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I Ch irsitna Maharan iT ir . (2012) .Code-Swtiching in .I S .Turgenev’s s
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s tr A d n a e g a u g n a L f o t n e m tr a p e
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i code
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s phenomenon . The use o f code-swtiching can be found in spoken r
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l w irtten l anguage ,oneo fcode-swtiching appilcaiton can be found i n .
l e v o n e h t
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T wa saimed t o analyzecodeswtiching phenomenon t ha texists l
e v o n e h t n
i Father sand Sons by .IS .Turgenev .The wrtie rintended t o analyze f
o s e p y t e h
t code-swtiching .Fu trhe,r the reason sfo rcod -eswtiching were also d
e v r e s b
o .
n
I conducting t heresearch, t hewrtieremployed qualtiaitveresearch t o ifnd n
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t swe ro fthe problem formulaiton .Besides ,in thi sresearch ,the wrtie r a
d e t c u d n o
c documen tanalysis .Documen tanalysi s wa s appiled in orde r to e
d o c f o s e p y t e h t e z y l a n
a -swtiching and the reason sfo rcod -e swtiching .Code -t
s il k c e h c g n i h c ti w
s wa s used a s research insrtument . Fris to f all ,the wrtie r n
e m u c o d e h t d e t c u d n o
c tanalysi son t henovelt hat dh a been chosen before .A tfe r g
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a thenove,lt hewrtiercatego irzedt hecasesi ntocode-swtichingcheckil ts . e
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e v o
n .Those are singleword code-swtiching and conversaitona lcode swtiching m
s e e r h t d a h h c i h
w alle r types , namely phrase code-swtiching , clause code -g
n i h c ti w
s ,andwholesentencecode-swtiching.
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r e w e r e h t g n i d n if e h t n o d e s a
B if ve reason sfo rusing code-swtiching ,namely , c
i p o t n o it a s r e v n o c e h t n i s e g n a h
c ,socia ldistance ,the funciton o rgoa lo fthe e
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: s d r o w y e
ii i v
S T N E M E G D E L W O N K C A
o t e k il d l u o w
I thank My Lord ,Jesu sChrist and Mother Mary, fo r .
d lr o w e h t e c a f o t h t g n e rt s d n a t ir i p s g n i v i g , e m g n i d i u
g In addiiton , Ialsowould
. e m d e tr o p p u s e v a h o h w e s o h t o t e d u ti t a r g y m s s e r p x e o t e k il
o t k n a h t o t e k il d l u o w I , t s ri
F V .Triprihatmini, S.Pd. ,M.Hum. ,M.A. ,my f
, s i s e h t y m g n i h s i n if f o s s e c o r p e h t n i e m g n i d i u g r o f , r o s n o p
s o rgiving methe
k c a b d e e f l a i c if e n e
b s ,suggesiton ,s and paitence . aM y Lord alway sbe wtih he r r
e v
e a tfe.r
e h t l l a k n a h t o t e k il d l u o w I , d n o c e
S lecturer sand secretariat o fthe y lt n e it a p e v a h o h w , y ti s r e v i n U a m r a h D a t a n a S , m a r g o r P y d u t S n o it a c u d E h s il g n E
. y d u t s y m f o d n e e h t ll it g n i n n i g e b e h t m o r f t s e b e h t e m n e v i g d n a t h g u a t
p x e o t e k il d l u o w I , e r o m r e h tr u
F res smy deepes tgrattiude to my beloved ,s
t n e r a
p C .Sudarin iand H. Marsana H. W. fo ral lthei rprayers ,suppo tr , ,
g n i d n a t s r e d n
u and paitence. Ialso would ilket o expres smy specia lgrattiudet o y
m belovedsisterandbrother, A .Ar iKristant iW .and .S SepitawanDw iP.,f o r r
e y a r p r i e h
t s ands uppo tr . t
x e
N , Iwould ilke to thank my bes tf irend sNeisya and Susan ,fo ro ur .
