Youth and Crime.

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SOCIOLOGY AND POLICY PRACTICES

IN CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

Edited by:

Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin Centre for Socioglobal Studies

Padjadjaran University

Foreword by: Dr. Arry Bainus MA

Dean, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Padjadjaran University

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ii Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues SOCIOLOGY AND POLICY PRACTICES IN CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

Published By

Penerbit Samudra Biru (Member of IKAPI) Jomblangan Gg. Ontoseno Blok B No 15 Rt 12/30 Banguntapan Bantul Yogyakarta Indonesia 55198 Telp. (0274) 9494 558

E-mail/FB: psambiru@gmail.com

ISBN: 978-602-9276-55-8

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iii Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Ali Maksum, is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Policy Research and International Studies (CenPRIS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. His current project is about the Indonesia-Malaysia relations from defensive realism perspective. He has written articles have been published in such publisher as Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian Studies, Springer (ISI), Indonesia national newspapers and conferences.

Arry Bainus, Ph.D is a senior lecturer at Department of International Relation Padjadjaran University. He recived his doctoral degree in University of Indonesia. He focuses his studies on issues arround national security and defence, including political study on Indonesian Army. Now he is a dean at Faculty of Social and Political Science Padjadjaran University

Ari Ganjar Herdiansah, Ph.D is a lecturer at Department of Sociology Padjadjaran University. In 2014 he received his doctoral degree in political sociology at University of Malaya, Malaysia. His main academic concerns are political sociology of Islamic society, political communication, and the politics of community.

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vi Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues

Fitaha Aini, MA, is a communication lecturer in Indonesia. She has published book and journals in the ield of communication and media. In 2013, she published her irst book entitled Kebebasan Akhbar Malaysia-Indonesia. She completed her study in Science University of Malaysia (Persuasive Communication) in 2008 and University of Malaya (Media Studies) in 2011. Her previous research was evaluation of communication programs (2009-2014) and formulation of communication policy (2015-2019) in Indonesia under the Ministry of National Development Planning.

Forina Lestari, M.Sc. obtained B.Sc.Eng. (ITB, 2006), MSc in Housing, School of Housing, Building and Planning, University of Science Malaysia (USM, 2008).Lecturer at Indonesian Institute of Technology (ITI). She has published a book: Alam Takambang Jadi Guru: Merajut Kearifan Lokal dalam Penanggulangan Bencana di Sumatera. Consultant and expertise at Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) and Directorate General of Spatial Planning, Ministry of Public Works(2013), Directorate General of Regional Development Assistance, Ministry of Home Afairs and Expert, Deputy of the Area Development, Ministry of Public Housing (2012), Expert Staf, Commission V (Infrastructure), he Indonesian House of Representatives (DPR, 2011).Junior Expert, Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas, 2010).

Kumarashwaran VadeveluMSW is a Ph.D scholar at the Social Work Programme, School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. His current Ph.D studies regarding social support system among youth who identiied as transgender women dealing with HIV/AIDS issues. Currently, he’s working as an outreach worker with AIDS Action and Research Group (AARG), Universiti Sains Malaysia under the programme of Needle and Syringe Exchange Program (NSEP) which is dealing with the drug user community.

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vii Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, MA and Ph.D. from University of Malaya. He is a leturer at Departement of Social Welfare (1982-2011) and Departement of Sociology (2011-present), Head Departement of Sociology in Faculty Social and Political Science, Padjadjaran University (2014- present). Visiting Associate Professor at University of Malaya (2008) and Visiting Associate Professor at Univerisiti Sains Malaysia (2012- present).

Syarif Muhidin, Prof. Dr., obtained his Ph.D. from University of Pedjadjaran (UNPAD) Bandung (1997), Master of Science from University of Wales (1979), Diploma in Social Policy & Administration from University College of Swansea (1977). Currently, he is Visiting Senior Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), prior as Visiting Lecturer at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 2010-2012, and formerly as the Head of Research Institute of University of Langlangbuana (UNLA), last he is a Honorable Member (Dewan Kehormat) of the Institute for Social Work Sertiication of Indonesia (2012-up to the present).

