Conceptual Metaphors in Mylo Xyloto Album
By Coldplay
A Research Paper
Submitted to the English Education Department of the Faculty of Languages and Arts Education of the Indonesia University of Education as Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree
By:
Selvia Neilil Kamaliah
0801277
English Education Department
Faculty of Language and Arts Education
Indonesia University of Education
Studi Kinerja Rumah Sakit Khusus
Gigi dan Mulut Kota Bandung
Dengan Pendekatan Balanced
Scorecard
Oleh
Asaretkha Adjane A
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Ekonomi dan Bisnis
© Asaretkha Adjane 2012 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Januari 2012
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
English Education at Secondary
Education
Oleh Didi Sukyadi
S.Pd IKIP Bandung, 1993
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Magister Pendidikan (M.Pd.) pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni
© Didi Sukyadi 2004 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Juli 2004
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
PAGE OF APPROVAL
CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN MYLO XYLOTO ALBUM BY COLDPLAY
A Research Paper
By:
Selvia Neilil Kamaliah
0801277
Approved by:
Main Supervisor Second Supervisor
Iwa Lukmana, M.A., Ph.D. Riesky, S.Pd., M.Ed. NIP. 196611271993031002 NIP. 198105252005011002
Head of English Education Department
ABSTRACT
Main Supervisor: Iwa Lukmana, M.A., Ph.D. Co-Supervisor: Riesky, S.Pd., M.Ed.
This study entitled ‘Conceptual Metaphors in Mylo Xyloto Album by Coldplay’ investigates Conceptual Metaphor (CM) and the types of CM that are used in Mylo Xyloto song lyrics as well as the possible reasons that can be generated from the uses of the metaphors.
The study uses the song lyrics of Coldplay’s album entitled Mylo Xyloto as data. In analyzing the data, the qualitative method especially a case study is used. Furthermore, the data are analyzed using the framework of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980a, 1980b, 1980c; Kovesces, 2002, 2010).
The study found that the dominant conceptual metaphors used are about life, love, and changes, namely LIFE IS JOURNEY, CHANGES ARE MOVEMENT, LIGHT IS A FLUID, PURPOSES ARE DESTINATION, LOVE IS A UNITY, LOVE IS WAR, LOVE IS STRUGGLE, VISUAL FIELDS ARE CONTAINERS, ACTIVITIES ARE SUBSTANCES, STATES ARE LOCATIONS, LESS IS DOWN, and BAD IS DOWN. The conceptual metaphors are categorized as structural (68.9%), ontological (17.8%) and orientational (13.3%) metaphors. This occurrences lead to the conclusion of four possible reasons. The song writer uses the metaphors to support the issue of freedom and struggle and to persuade to do something, to share his values, to show that what we experience in daily life can be seen as a container and substance, and to evaluate events as something good or bad.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Research Questions ... 4
1.3 The Aims of Study ... 4
1.4 The Scope of the Study ... 4
1.5 Research Methodology ... 5
1.6 Clarification of the Terms ... 6
1.7 Organization of the Paper ... 7
CHAPTER II LITETURE REVIEW ... 8
2.1 Metaphors: Definitions, Key Terms, and Function. ... 8
2.2 Views on Metaphors………...15
2.3 Conceptual Metaphors Theory ... 18
2.3.1 Structural Metaphors ... 19
2.3.2 Ontological Metaphors ... 20
2.3.3 Orientational Metaphors ... 22
2.4 Song Lyrics ... 24
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLGY ... 28
3.1 Research Questions ... 28
3.2 Research Design ... 28
3.3 Data Collection ... 29
3.4 Data Analysis ... 30
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 34
4.1 Conceptual Metaphors ... 34
LIFE IS JOURNEY ... 35
PURPOSES ARE DESTINATIONS ... 37
LIGHT IS A FLUID ... 39
CHANGES ARE MOVEMENTS ... 40
LOVE IS UNITY ... 43
LOVE IS WAR ... 44
LOVE IS STRUGGLE ... 46
VISUAL FIELDS ARE CONTAINERS ... 47
ACTIVITIES ARE SUBSTANCES ... 49
STATES ARE LOCATIONS ... 50
LESS IS DOWN ... 51
BAD IS DOWN ... 52
4.2 Types of Conceptual Metaphors ... 53
4.2.1 Structural Metaphors ... 53
4.2.2 Ontological Metaphors ... 56
4.2.3 Orientational Metaphors ... 58
4.3 The Possible Reason of the Use of Metaphors ... 58
CHAPTER V CONCULSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS………65 5.1 Conclusion ... 65
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 68
APPENDICES ... ……… 73
Appendix I : Coldplay’s Lyrics ... 73
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents an introductory section of the study. It provides the background
of the study, research questions, aims of the study, scope of the study, research
methodology, clarification of the terms, and organization of the paper.