s t n e m o m e l b a tt e g r o f n u d n a s e ir o t s ,s e k o j ,s h g u a
l Ialsowould ilket othankal lmy
s i s e h t y m g n i h s i n if n i e m d e p l e h d a h o h w s d n e ir
f Guntur“Tander” andSatrio ,
o h
w assistedmei nreadingandgivingcomment sonmyt hesis. y
m l l a o t o g s k n a h t y m , t x e
N Bolang f irend ,sVika ,Sar i“Buben” ,Rtia , ,
a t a
T Guntur “Tander” ,Yoga ,and Ad i“Jember”. Thank sfo rthe beautfiu l s
t n e m o m d n a s e c n e ir e p x
x i
k n a h t o t e k il d l u o w I , t s a e l t o n t u b t s a
L Ria, Dw i“Duwai”, and Inus. I
thankt hemf o rmoitvaitngme ,andf o rbeings ohelpful .
n a t n I i r T i n a r a h a M a n it s i r h
x
S T N E T N O C F O E L B A T
e g a P E
G A P E L T I
T ... i L
A V O R P P
A PAGES……... ii Y
T I L A N I G I R O S ’ K R O W F O T N E M E T A T
S ... i v I
S A K I L B U P N A U J U T E S R E P N A A T A Y N R E
P ... v T
S B
A R CA T……… …. v i K
A R T S B
A ………... vii S
T N E M E G D E L W O N K C
A ……… iiv i
S T N E T N O C F O E L B L A
T ………. . x
S E L B A T F O T S I
L ……… iix i S
E C I D N E P P A F O T S I
L ………. . x iv
.I R E T P A H
C INTRODUCTION .
A ResearchBackground... . 1 .
B ProblemFormulaiton... 3 .
C ProblemLimtiaiton... 4 .
D ResearchObjecitves... 4 .
E ResearchBeneftis... 4 .
F De ifniitono fTerm .s... 5 .I
I R E T P A H
C REVIEWOFRELATEDLITERATURE .
A Theoreitca lDescirpiton... 8 .
i x .
a Deifniiton so fCode-Swtiching... 8 .
b Type so fCode-Swtiching... 1 0 .
c Reasonsf o rCode- iSwtching... . 1 4 .
d Code-SwtichingandLanguageLearning... .. 1 7 .
B Theoreitca lFramework... 18 .
I I I R E T P A H
C RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY .
A ResearchMethod... . 12 .
B ResearchSetitng... ... 2.. 2 .
C ResearchSubject... . 22 .
D ResearchInsrtument………. . 42 .
E DataGatheirngTechniques... . 24 .
F DataAnalysi sTechniques... 52 .
G ResearchProcedures... .... . 6.. 2 .
V I R E T P A H
C RESEARCHFINDINGSANDDISCUSSION .
A Type so fCode-Swtiching inFather sandSons……... 9 .2 .
1 SingleWordCode-Swtiching……….. 0 . 3 .
2 Conversaitona lCode-Swtiching……...………... 33 . .
a PhraseCodeSwtiching……… . 33 .
b ClauseCode-Swtiching……… . 73 .
c WholeSentenceCodeSwtiching……….. 14 .
B Reasonsf o rCodeSwtiching inFather sandSons……… 54 .
1 TalkingAbou tParitcula rTopic…….……… .... 64 .
ii x .
3 Funcitono rGoa lo ft heInteraciton………. 8 . 4 .
4 AddresseeSpeciifcaiton……… 15 .
5 QuoitngSomeone……….. 52 .
V R E T P A H
C CONCLUSIONSANDSUGGESTIONS .
A Conclusions……….... 55 .