Tahcya Muhamad, R. A. Drs. MSi is a senior lecturer at Department of Sociology Padjadjaran University.He is expert in sociology of family and rural community.

Tia Devianty, S.IP., MPA, is a PhD candidates at Universitas Padjadjaran, and a master’s degree graduate from Public Policy, Faculty of Public Policy and Management, Flinders University, Australia. Now, a lecturer at Ahmad Yani University, Bandung - from september 1996 – present Teaching, Researching, and Public Servicing.Current Researches are mainly about Capacity Building For Decentralization (2008-now).

Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, S.Ip MA is a researcher at the Department of International and Strategic Studies, Universiti Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. He is activist in Art Movement in Malaysia.

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viii Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues

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ix Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah. hanks to Allah SWT, whom with His willing giving me the opportunity to complete this book entitled Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues. he publication of this book would not have been possible without the guidance and knowlwdge wich I have acquired from my honourable professors; Professor A.D Saefullah - University of Padjadjaran and Professor Abd. Hadi Zakaria - University of Malaya. I would also like to dedicate this book to my beloved wife, Tuty Tohri and our lovely children Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, Forina Lestari, Fitaha Aini and Tamal Arief Ihsan - their support in my life.

he publication of this book would not be possible without the assistance and cooperation that we have received over the years from the many individuals and organization in various parts of the world. In particular, we wish to thank our team, all authors - Department of Sociology Padjadjaran University and Universiti Sains Malaysia. Specially thanks especially to Ali Maksum for his excellent assistance during the editorial process of this book. Dr. Arry Bainus the Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Padjadjaran University.All of my Masters-PhD students and colleagues at Padjadjaran University as well as USM whom I would like to thanked for providing continuous support towards my success.

Wassalam.

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xi Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues

FOREWORD

Dr. Arry Bainus, MA

Dean, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences

Padjadjaran University

I would like to express my sincere wishes to Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, PhD as Head Department of Sociology Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Padjadjaran University for his great dedication and success in completing this book titled “Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues”. his is a very interesting and important book which I personally feel able to impart more knowledge to the many academics, not only from sociology and political ields, but also from other ields as well. he various issues addressed in this book are in fact very much current issues that is happening around the globe, which need to be understand and scrutinize for better intervention.

I am really honoured to be given the opportunity to give a foreword to this special book. It is hoped that this book able to generate more discussions and awareness on quest for searching for the more relevant solutions to all social, political and economic issues occurring around us today.

I would like to congratulate all chapter contributors for sharing their ideas and knowledge, which I am sure able to set platform for more writers to venture into the highlighted issues. I sincerely hope that more of this book kind will be published in the near future.

hank you. Wassalam.

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xiii Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues

INTRODUCTION

In the Name of God, the Most Gracioeus, the Most Merciful

his book provides a thematic issues and challenges in the new era, Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues. he main objective is to present an integrated analysis of how the discipline of sociology can contribute to our wider understanding of the variety of social and political issues, practices and insttitutions approachs, policies and philosophy wich exist in our society and countries. his explanatory chapters expected to examine and understand as well as ofer choices for human beings in the dinamics world to build a human harmony.

his book depart from the point of view that sociology is as applied social and political sciences can contribute to the development of human life through many perspectives; political and international strategy, culture, history, communi-cation, poverty and social probles. he various theme have been selected are discussed from social fenomena to policy directions.

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xiv Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues

and the countries in ASEAN should build strong partnership in all sectors especially migrant workers which seen obtain small attention. Facing the ASEAN Community 2015 both countries should prepare as maximize as possible by empowering all aspects including migrant workers. By take positive action towards migrant workers both countries indirectly has contribute to the development of “Ummah.”