1.1 Background of the Study
Language as one of the means of communications has several functions in our
daily life. Language is used to exchange information among people (Halliday, 1994).
For example, people use language when they demand and give some information to
others. In this case, language refers to referential function of language in Jakobson’s
(1960) terms. In addition, language can also be used to express thought (Finegan et
al, 1992). In other words, people communicate and express their wills, desires, or
feelings with others using language. Here the language serves an expressive or
emotive function (Jakobson, 1960).
The expressive or emotive function of language can be found, for instance, in
song lyrics. It is reflected from the use of slang or metaphorical language which can
the song lyrics, the composers can freely express and communicate their emotions
and feelings with their hearers. Therefore, in this case, the use of metaphorical
language is an indication of the expressive function of language in song lyrics.
Composers use metaphors for variety of reasons. First, they use metaphors in
order to get more appreciation from their listeners or readers. Second, they want to
make their lyrics become more poetic. Third, through the use of metaphors in the
lyrics they invite various interpretations from listeners. Thus, lyrics with a touch of
metaphors will be interpreted differently by people who read or hear the lyrics and
will be more valuable.
Metaphors for some people are a device to create poetic languages. In other
words, metaphors are the device which is used to make extraordinary languages. In
this sense, metaphors closely relate to literary works such as poems, novels, and song
lyrics. For other people, however, metaphors do not only refer to stylistic features of
language or figurative languages. Lakoff and Johnson (1980a, 1980b), for instance,
argue that metaphors are also a part of everyday life. Moreover, they state that
metaphors are vehicle in which people represent, feel, and think about one thing with
respect to other things. According to them, ordinary conceptual system, namely what
people think, act, and feel is metaphorical in nature (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980a,
1980b). They then propose conceptual metaphor consisting structural, orientational,
Metaphors especially conceptual metaphors (CM) have investigated with
regard to various semiotic resources. In this case, CM has been applied to images
such as cartoon (Bounegru and Forciville, 2011), advertising (Koller, 2009; Yu,
2009) and comics (Erden, 2009; Shinohara and Matsunaka, 2009), new sentences
such as political texts (Zinken, 2003; McEntee-Atalianis, 2011) and song lyrics
(Alvarez et al, 2009), and movies (Rohdin, 2009; Eggertsson and Forceville, 2009).
In general, metaphors are a powerful device to influence people in everyday
life (e.g Martin, 2004). More specifically, metaphors are used as tools to influence
people emotionally in song lyrics since the lyrics are media used to share and
negotiate feelings. In other words, metaphors are used to attract listeners’ attention
and build solidarity between composers and listeners as demonstrated by Alvarez et
al. (2009).