B Suggesitons……….. 6.. 5 S
E C N E R E F E
R ……….... 8.. 5 S
E C I D N E P P
ii i x
S E L B A T F O T S I L
e g a P l
p m a S : 1 . 3 e l b a
T eo fCheckils to fType so fCode-Swtiching……….. 2 4 f
o t n u o m A e h T f o e g a t n e c r e P e h T 1 . 4 e l b a
T The Case so fCode-Swtiching in
s n o S d n a s r e h t a
F ………... 2 9 e
h T f o t n u o m A e h T f o e g a t n e c r e P e h T : 2 . 4 e l b a
T Reasonso fCode-Swtiching in
s n o S d n a s r e h t a
v i x
S E C I D N E P P A F O T S I L
e g a P 1
x i d n e p p
A : .IS .Turgenev’ sbiography……… 6 1 2
x i d n e p p
A :Summaryo fFather sandSons……… 6 3 3
x i d n e p p
A :ObservaitonShee to ft heType so fCodeSwtiching………… 6 8 4
x i d n e p p
A :Sampleo fCodeSwtichingi nNarraitono fFather sandSons 6 9 5
x i d n e p p
A :Sampleo fCodeSwtichingi nDialogueo fFather sandSons 7 0 6
x i d n e p p
A :Checkils to fType so fCodeSwtiching……… 71
7 x i d n e p p
A : Sampleo fSingleWordCodeSwtichingi nFather sandSons 76 x
i d n e p p
A 8 :SampleClauseCodeSwtichingi nFather sand s
n o
S ……… 77 x
i d n e p p
A 9 :Sampleo fPhrase and Whole Sentence CodeSwtichingi nFather s s
n o S d n
e d o c f o s d n i k e e r h t t s a e l t a d n u o f r e ti r w e h t ,l e v o n s i h t n
I -swtiching used
h s il g n E ; l e v o n e h t n
i -French ,Engilsh-German ,and Engilsh-Laitn .The highes t e
d o c f o y c n e u q e r
f -swtichingi sbetween Engilsh-French French code-swtiching i s d
e s u l li t
s because affected by the era o f Catheirne the Grea t (1762-1796) . t a e r g a o t n i a i s s u R e p a h s e r o t d e h s i w h c n e r F n i t n e u lf s a w o h w e n ir e h t a C
e h t r o F . tr u o c l a y o r r e h f o e g a u g n a l e h t h c n e r F e d a m d e ir t e h S . n o it a n n a e p o r u E
o s a e m a c e b t i , s r a e y d e r d n u h e n o t x e
n cia lrequriemen tfo rmember so fthe .
e r u tl u c h c n e r F d n a t s r e d n u d n a h c n e r F k a e p s o t y ti li b o n n a i s s u R
e s u a c e b l e v o n s i h t e s o h c r e ti r w e h
T Father sand Sons tell sabou tthe t n e r e f fi D . e fi l y li a d e h t n i d n u o f e b n a c t a h t s n o s d n a s r e h t a f n e e w t e b p i h s n o it a l e r
opinion so ridea so tfen found in the daliy lfie ,including in the relaitonship l li t s e r a e r e h t y li m a f a n i n e v e t a h t s ll e t l e v o n s i h T . s n o s d n a s r e h t a f n e e w t e b
e s o h t t u b s r e b m e m r e h t o d n a y li m a f e h t f o r e b m e m e n o n e e w t e b s e c n e r e f fi d y n a m
l o s e b n a c s m e l b o r
p vedi feveryonecanappreciateother .s
.
B ProblemFormula iton
s s e r d d a o t e k il d l u o w r e ti r w e h t , y d u t s s i h t n
I twoquesitonsr elatedt ocode n
i g n i h c ti w
s Father sandSons .
1 Wha taret het ype so fFrenchcode-swtichingt ha texisti nFather sandSons? .
.
C ProblemLimtia iton s
i h
T research present sand analyze sthe use o fcode-swtiching expression in s
n o S d n a s r e h t a
F .There are a tleas tthree kind so fcode-swtiching used in the l
g n E ; l e v o
n i -sh French ,Engilsh-German ,and Engilsh-Laitn.I n ordert oge tadeep e
d o c e h t e v r e s b o o t h c r a e s e r e h t s ti m il r e ti r w e h t g n i d n a t s r e d n
u -swtiching
. y l n o h c n e r F d n a h s il g n E n e e w t e b d e r r u c c o
.