In the thrird chapter discusses communication strategy through media education: an efort to achieve harmony and sustainability in Indonesia-Malaysia relations - concludes a guidance should be provided to the public so that they can be more critical and wise in dealing with any negative news. A critical community is a community who is able to diferentiate the written and hidden message of writing. A wise community is the one who is not provoked by provocative and negative news. Indonesian and Malaysian should be aware that each of them has had a signiicant contribution one to another. A good example can be seen through the assistant of Malaysian people in the disaster recovery process in Indonesia and the existence of Indonesia migrant workers in the Malaysia’s economic development. However, Indonesia-Malaysia rela-tions is always changing and tend to lead to conlict situations. he role of media and media educationis importantas a communication strategy to implement the problem solving modelin understanding the global situation and the public policies who are based theory of cultural conlict and acculturation. Chapter fourth, the author emphasized Indonesian Culture Heritages in the 21St_Century. his section concludes that hird World back to dig the philosophical values that are in each country. For instance, the basic values of the Indonesian nation is relected in the ive principles of Pancasila namely the divinity in God Almighty, humanity, unity and nationality, deliberation and social justice for all people. he problem is how to translate basic values into the concept of development and preserve cultural heritage. Apparently, the third world thinkers have to work harder to formulate a philosophical values - ideological cultural heritage as part of the great nations of the world.herefore, the cultural heritages is an essential economic asset in facing the escalation of human development.

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xv Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues of democracy, resulting in crafting a uniied republic out of a multi ethnic Nepal. Chapter six explores the broadcast media industry and the role model or best practice in the broadcast media industry. his concept is suitable due to it contains freedom which is up-to-date without abandoning the values of religion, culture and national spirit. Overall, Indonesia requires an (endogenous) big push to strengthen and institutionalize the use of research product for design and implementation of public policies. his will be a crucial factor in determining the success of the welfare policies that the government is currently designing.

In the chapter seven related with poverty phenomena. However, these historical problems did not result in serious poverty under the well planned economic system. he number of poor people inherited from the previous period was also relatively small. In addition, the struggle of urban poor communities in Malaysia for housing and land rights is closely related to the development and history of the country. After the British colonial period, Malaysia’s priority was to develop its economy by focusing on the manufacturing and export industry in urban areas. his resulted when people from rural areas migrating from village to the city, in search of opportunities and to ill the workforce demand. Most of the urban migrants would build their own house near the manufacturing factories, because the surrounding lands were unoccupied and unused. With hard work and their own resources they would clean the area (wilderness) and build houses; this would encourage the development in the area and hence they are known as urban pioneers.

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xvi Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues

research, it is expected that the people of Malaysia be aware especially in spending the time with their children or less able to prevent their children’s involvement in crime. Finally, researchers expect this research can provide as important reference material for dealing with negative behavior such as criminal involvement among adolescents in Malaysia.

his book examines the social and political fenomena in the broader “Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues” perspective. It is compiled from travelers and knowledge experiences in international seminars, talks and forum of researchers, supervisions and other discussion with my professors and colleagues, PhD and Master students. hat experiences, together with their personal values and interests extremely inluence to all authors in this book. Personally, I hope that those who engage and read this book will obtain fruitful knowledge. All errors are the author’s responsibility.

Wassalam.

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107 Youth and Crime

READERS GUIDE

hischapter focus on the psychosocial aspect of youth who involve in crime and their perception towards the rehabilitation programme at Tunas Bakti School in Penang, Malaysia. Basically, this research will explain the psychosocial aspect of youth who involve in crime such as cognitive, social, physical, spiritual and psychological. he researcher wants to explore the relationship between the psychosocial aspect and the involvement of youth in crime. Besides that, this research is also aim to explore the youth perception towards the rehabilitation programme. he objective of this research are to identify whether the psychosocial

Chapter

9

Youth and Crime

Kumarashwaran Vadevelu, Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin,

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108 Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues

aspect do inluence the youth to involve in crime and the second objectives of this research are to ind out whether the rehabilitation programme is appropriate or via versus. he researcher employs qualitative techniques in this research and a total of eight respondents have been interviewed in this research. Based on the research inding, a total of eight respondents’ admit their involvement in crime is inluenced by the psychosocial aspect such as cognitive, social, physical, spiritual and psychological. Meanwhile, most of the respondents’ of this research indicate that the rehabilitation programme is not appropriate. his research is very important to social work practice because based on the research indings the researcher will indentiied the appropriate programme and services for the youth who involve in crime. In addition, based on the research indings, the researcher will indentiied the appropriate intervention for the youth who involve in crime. Hence, at the end of this study, the researcher suggest that the parent’s or caregiver should play an very important role in order to make sure their children is not involve in crime.

