105.23 ± 6.23a 113.45 ± 2.70a P4 24.30 ± 2.29a 54.36 ± 3.25b 81.19 ± 8.75c 97.08 ± 8.62b 104.72 ± 7.18c Notes/ Keterangan: Numbers followed by same letter in the same column were not significantly different based on DMRT 5%/Angka
yang diikuti oleh huruf yang sama pada kolom yang sama tidak berbeda nyata pada DMRT 5%.
P0: without fertilizer/tanpa pupuk, P1: bamboo leaf compost/kompos serasah bambu, P2: vetiver leaf compost/kompos serasah daun akar wangi, P3: manure compost/kompos kotoran sapi perah, P4: inorganic fertilizer/pupuk anorganik.
Table 4. The tiller number of citronella grass on various planting patterns and fertilizer types at 10 weeks after planting (WAP).
Tabel 4. Jumlah anakan serai wangi pada beberapa pola tanam dan jenis pupuk umur 10 minggu setelah tanam (MST).
Treatments/
Perlakuan
Tillers number per plant/
Jumlah anakan per tanaman --- Planting patterns/ Pola tanam ---
A1 21.01 ± 5.30b
A2 26.83 ± 5.78a
--- Type of fertilizers/ Jenis pupuk ---
P0 21.01 ± 3.16b
P1 23.07 ± 7.32ab
P2 26.83 ± 8.38a
P3 28.45 ± 5.03a
P4 20.24 ± 1.39b
Notes/Keterangan: Numbers followed by same letter in the same column were not significantly different based on DMRT 5%Angka yang diikuti oleh huruf yang sama pada kolom yang sama tidak berbeda nyata pada DMRT 5%.
A1: citronella between rows of ylang–
ylang/penanaman diantara baris ylang- ylang (IR), A2: citronella between and within rows of ylang – ylang/Penanaman diantara dan di dalam baris ylang-ylang (IWR).
P0: without fertilizer/tanpa pupuk, P1:
bamboo leaf compost/kompos serasah bambu, P2: vetiver leaf compost/kompos serasah daun akar wangi, P3: manure compost/kompos kotoran sapi perah, P4:
inorganic fertilizer/pupuk anorganik.
The tiller number was affected by planting patterns and fertilizer types at 10 WAP. Moreover, citronella grass planted between rows of ylang–
ylang (A1) and the manure application improved tillers number per plant better than other treatments (Table 4). Rahman et al. (2018) revealed that the tiller number parameter positively correlated with canopy width.
Planting patterns and fertilizer types indicated interaction on canopy width at 4 WAP and 8 WAP (Table 5). Citronella grass with IR planting pattern with manure compost application showed the widest canopy at 4 and 8 WAP. However, it was not significantly different with IWR–manure compost combination at 4 WAP. Plant growth rate in agroforestry system might alter following plant's age. It could relate to the agroforestry system, which could improve soil conditions (Amare et al. 2022).
Manure compost had more complete macronutrients than other compost (Table 2). Thus, manures often had a better effect on plant growth than other organic fertilizers (Lopes et al. 2019).
Manures enhanced soil's organic matter status, further improving soil's physical and microbial activities and increasing plant nutrient availability (Massey et al. 2021). It also provided a suitable condition for the initial developing stage of agroforestry, which still lacks sources of organic matter.
Planting arrangement and nutrient management were crucial in initiating the growing system, primarily to maintain nutrient and light availability. Root distribution between tree and crop
Table 5. The interaction of planting pattern and fertilizer type on canopy width of citronella grass (C. nardus) at 4 and 8 WAP.
Tabel 5. Diameter tajuk serai wangi (C. nardus) dipengaruhi interaksi dua faktor.
Planting patterns/
Pola tanam
Canopy width/ Lebar tajuk (cm) Type of fertilizers/ Jenis pupuk
P0 P1 P2 P3 P4
--- 4 WAP ---
A1 14.86 ± 0.62bcd 14.58 ± 1.28bcd 13.56 ± 0.81d 18.39 ± 1.20a 18.06 ± 2.45a A2 14.29 ± 0.73bcd 15.17 ± 0.30bcd 14.20 ± 0.75cd 16.15 ± 0.32ab 15.51 ± 0.38bc
--- 8 WAP ---
A1 49.06 ± 2.90cde 43.70 ± 2.42e 52.76 ± 8.08abcde 54.70 ± 6.26abcde 50.60 ± 1.83bcde A2 55.56 ± 5.65abc 56.00 ± 3.30ab 53.84 ± 5.09abcde 58.27 ± 5.02a 47.33 ± 2.06de Notes/Keterangan: Numbers followed by same letter in the same column were not significantly different based on DMRT 5% /Angka
yang diikuti oleh huruf yang sama pada kolom yang sama tidak berbeda nyata pada DMRT 5% .
A1: citronella between rows of ylang–ylang/penanaman diantara baris ylang-ylang (IR), A2: citronella between and within rows of ylang – ylang/penanaman diantara dan di dalam baris ylang-ylang (IWR).