D ResearchObjecitve s
s i h t , e v o b a s m e l b o r p d e if it n e d i e h t o t d e t a l e
R research ha ssomegoal swhich .
w o l e b d e t n e s e r p e r a s l a o g e h T . d e h c a e r e b o t e v a h
.
1 Toanalyzet het ype so fcode-swtichingt ha texistsi nFather sands ons. .
2 Toi dentfiyt hepossibler easonsf o rcode-swtichingi nFather sandSon .s
.
E ResearchBenefti s a
e s e r e h
T rche rexpectst hatt hisr esearchwli lgivebeneftist ot her eader ,st he . s r e h c r a e s e r e r u t u f e h t d n a , s e t a d i d n a c r e h c a e t e h t ,s t n e d u t s e h t ,s r e h c a e t h s il g n E
.
1 TheBeneftisf orReaders
h w t u o b a g n i d n a t s r e d n u r e tt e b e v i g o t d e t c e p x e s i y d u t s s i h t f o t l u s e r e h
T a t
e d o
c -swtiching i s ,especially about t het ype so fcode-swtiching and t hepossible s
n o s a e
r fo rusingcode-swtiching . .
2 TheBeneftisf orEngilshTeachers
e h t , d l e if l a n o it a c u d e e h t n i d e v l o v n i e r a o h w e s o h t d n a s r e h c a e t h s il g n E r o F
e d o c f o h c r a e s e
e d o c h g u o r h T . t h g u a t e b o t c i p o t g n it s e r e t n
i -swtiching student scan learn more .
d lr o w e h t d n u o r a t s i x e t a h t n o n e m o n e h p e g a u g n a l t u o b a
.
3 TheBeneftisf orStudentsi nSanataDharmaEngilshLanguageEduca iton m
a r g o r P y d u t S
s t c e p x e r e h c r a e s e r e h
T to inrtoduce tha tcode swtiching can happen in any
. h c n e r F d n a h s il g n E n e e w t e b e s a c s i h t n i ,s e g a u g n a
l Theresearche ralso hope s
h c r a e s e r s i h t t a h
t wli lgivemorer eferencesi ns tudyingcodes wtiching. .
4 TheTeacherCandidates
t u o b a w o n k l li w y e h t e r a s e t a d i d n a c r e h c a e t e h t r o f s ti f e n e b e h
T theexistence
. l e v o n a n i e s a c s i h t n i , m r o f n e tt ir w e h t n i g n i h c ti w s e d o c f
o They wli lconside r
d n a g n i h c ti w s e d o c f o s e p y t t a h
w whyt hewrtierusecodes wtichingint henovel . .
5 T heBeneftisf orOther sResearchers
l u f p l e h e d i v o r p n a c t l u s e r s ’ y d u t s s i h t y ll u f e p o h , s r e h c r a e s e r r e h t o o T
o o t y e h t , n r u t n I . e r u t u f e h t n i s e i d u t s r a li m i s o t s u l u m it s e v i g d n a n o it a m r o f n i
e d o c t u o b a n o it a m r o f n i e h t h c ir n
e -swtiching .
.
F De ifniitono fTerms n
I thi sstudy, t he researche rwantst o provide t hede ifniiton of t ermst ha tare e e r h t e r a e r e h T . g n i d n a t s r e d n u s i m d i o v a o t r e d r o n i y d u t s s i h t n i d e s u y lt n e u q e r f
n o
n -verba lfeature so fspeech .So t ha’t swhy people havet o usepunctuaiton and n e tt ir w n i t x e t d e z i c il a ti r o , d e n il r e d n u , d l o b e k il y h p a r g o p y t f o s e r u t a e f r e h t o
n a n e h w n o i s a c c o r a l u c it r a p a o t s r e f e r e g a u g n a l , y d u t s s i h t n I .) 7 1 . a r a p ( e g a u g n a l
v i d n
i idua lspeak sin wirtten form tha trelfect scode swtiching in nove lFather s s
n o S d n
” m s il a u g n il i n u n a h t r e h t a r d lr o
w (p.98) .Since ,mos tspeaker sare biilngua land l
a u g n il it l u
m people have to choose a paritcula rcode in thei rcommunicaiton in t
e k a m o t r e d r
o heconversaitonunderstandable . s
a w n o it i n if e d d ri h t e h
T wirtten by Hoffmann (1991) ,she descirbe stha t e
d o
c -swtiching “involve s the atlernate use o f two language s o r ilnguisitc s (
” n o it a s r e v n o c e m a s e h t g n ir u d r o e c n a r e tt u e m a s e h t n i h ti w s e it e ir a
v p 0.11 ) . In
e d o c g n i x i m r o e d o c g n i h c ti w s f o s s e c o r p e h t o t s r e f e r g n i h c ti w s e d o c , y d u t s s i h t
.s r e h t o h ti w n o it a s r e v n o c e v a h e l p o e p n e h w
.