INTRODUCTION

his research explained about juvenile’s psycho social aspect based on ive dimensions which are cognitive, social, physical, spiritual and psychological at the School of Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar Butterworth, Penang. he School of Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar is a juvenile correctional institution which is manage by Social Welfare Department of Malaysia which is underMinistry of Women, Family and Welfare Development of Malaysia. In recent years, the incidence of juvenile delinquency, such as murder, drugs, prostitute, abandoned babies and gangsterism have took place in our country. In general, factors associated with the phenomenon of adolescent delinquency is based on three aspects which are sociology, psychology and biological (Fadila & Zabri, 2001). he incidence of crime among teenagers is one of the social ills in our society. Adolescence period is often considered the most beautiful moment in human life. At this stage, the teens went through the variety of changes in himself either physically or mentally. his condition makes them unstable, anxious, restlessness and unable to control their emotions (Hasnah & Rahman, 1995).

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the school environment, even willing to take drastic measures in order to achieve victory events leading to murder (Surahaya, 2006). Teenagers are now more involved in criminal activities not only unfavorable efects to themselves, but also to the family, community and nation in the long term run. his is because teenagers are the future leaders of the successor state igures available on this time. Among the crimes that typically involve a large number of adolescents in Malaysia are criminal extortion, ‘Black Metal’, criminal drugs, crime, theft, sex crimes, theft crimes, bullying and gangsterism (Surahaya, 2006).

According to Fadila and Zakaria (2001), most adolescents problematic in moral misconduct usually have a poor disciplinary record while they were in school again. his condition describes delinquency bad behaviour in high school students since they likely to involve in moral activities when they’re outside the school environment or when they enter the stage of adulthood. Youth crime has become one of the problems that attracted among the leaders, members of the scholars, the press and parents. Mass media reported that many teenagers are arrested because involve during drug addicts clean up operations, student arrested with a group of gangsters, ighting, robbery and other crimes.

EARLY HISTORY AND RULES OF JUVENILE CRIME

According to Regoli and Hewitt (2003), the deinition of juvenile crime is a minor criminal behaviour that is contrary to the rules of a country. According to Trojanowicz and Morash (1992), there are four keywords in understanding of juvenile crime that teenagers who engage in behaviour criminal theories that explain the causes of crime among juveniles, programs and methods that are efective in preventing juvenile crime and what public opinion against the juvenile in trouble.

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to state and society especially the youth and adults (Bernad, 1992).

LEGAL DEFINITION OF YOUTHIN MALAYSIAN PERSPEC-TIVE

Adolescent refers to a transitional period between childhood with a maturity period in the life of a biological (Fadila & Zabri, 2001). Children Act 2001 has deined a child in section 2 as a person under the age of 18 years and in relation to criminal proceedings, a person who has attained the age of responsibility crime as prescribed in section 82 of the Penal Code. hus in the Children Act 2001, Act 611 applies to all children under the age of 18 years, other than in any criminal proceedings. his is in line with the Age of Majority Act 1971 set age of majority as 18 years. Deinition of children difers from one Act to another Act. For example, Section 87 of the Law Reform Act (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976 (hereinafter referred to as AMU) provides deinition of a child as a person under the age of 18 years. While the deinition of a child under the Adoption Act 1952 is a person who is not married and under the age of 21. In addition, the Act 1961 Child care is dividing the assessment of children to two that is for Muslim children, the age of majority is 18 years, while for non-Muslim children, adult age is 21 years.

A CASE STUDY: SCHOOL OF TUNAS BAKTI TELOK AIR TAWAR BUTTERWORTH, PENANG MALAYSIA

he School of Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar Butterworth, Penang established in accordance with Children Act 2001 (Act 611) in agreement with Chapter 4, Section 65-72. Establishment of the school aims to education, training and retention that include treatment

Children who are found guilty have been proved by Court for i.