Although studies on conceptual metaphors have been conducted, it appears
that the Coldplay’s song lyrics have not been explored in depth. The previous study
which investigates song lyrics using CM only focus on Dido’s song lyric White flag
(Cardoso and Vieira, 2006) and the comparison between pop and rock music in
general (Alvarez et al., 2009). Therefore, the present study attempts to explore
conceptual metaphors in Coldplay’s song lyrics, specifically in Coldplay’s album
1.2. Research Questions
The research questions of the study are formulated as follows:
1. What conceptual metaphors are used in Mylo Xyloto song lyrics?
2. What types of conceptual metaphors are used in Mylo Xyloto song lyrics?
3. What possible reasons can be generated from the use of those conceptual
metaphors and the types of metaphors?
1.3 The Aims of the Study
Based on the formulation of research questions above, the aims of the study
are to identify conceptual metaphors and types of conceptual metaphors used in the
song lyric of Mylo Xyloto album and to discover the possible reasons that can be
generated from the use of the conceptual metaphors.
1.4 Scope of the study
This study investigates conceptual metaphors used in song lyrics. More
specifically, the present study focuses only on the analysis of conceptual metaphors
and types of conceptual metaphors found in Mylo Xyloto album and the identification
of the possible reasons that can be generated from the use of the conceptual
1.5 Research Methodology
This study primarily uses a qualitative method to achieve the aims of the
study. It identifies, analyzes, and interprets data by describing and understanding the
categorization of the data found in the analysis (Cresswell, 1998, 2003). Since the
study is located within a qualitative approach, the present study employs a case study
as its design. According to Yin (1981a), a case study focuses on single person or
organization and investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real life context;
in this case the study focuses on an album of Coldplay.
The data used in this study are the fifth album of Coldplay entitled Mylo
Xyloto. The album was released in 2011. The Mylo Xyloto got a reward as Billboard’s
Top Selling Album of 2009. This present study analyzes the lyrics of all the songs in
the fifth album of Coldplay. These lyrics are chosen since those are contains a large
amount of metaphors.
The collected data was analyzed using Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980)
framework on Conceptual Metaphor (CM). In analyzing the data, there are several
steps. Those are doing close reading before analysis, identifying lyrics that contain
metaphor, classifying or categorizing the song lyrics into the types of metaphor,
1.6 Clarification of the Terms
To avoid misunderstanding, the following explanation is the clarification of
key terms used in this study.
Metaphors
According to Bredin (1984) cited in Pugsley (1990: 51), “Metaphor[s] [are] the
application of the name of a thing to something else, in such a way that the name
refers to both things simultaneously, and implies by such reference that they are
similar to one another”
Conceptual Metaphors
Kovesces (2010: 4) who states that conceptual metaphors is defined as
“understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain”.
Furthermore, Lakoff and Johnson states that “the essence of metaphor is
understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another” (Lakoff
and Johnson, 1980a: 5).
Song lyrics
A lyric is a poem which is used and sung to accompany a lyre (Abrams, 1999;
Childs and Fowler, 2006; Mikics, 2007). A lyre is a small stringed instrument. In
the current usage, lyrics associates with a short poem which is written to be set to
1.7 Organization of the Paper
The research paper is organized into five chapters. Each chapter contains
several subtopics. The first chapter puts forward an introduction of paper. It present
the background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, limitation of the
study, research methodology in conducting the research, clarification of terms, and
organization of the paper. The second chapter provides a theoretical framework of the
paper. It includes more than one library theory related to the research questions. Third
chapter consists of research methodology and research procedures. It elaborates the
research questions, research design, data collection, and data analysis. In this chapter,
the writer informs about procedures of analyzing the data. The fourth chapter covers
findings from the data analysis that are represented. It discusses the writer’s
interpretation of the figurative language in song lyric. Furthermore, the discussion is
elaborated in this chapter. The fifth chapter covers the conclusion of the study and its
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research methodology in the present study. It covers
research questions, research design, data collection, and data analysis.
3.1 Research Questions
The present study was conducted to answer the following research questions:
1. What conceptual metaphors are used in Mylo Xyloto song lyrics?
2. What types of conceptual metaphors are used in Mylo Xyloto song lyrics?
3. What possible reasons can be generated from the use of those conceptual
metaphors and types of metaphors?