a Type so fCode-swtiching
f o s e p y t x i s s e n if e d ) 4 9 9 1 ( k c i m r o C c
M code-swtiching . Those are e
d o c l a n o it a u ti s , a i s s o l g i
d -swtiching ,metapho irc code-swtiching ,conversaitona l e
d o
c -swtiching , single-word code-swtiching o r borrowing , and integrated .s
d r o w n a o
l Theexplanaiton so feacht ypearepresentedbelow: )
1 According to McCormick (1994), diglossia i sthe use o ftwo code stha t r
u t a e
f eprominenltyi nt hecommuntiy( para.582 .)I n diglossicstiuaiton ,onecode s u t a t s w o l a n i d e s u s i e d o c r e h t o e h t d n a , ) H ( s n o i s a c c o s u t a t s h g i h n o d e s u s i
r e h t o e h t e li h w , n o i s a c c o l a m r o f a n i d e s u s i y t e ir a v H t a h t s n a e m t I .) L ( s n o it c n u f
d e s u s i L e d o
c forl essf orma loccasion .Typically ,theHvairetyi susedi navery , e li h w n a e M . s e i n o m e r e c r a l u c e s r o r e y a r p c il b u p s a h c u s , n o i s a c c o l a m r o
f the L
y t e ir a
v i susedi n an i nforma loccasion .L vairety i susuallyused whent hey have c
r i e h t h ti w n o it a s r e v n o
c losef irend sorf amiile .s )
2 Thes econdt ypei ss tiuaitona lcode-swtiching. McCormick( 1994)s tatest ha t s
i g n i h c ti w s e d o c l a n o it a u ti
y lr a li m i s d n a , d e u l a v y ll a u q
e thes tiuaiton smaybedfiferen itatedonground sothe r (
” e g it s e r p n a h
t p .582) . So i tmean stha tthe language change depend son the e h t e g a r u o c n e y a m e c n a t s m u c ri c n i a tr e c e h t e c n i s r e k a e p s a y b d e c a f e c n a t s m u c ri c
e d o c l a n o it a u ti s , r e v e w o H . d e s u s i h c i h w e g a u g n a l e h t e g n a h c x e o t r e k a e p
s
-p a h g n i h c ti w
s pen swtihou tanychangeoft opic. )
3 The th rid type i smetapho irc code-swtiching .McCormick (1994 )explain s t
a h
t metapho irc code-swtiching happen sin “a whole conversaiton ,each wtihin (
” p i h s n o it a l e r e l o r e n
o p.581 .)I ntheothe rwords,t her oleofr elaitonshipbetween .
e g n a h c y a m n o it a s r e v n o c a n i s r e k a e p s e h t
)
4 Thef ou trht ypei sconversaitona lcode-swtiching .McCormick( 1994 )assetr s t
a h
t thist ypeo fcode-swtichinghappensi n“awholeconversaitonalt urn swtihina t
n e u ti t s n o c s e s u a l c r o s e c n e t n e s e l o h w ; n r u
t s ( .” p581) .Conversaitona lcode -h
c i h w n i g n i h c ti w s l a n o it a u ti s m o r f s r e f fi d , g n i h c ti w
s ti s occurrence i s no t
t n a d n e p e
d on change o ftopic o rstiuaiton .I tallow sthe speake rto juxtapose .