Children, Sec. 91 (1) (f)

Children who are not controlled Part vii of Section 46 (2) (aa) ii.

Children who need care and protection Area of 12 acres, the school iii.

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Restructuring activities and resident classiication was made on 1959 and was named School Supervision and training in the form of activity speciic guidance on cases between the ages of 10 to 14 years. Year 1978 adjustment was made again with the title of the Tunas Bakti School and activities form of vocational and academic introduced. Reorganization of young ofenders’ institution institutions access to the letter Director General of Social Welfare circular No. 4 of 2001 as the zone-zone has the form of school academic and vocational training to children for the states of Perlis, Kedah and Penang. Currently the form of vocational training only involves the ield cuisine and landscape. However, eforts to direction are being pursued. In line with the supply requirements of Section 93 (1) (d) and (e) Children Act 2001 and the Convention on the rights of children, Social Welfare Department of Malaysia has decided to the entry of children into the Tunas Bakti School reclassiied.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

his research was carried out for those juvenile who involved in crimes in Malaysia which are recently become more common and this issue is a conversation had talked about the local community. Criminal cases within juveniles such as rape, robbery, sexual harassment, etc are a form of violence that threatens the safety of the people of Malaysia as enshrined in the Children Act 2001. herefore, before the research is conducted, researchers have identiied a number of problems to be studied in the context of juvenile crime at School of Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar Butterworth, Penang. Problems like studied by the researchers is a crime among youth in Malaysia which are more common and this issue is a conversation talked by the community. Crime among juveniles has been somewhat disturbing the peace until the occurrence of well-being of Malaysia multiple cases in Malaysia. his is proved by the statistics of juvenile rise in juvenile rehabilitation institutions in Malaysia from 2003 to 2005 which will be described in the table below.

Table 1

Number of Inmates In Tunas Bakti School (STB) in 2003 Until 2005 in Malaysia

Institution 2003 2004 2005

Boys Girls

STB Jerantut 207 257 294 0

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STB Kuching 149 129 67 0

STB Telok Air Tawar 126 118 97 0

STB Sungai Besi 429 342 267 0

STB Taiping 226 199 230 0

STB Sungai Lereh (G) 154 190 0 215

STB Marang (G) 0 143 0 147

Total 1,357 1,465 1,036 362

Tunas Bakti School, which recorded the highest total number of occupants Iron River, is a STB that is a total of 429 inmates. Whereas in 2004 is the Tunas Bakti School, which recorded the total number of inmates the lowest was STB Kota Kinabalu, a total of 87 residents. In the year 2005, the number of male residents is higher than the female juvenile 1036 people. From these statistics, it is clear that it there is increasing in Malaysia and juvenile cases, thus supporting statement of the problem in this research.

Table 2:

Number of Inmates Probation Hostels in 2003 Until 2005 in Malaysia

Institution 2003 2004 2005

Boys Girls

Asrama Pokok Sena 44 60 57 0

Asrama Silibin 22 13 13 0

Asrama Subang Jaya 11 12 12 0

Asrama Bukit Baru 32 36 44 0

Asrama Rusila 40 38 42 0

Asrama Sentosa 33 27 31 0

Asrama Paya Terubong 39 31 30 0

Asrama Bukit Senyum 70 60 49 0

Asrama Bahagia (G) 36 38 0 8

Asrama Dato Keramat (G) 28 11 0 13

Asrama Jitra (G) 0 12 0 46

Total 355 338 278 67

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Dato ‘Keramat (P) which amounted to 11 people. In 2005 the number of female residents in the entire probation hostel is smaller compared with the male occupant of 67 people. In addition, the research identiied in this research defect is present psycho-social aspects of the youths involved in crime in their daily life. his means that a psycho-social juvenile is in terms of ive dimensions, namely cognitive, physical, spiritual, psychological and social not working well. Teenagers do not undergo normal life because they tend to commit crimes that either in the presence of national legislation that may threaten the life of another. his is proved by the statistics the number of teenagers involved in abuse of drugs in Malaysia from 1988 to 2005 as described in Table 3.