3.2 Research Design
This study primarily uses a qualitative method to achieve the aims of the
study. It is because this study identifies, analyzes, and interprets data by describing
(2007: 67) asserts that “qualitative research builds its premises on inductive, rather
than deductive reasoning.” In this case, the present study looks for the types of each
conceptual metaphor. It is then concluded inductively the tendency or the dominant
types of metaphors. From the tendency, the study interprets the possible reasons of
the use of those conceptual metaphors in the Coldplay‟s lyrics.
Since this study is situated within qualitative research, the study employs a
case study as its design. The case study is considered suitable since it focuses on
single person or entity (Gillham, 2000; Yin, 2003), investigates a contemporary
phenomenon within its real life context (Yin, 1981, 2003; Duff, 2008) and analyzes
the phenomenon in-depth (Cresswell, 1998; Duff, 2008). The present study focuses
on an album of Coldplay. In this case, the album is considered as a single entity and it
is analyzed in depth to examine the conceptual metaphors and types of conceptual
metaphor. In addition, it is examined within its context in order to identify the
possible reasons why the writer uses the conceptual metaphor.
3.3 Data Collection
The data used in the present study were song lyrics in Mylo Xyloto Album
written by Chris Martin with his band named Coldplay. This album is not explored in
any depth by researchers. The Mylo Xyloto is the fifth album of Coldplay. The album
Paradise, Ufo, Us Against The World, Charlie Brown, Hurt Like Heaven, Princess of
China, Up in Flames, Major Minus, Every Teardrop is Waterfall, Up With The Bird,
M.M.I.X and A Hopeful Transmission. Thus, the data analyzed in the study consist of
thirteen song lyrics. These lyrics were accessed via website (http//www.azlyrics.com;
http//www.directlyric.com)
Criteria for the selection were based on the process of identification of
metaphors in the lyrics. Based on the identification, it is concluded that the lyrics in
Mylo Xyloto were suitable because the lyrics contain a large amount of metaphors.
3.4 Data Analysis
The data used in the present study were analyzed into several steps. The steps
include doing close reading before analysis, identifying lyrics that contain metaphors
using MIP proposed by Crisp et al. (2007), classifying or categorizing the song lyrics
into conceptual metaphors proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980a, 1980b), and
describing the results of analysis.
The first step, which is reading closely the lyrics, is conducted to understand
the whole meaning of the lyrics. In other words, the texts or lyrics were read to
The second step is identifying metaphors. In this step, the present study adopts
several procedures proposed by Crisp et al (2007) to analyze metaphors. The
procedure is called the “Metaphor Identification Procedures” (MIP). It was used in
the selection and analysis of the data. Here, the metaphorical expressions were
identified by identifying lexical units, by determining the meaning of lexical choice in
the context, by creating the status of the meaning of lexical meaning, namely to
establish whether the lexical unit had a more basic meaning or had a more dictionary
meaning, and by determining whether the lexical unit had a more basic contemporary
meaning compared to the meaning within context under exploration. If the lexical
unit contained a more basic contemporary meaning, then the lexical unit was
considered as „metaphorical‟ (Praglezz Group, 2007 cited in Mc-Entee-Atalianis,
2011: 399).
The next step is to classify the metaphorical expressions which have been
identified before in song lyrics. The metaphorical expressions are classified into three
types of conceptual metaphors as proposed by cognitive linguists (Lakoff and
Johnson, 1980a, 1980b; Koveces, 2002; 2010). Those are structural, ontological, and
orientational metaphors. To make the process of classification easy, the present study
uses tables. The data that has been collected are placed in the columns with certain
labels in a table. The following table is the example of analysis and classification of
Table 3.1 An instance of analysis
Which way the river's going to flow It just seems that upstream I keep rowing
LIFE IS JOURNEY Structural
Still got such a long way to go Still got such a long way to go And that light hits your eyes I know I swear we find somewhere
PURPOSES ARE
DESTINATIONS Structural The streets are paved with gold
Bullets fly, split the sky
But that's all right, sometimes sunlight
LIGHT IS A FLUID Structural
The next step is describing the findings. This step includes the analysis of the
distribution of conceptual metaphor. Specifically, it finds the number of each
conceptual metaphors and type of conceptual metaphor in song lyrics. In doing this,
the study uses a formula suggested by Sugana (1986). The formula is as follow.