h c e e p s s i h r o r e h n i h ti w s t n e m e l e n g i e r o f f o s h t g n e l s u o ir a
v The second t ypeo f
e d o c l a n o it a s r e v n o
c -swtichingi sstyleshfiitngcode-swtiching .Thist ypehappen s n
a h t e r o m h ti w e g a u g n a l e n o n e h
w o nestylei sused i nt hesociety;i tcanbeseen f o e p y t t s a l e h T . h s il g n E l a m r o f d n a h s il g n E k c a l B e s u o h w s n a c ir e m A m o r f
r e v n o
c saitona l code-swtiching i s code-mixing . According to Holme s (2001), e
d o
c -mixingt ake splacewhen“thes peakeri smixingupcodesi ndiscirminatelyo r ”
e c n e t e p m o c n i f o e s u a c e b s p a h r e
p (p.42) .She also add stha tthe use o fcode -t
a v it o m l l e w y r e v e b n a c g n i x i
m edi nr elaitont ot hesymboilco rsocia lmeaning s .s
h g u a d r a
W (2010 )says t ha t“metaphorica lcode-swtiching ha san affecitve to ti” ,)
1 0 1 . p
( which mean stha twhen people change the code a sthey rede ifne the o t s u o ir e s , l a n o s r e p o t l a i c if f o , l a m r o f n i o t l a m r o f , e l p m a x e r o f , n o it a u ti s
. y ti r a d il o s o t s s e n e ti l o p d n a , s u o r o m u h
t n e r e f fi d e lt ti l
A from those two points o fview , Hoffmann’ s (1991 ) e
d o c f o s e p y t e e r h t s e b ir c s e
d -swtiching .
)
1 The fris ttype i sinrta-sentenita lswtiche stha tcontain change swtihin a .
e c n e t n e s )
2 Thesecond t ypei scalled i nter-sentenita lswtichesi nwhich t hechangingo f d
o
c eoccur sbetweens entences . )
3 Thel astt ypei semblemaitc-swtiching .Hoffman ( 1991 )statest hatt hist ype e h t f o m e l b m e n a s a g n i v r e s s n o it a m a l c x e r o s g a t s a h c u s m e ti “ s e v l o v n i
n I . r e t c a r a h c l a u g n il i
b the swtich involve s a change o f pronunciaiton s
e r u t a e
f ” ( .p131) .
s e if i s s a l c ) 5 9 9 1 ( e n i a m o R , t s i u g n il r e h t o n
A three same type so fcode
-e r a h c i h w , y t e i c o s a n i n e p p a h y a m t a h t g n i h c ti w
s t -ag swtiching, i nter-sentenita l a
rt n i d n a , g n i h c ti w
s -senten ita lswtiching . According to Romaine (1995) gt -a ti
w s a s i g n i h c ti w
s ch t ha t“involvest hei nseritono fat agi nonel anguagei nto an ”
e g a u g n a l r e h t o e h t n i y l e ri t n e e s i w r e h t o s i h ti w e c n a r e tt
u ( .p 212 ) .Thenextt ype
r e t n i s
i -sentenita lswtiching ,in which thi stype involve sa swtich a ta clause o r ,
y r a d n u o b e c n e t n e
s whereeach clauseo rsentencei si n onel anguageo ranother . p
y t t s a l e h
-g n i h c ti w s l a it n e t n e
s involve s“arguably ,the greates tsyntacitc irsk ,and may be l
a u g n il i b t n e u lf t s o m e h t t u b l l a y b d e d i o v
a s”( p .123) .