Table 3:

Data Collected regarding drugs in Malaysia from the year 1988 until 2005

Addicts By Education Proile

Etc (Technical Certiicate ) 49 33 82

No Information 3177 2247 5424

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members of inmates there. Family support is very important in bringing about change is good to the residents of the juvenile as the juvenile behavior changes more become a kind and so forth.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

he focus of the study was basedfocus onthese questionsbelow: To what extent the respondents’ perception of crime as a whole. 1.

What are the views of respondents on crime will include the 2.

cognition.

How do patterns of social interaction in the context of the social 3.

system of the respondents that may inluence them towards committing crime which include social aspects.

How do the respondents view on religion and the spirit of the 4.

respondents in life that will include aspects of spirituality.

To what extent do the respondents view on the health of the centre 5.

juvenile reformatory, which to some extent inluence the level of respondents’ health and other residents that would include changes physical aspects of the respondent.

To what extent respondents their opinion on emotion before, 6.

during and after Committing which will include the psychological respondents in this research.

To what extent the respondents’ views on the current recovery 7.

program this school is in the process towards recovery positive behavior which prevents them involving in crime in the future.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

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who involved in a crime thru the psycho social assessment

In addition, the objectives of this research have explored the causes of the psycho social problem which afects the juveniles achieving well being in their life. he study also reveal that all the problems faced by these juveniles that contribute them in committing in crime eventually have afected their social aspect in terms of dimensions of cognitive, social, physical, spiritual and psychological.

One objective of this research is to improve the rehabilitation program inherent in increasing positive behaviours that prevent the juvenile in the institution not to repeat the crime in their future after coming out from this juvenile correctional institution. Rehabilitation programs should be based on the focus of the juvenile probation prevention, development and rehabilitation in order to form a good personality in these juvenile.

he objective of this research is to further strengthen behaviour of positive good character among juveniles. Formation of good character important for the residents there that this will prepare them in dealing with the local community to contribute their social responsibility service towards the local communities. parents can spend more time with their children so that their children will not involve in crime. he parents should not pursuit of materialistic world just to forget their responsibilities in educate their children so that they succeed in life at the time future.

In addition, research is conducted so that the responsibility educate the youth to a positive way is not simply located in the parents, but all Malaysians, including the government, the school and others in their role in build the character of young adolescents toward a positive personality.

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that is not to repeat the crime to juveniles there.

METHODOLOGY

In this research, respondents in the study population were made up of residents in the School of Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar Butterworth. his school was selected in this research because this school is a juvenile correctional institution who commits crimes. By the population at this school is appropriate to take as appropriate to the focus of this research. While the samples taken in this research are a total of eight respondents from the total population in the Tunas Bakti School Butterworth, Penang, which consist of 60 people. Selection of eight respondents in this research is based on purposive sampling or purposive sampling where it meets the focus of this study. he sample of eight respondents because the respondents are sent to the school of Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar Butterworth, Penang for committing this crime and to meet the focus of this research.

he instruments have been used is a qualitative method in this research, namely by means of in-depth interviews (in-depth interview) to obtain information with more of the youths involved in crime. his study was conducted using a case study. A case study is a study to examine and explain a small group in depth. observation of not participating (non participant observation) are also used in this research in psycho-social study of teenagers involved in crime and their perception of the rehabilitation programs available in these institutions in the recovery process behaviour towards residents positive.

RESULTS

Researchers have found that there were some psycho-social factors that contribute towards crime among teenager’s especially involving eighth respondents in this research. Here are the factors that contribute towards crime among the respondents in this research.

COGNITIVE FACTORS

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example, although some of the respondents knew that this criminal act was wrong in the sight of our national legislation, but the respondents have continuing committing the criminal act. Researchers found that only one of the respondents who didn’t knew the concept or criminal purposes. he third respondents stated that he didn’t understand the crime concept because his teacher didn’t explain the deinition of crime in generally. At the same time the third respondent stated that his parents didn’t explained why he should not involved in crime. his clearly indicates that teachers and parents are less emphasized on the description of the criminal purpose of the third respondent who is a contributor to crime among youth in Malaysia.