P0: without fertilizer/tanpa pupuk, P1: bamboo leaf compost/kompos serasah bambu, P2: vetiver leaf compost/kompos serasah daun akar wangi, P3: manure compost/kompos kotoran sapi perah, P4: inorganic fertilizer/pupuk anorganik.
was the tool to interpret belowground interaction in the agroforestry system. Most crop roots occupied the surface soil layer (80–100 cm depth). During the early stages of tree and crop development, both relied on surface water, but trees rapidly developed roots below the crop rooting (Noordwijk et al.
2015). Tree root distribution followed by microorganism supports allowed a network mechanism that kept nutrients from leaching and led to the efficiency and effectiveness of nutrient absorption (Isaac and Borden 2019). Thus, a complementary effect of plants was created.
Aboveground interaction through shoot development impacted light access, affecting plant photosynthesis. Developing a tree’s canopy may intercept the light and change the quality which reaches the crops (Jose et al. 2004). Planting arrangement was necessary to accommodate aboveground interaction, which can improve the growth of trees and crops (Thakur et al. 2020). In this study, the IWR was more suitable for providing ideal planting space for citronella grass.
Fresh biomass production, citronellal, and geraniol content
Fresh biomass production was only significantly affected by planting patterns, and the IWR was better than the IR (Table 6). Thus, the IWR planting pattern was compatible for ylang–ylang and citronella grass agroforestry.
Citronella grass was known as light tolerant species (Kulip 2009) hence citronella grass could tolerate shading (Fynn et al. 2011).
Table 6. Fresh biomass production of citronella grass at several planting patterns and fertilizer types at 12 weeks after planting (WAP).
Tabel 6. Produksi biomassa segar serai wangi pada beberapa perlakuan pola tanam dan jenis pupuk umur 12 minggu setelah tanam (MST).
Treatments/
Perlakuan
Fresh biomass production per plant/ Produksi biomassa per
tanaman (kg)
--- Planting patterns/ Pola tanam ---
A1 0.32 ± 0.16 b
A2 0.51 ± 0.18 a
--- Type of fertilizers/ Jenis pupuk ---
P0 0.43 ± 0.17
P1 0.37 ± 0.23
P2 0.46 ± 0.24
P3 0.41 ± 0.17
P4 0.32 ± 0.12
Notes/Keterangan: Numbers followed by same letter in the same column were not significantly different based on DMRT 5% /Angka yang diikuti oleh huruf yang sama pada kolom yang sama tidak berbeda nyata pada DMRT 5%. A1: citronella in between rows of ylang–ylang/Penanaman diantara baris ylang-ylang (IR), A2: citronella between and within rows of ylang–
ylang/Penanaman diantara dan di dalam baris ylang-ylang (IWR). P0: without fertilizer/tanpa pupuk, P1: bamboo leaf compost/kompos serasah bambu, P2:
vetiver leaf compost/kompos serasah daun akar wangi, P3: manure compost/kompos kotoran sapi perah, P4: inorganic fertilizer/pupuk anorganik.
Table 7. Citronellal and geraniol content from three treatment combinations.
Tabel 7. Kandungan sitronelal dan geraniol dari tiga kombinasi perlakuan.
Treatments/
Perlakuan
Citronellal content/
Kandungan sitronelal (%)
Geraniol content/
Kandungan geraniol (%)
A2P0 31.95 19.16
A2P3 32.06 20.02
A2P4 30.88 20.16
SNI requirement/
persyaratan SNI
Min 35 Min 85
Notes/Keterangan: A2P0: combination of IWR and without fertilizer treatment/kombinasi IWR tanpa pupuk, A2P3: combination of IWR and manure compost/kombinasi IWR dan pupuk kandang, A2P4: combination of IWR and inorganic fertilizer/kombinasi IWR dan pupuk anorganik.
Citronella grass cultivated following the IWR pattern and fertilized with manure compost produced the highest citronella oil. However, the highest geraniol content was yielded from the IWR planting pattern combined with inorganic fertilizer application (Table 7). Nevertheless, both citronella and geraniol content did not fulfill Indonesian National Standard (SNI) requirement (Table 7).
The lower content of citronellal and geraniol than the SNI requirement might relate to harvesting time.
The chemical composition of citronella oil varied following several factors, including geographical origin, environmental factors, ecological and climatic conditions, developmental stages, harvesting time, and genetic factors (Kaur et al.
2021). Delayed harvesting time might increase the Delayed harvesting time might increase the quality of desired chemical composition because older plants would form more oil glands and enhance biosynthesis (Emami Bistgani et al. 2018). Chong et al. (2015) also revealed citronellal and low geraniol content of citronella grass harvested at 1–5 months after planting was 39.66% and 18.83%, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Local organic wastes aided the growth and yield of citronella grass in the ylang-ylang agroforestry system. The best citronella growth (leaf length, tiller number per plant, canopy width)
and citronellal content was produced by manure compost. In addition, manure compost and the IWR planting pattern (citronella planted between and within rows of ylang–ylang) significantly increased canopy width at 4 and 8 WAP. This result indicated that local organic wastes could be composted to promote the growth of aromatic plants.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank Pesantren Pertanian Darul Fallah and SEAMEO Biotrop for supporting the research by providing plant materials and allowing the use of their facilities.
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