F
p = ― x 100%
p = percentage
f = frequency
n = total of code switching
The last step is interpreting the findings. In this step, the conceptual
metaphors and types of metaphors together with their occurrences which have been
identified previously are interpreted and elaborated. This step contributes to answer
the third research question, namely possible reasons from the use of those types of
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter provides the summary of the findings and discussions briefly,
followed by the suggestions for further study relating to conceptual metaphor
analysis.
5.1 Conclusions
This study aims to investigate the conceptual metaphors that are used in
Mylo Xyloto song lyrics, the types of the conceptual metaphors, and the possible
reasons that can be generated from the use of those metaphors and the types of the
metaphors. Based on the findings, it is found that the conceptual metaphors used
in the Mylo Xyloto are LIFE IS JOURNEY, CHANGES ARE MOVEMENT, LIGHT IS A FLUID, PURPOSES ARE DESTINATION, LOVE IS A UNITY, LOVE IS WAR, LOVE IS STRUGGLE, VISUAL FIELDS ARE CONTAINERS, ACTIVITIES ARE SUBSTANCES, STATES ARE LOCATIONS, LESS IS DOWN, and BAD IS DOWN.
Mostly, the conceptual metaphors are categorized as structural metaphors,
i.e. to understand one concept through another concept (Lakoff and Johnson,
1980a, 1980b; Kovesces, 2002, 2010). In other words, one concept is associated
or applied to other concept. The study found that the occurrence of the structural
metaphors with the occurrence about 17.1%. The last rank is orientational
metaphors with the occurrence about 14. 6%.
Furthermore, the study discovered that such metaphors are probably used
in the Coldplay’s album entitled Mylo Xyloto for several reasons. The reasons can
be drawn from the dominant use of the conceptual metaphors and the types of the
metaphor. From the dominant use of the conceptual metaphors, it can be
concluded that the song writer uses the metaphors to support the issues such as a
freedom of life and share his own values with audiences as discussed in previous
chapter. From the types of the metaphors it can be conclude as follow. First, the
song writer probably wants to share his knowledge with audiences about one
concept. Here he describes one concept uses various concepts to understand it.
This is reflected through the use of structural metaphor. Naturally, structural
metaphors provide the richest source for elaboration one concept as Kovesces
(2010) describe. Second, the song writer wants to show us that what we
experience in everyday life can be seen as a container and substance. Of course,
this is reflected through the use of ontological metaphors. Third, the song writer
here uses the metaphors to evaluate events that he probably experiences in the
past. This can be seen from the use of orientational metaphors in the song lyrics
which are investigated.
Based on the finding above, it can be said that metaphors are pervasive in
daily life as suggested by Lakoff and Johnson (1980a; 1980b). The metaphors are
a part of human life which cannot be separated since the metaphors, as Martin
people. Furthermore, the findings show that associating (in metaphors) is part of
human cognitive system since basically humans like relating something with other
things.
5.2 Suggestions
This section provides some suggestions on the basis of the delimitation of
the present study. It should be noted that the present study only uses English song
lyrics as the data and focuses only on the analysis of the text. Further studies are
recommended to analyze the texts such as political texts, media texts, and so on
using conceptual metaphor theory within CDA (see Hart, 2008, 2010). Through
this way, it is expected that the analysis will be deep and fruitful since CDA
considers the macro analysis, namely the context and other elements beyond the
texts (Wodak and Meyer, 2009). Second, it is recommended that further studies
analyze Indonesian texts. It is useful to enrich the literature especially the study of
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