In addition, most of the respondents stated that they committed in crime because of the inluenced by their friends. his clearly proved that the mind or cognitive mindset of an adolescent also afect action on their behavior. At the same time, most of the respondents in the research don’t think in advance of doing things in their daily life. his is because when some of the respondents in the requests by their friends to commit crimes such as stealing a motorcycle and sniing glue, these respondents didn’t think irst of the side efects that can happen to their life if their involved in crime.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS (EMOTIONAL)

Psychological factors are also to some extent having contributed to the crime rates among the respondents in this research. here are a number of respondents indicated that they were brave and didn’t think in a long period before committed in a crime. For example, the sixth respondent stated that he didn’t think long before committing a crime. At the same time he was not afraid to steal the iron brace as he was only thinking of selling the stolen goods to get money. his clearly shows that courage can also contribute to crime. If a person was afraid in committing a crime and always think before doing something, then it can prevent the occurrence of crime among teenagers.

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clearly shows that inancial factors may also contribute to the perpetrator of a crime. his is because some of the respondents have committed in crime by their act of interest.

PHYSICAL FACTORS

he researchers found that physical factors of the respondents were also inluenced the occurrence of juvenile crime. Our society often assumes that only an individual whose body healthy and strong who can commit a crime. But in this research, researchers have discovered a remarkable discovery that can be correlated with the occurrence of a crime. Researchers found that even a teenager who has a physical defect such as limping on the foot that can prevent individuals from committing crimes, but the opposite situation have happened. Researchers have found that although the irst respondent has a physical disable which is limping on the foot but the irst respondent had committed the crime to steal her sister handset. At the same time, he had also been sniing glue and smoking marijuana. his clearly shows that the body disability doesn’t prevent someone from committing crimes.

In addition, bad habits factors such as sniing glue that may cause danger to the health was also one of the factor that had contributed criminal behavior among the respondents in this research. his was proven when the irst and second respondents admits that they have smoked or sniing glue, and this has caused them to commit crimes without didn’t aware of their actions. For example, the second respondent in this research had committed crimes of sexual harassment on women, by rubbing the female breast. He admitted that when he rubbed her breasts, he did not realize the consequences of his actions towards sniing glue until his mind of conscious became back to normal stage. his clearly proved that the bad habits that may endanger health, such as sniing glue can contribute to a crime without realizing they are sniing glue towards committing in crime act

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among teenagers.

SOCIAL FACTORS

Social aspects had also inluenced a person involved in the teenage a crime. Researchers found that most of the respondents were involved in crime as inluenced by their friends. For example, the seventh and sixth respondents admitted that he was involved with crime as inluenced by his friends. his clearly shows that friend’s bad attitude can inluence a person involved in crime. In addition, there are also some of the respondents admitted that they were involved in crime because of themselves. For example, 2nd, fourth and sixth respondent admit that they committed in crime because on their own stand. For example, the irst respondent admitted that he sniing glue because he wanted to feel the sniing of glue. his clearly shows that the factor itself may also have contributed to the involvement of youth in a crime.

In this study, the researchers found that the patterns of social interaction in the social system of micro, mezzo and macro levels of the respondents did not contribute towards increasing the conidence among respondents. Most of the respondents didn’t like to discuss problems faced by them especially with their fathers. For example, the ifth respondents stated that his father will ignore the problems faced by the respondents. his clearly proved that there are some parents who are not familiar with their child’s problems. If parents do not take the time and listened to their children, these children will most likely mixing with friends with who commit crimes.

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120 Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues SPIRITUALITY FACTORS

In this study, the researchers found that the spiritual factors didn’t directly contribute towards involving in crime by the eight respondents. his is because the eight respondents do worship to their respective religious conviction every day. Not even one of the respondents expressed that those religious factors that encourage them to commit crimes. However, the researchers found that all respondents do worship the religious in this rehabilitation school so that they can become good human beings and also to apologize to God and both of their parents on what they did in the past which they involved in crime.

SOCIAL WORK INTERVENTION

Researchers found that the management of the School of Tunas Bakti School Telok Butterworth can enhance the rehabilitation programs at this school. hrough a number of proposals, the school’s management will hopefully improve psycho-social among inmates at this school. Based on these results, researchers would like to submit some suggestions to enhance the rehabilitation programs in the schools of this recovery. Research suggests that the Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar School’s management should use several types of treatment methods such as Psychotherapy, Reality herapy, Cognitive problem solving herapies and other means the appropriate treatment with the residents in this school.

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teenagers who are involved in crime at Malaysia can be prevented.

Researchers like to propose to appoint a professional social worker in the institution. his social worker is appointed should have a Bachelor of education in social work from any university in Malaysia. Appointment of social workers to do these social workers can practice social work knowledge efectively and comprehensively. When the existence of this new position, social workers can help the counselor at the institution to carry out some rehabilitation therapy on juvenile residents there. At the same time, social workers can also make house visits to all the residents in these institutions in order to see family psycho-social residents. his directly will encourage the parents to the juvenile residents at these institutions inspire and support during their children who are undergoing the process of behavioral recovery in the School of Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar, Butterworth.

In addition to the social worker positions in the School of Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar, Butterworth researchers in this research would also suggest that talks or workshops on understanding of multi-racial unity in Malaysia for the residents in these institutions should take place. Talks like these can create unity in this school to avoid clashes among ethnic groups. In this study, the researchers found that still exist between racial crises in these institutions as notiied by the number of respondents in this research. At the same time, workers in these institutions should inculcate a spirit of unity on the residents in these institutions in their daily activity so that negative racial gap among residents can be avoided and create a harmony among the residents here.

Meanwhile, researchers in this research suggests that the management of Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar school, will require each family member to the inmates in this institution to make a family visit to this institution. Family visits to the institution by every parent to be denizens of mandatory family visits twice a month. Each family visits must be supervised by a counselor or a social worker with the ability to be able to carry on the family counseling at the same time to discuss problems faced by each family. his issue has to be taken seriously because there are still some family members of residents in this institution have never visited the family on their next of kin. his directly act ignores the social welfare of their children who are in these institutions the government should enact the Children Act 2003 which is available for families that do not penalize their heirs to visit these institutions.

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work profession in addressing social problems in Malaysia especially among the youths involved in crime. At the same time, hoped that the Ministry of Women, Family and Community will recognize social work profession in Malaysia as a modiier agent in trying to solve social problems in Malaysia, especially the youths involved in crime. At the same time, in the hope that through this research, the management of the School of Tunas Bakti Butterworth, Penang will make greater use of treatment methods most often practiced in the ield of social work as a primary recovery methods in the course of the recovery process on the youths involved in crime. At the same time, through this research is hoped the programs provided by the school management will insert the principle of social work practice social work in order to carry out the recovery process in a professional manner on the youths involved in crime in these institutions.

CONCLUSIONS

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REFERENCES

Akta Kanak-Kanak. (2001). Retrieved from http://www.parlimen.gov.my/ AKTA/2001/ACT-611.pdf

Bernad T. J. (1992). he cycle of juvenile justice. New York: Oxford University Press. In Cox S. M. & Conrad J. J & Allen J. M. (2003). Juvenile justice: A guideto theory and practice: Fifth edition. McGraw-Hill Press.

Che Surahaya C.W. (2006). Perangi ancaman jenayah: Juvana. Pustaka Rubiah.

Hasnah G. & Mat Saad. A. R. (1995). Jenayah remaja Permasalahandanpenyelesa-ian. Penerbitan Hizbi.

Nur Fadila R. & Zabri Z. (2001).Bimbingan kaunseling remaja: masalah juvana 2. Sama Publications & Distributors Sdn. Bhd.

Youth and Crime.

SOCIOLOGY AND POLICY PRACTICES

IN CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

CONTENTS

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

FOREWORD

Dr. Arry Bainus, MA

Dean, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences

Padjadjaran University

INTRODUCTION

Chapter

9

Youth and Crime