.
b Reasonsf orCode-swtiching
e d o
C -swtiching i s a common phenomenon tha t i s u d se in a .
d lr o w e h t d n u o r a s e it e i c o s n i n o it a c i n u m m o
c Howeve,rt heuseo fcode-swtiching .
s n o s a e r e m o s y b d e s u a c e b y a
m Every ilnguis tha shi so rhe rown theory to e
d
i ntfiyt hereasonsf o rcode-swtiching .Therehavebeen some reasonsf o rcode .
s t s i u g n il t n e r e f fi d y b d e d i v o r p g n i h c ti w s
e r a e r e h t , ) 1 0 0 2 ( s e m l o H o t g n i d r o c c
A s ix reason s f or using code -c
o s , c i p o t e r a s n o s a e r e s o h T . g n i h c ti w
s ia ldistance,s tatu ,sf ormaltiy,funciton ,and n
o it a c if i c e p s e e s s e r d d
a . The explanaiton so feach reason fo rcode-swtiching are :
w o l e b d e t n e s e r
p
e h t , t s ri
F use code-swtiching can be in lfuenced by the topic .Someitme sa e
ir a v a t c e l e s e l p o e p n e h w s s u c s i d o t r e i s a e e b l li w c i p o t r a l u c it r a
p ty o rcodes .
s e m l o
H (2001)saidt ha t“peoplemays wtichcodewtihinas peecheventt odiscus s (
” c i p o t r a l u c it r a p
a p.37) .
d n o c e
S reasoni ssocia ldistance.Holmes( 2001 )explainst ha tsocia ldistance s
i “when both paritcipant sshare more than one vairety, then othe rfactor swli l (
” e c i o h c e t a ir p o r p p a e h t o t e t u b ir t n o
c p.25) . Fo rexample :when there i sa e g a u g n a l l a m r o f e s u l li w t n a v r e s e h t ,r e t s a m d n a t n a v r e s e h t n e e w t e b n o it a s r e v n o c
s i n o s a e r d ri h
T status. H eremeanst ha trelaitonship between peoplemay be .
e d o c e t a ir p o r p p a e h t g n i s o o h c n i t n a v e l e
r Thesamepersonmaybespokent oi na .
s a g n it c a e r a y e h t r e h t e h w n o g n i d n e p e d e d o c t n e r e f fi d
. y ti l a m r o f s i n o s a e r h tr u o
F In af orma lstiuaiton people havet o changet hei r e
g a u g n a
l into a forma l way , thi si sthe reason why formaltiy may also be .
e d o c r o y t e ir a v e t a ir p o r p p a n a g n it c e l e s n i t n a tr o p m
i Thi scasei susuallyf oundi n .
s e i n o m e r e c r a l u c e s r o r e y a r p c il b u p s a h c u s , n o i s a c c o l a m r o f y r e v e h t
t c n u f s i n o s a e r t s a l e h
T iono rgoa loft hei nteraciton.I tcanbes aidt ha tpeople .
s e s o p r u p r o s n o s a e r e m o s r o f e g a u g n a l e s
u Changingl anguagecan beusedwhen .
s e s o p r u p s r e h t o r o e n o e m o s o t s r e d r o g n i v i g e l p o e p
, n o it i d d a n
I Holmes( 2010 )also statest ha tcodeswtiching maybecaused o f a
p e h
t ritcipants .Code swtich may be related to a paritcula r paritcipant s o r r
e h t n e h w e l p m a x e r o f , e e s s e r d d
a ei san arirva lo fanew person .When t herei sa n
o it a s r e v n o c e h t n i r e m o c w e
n peoplemays wticht heril anguage .(p .35) r
e h t
O reason sfo rcode-swtiching are presented by Hoffmann (1991) “the e
d o c r o f s n o s a e
r -swtiching are manfiold” (p.115) .I tmean stha tthe reason so f e
d o
c -swtiching arecontextual ,stiuaitona landpersona lkind .Inaddiiton ,shealso e
d o c r o f s n o s a e r n e v e s e r a e r e h t t a h t s e t a t
s -swtiching :
f e h
T ristr easoni sconveniencewhen at lkingabou taparitculart opic .People l
li w t i e s u a c e b e d o c r o y t e ir a v r a l u c it r a p a t c e l e s y a
m beeasie rfort hemtodiscus s .
c i p o t r a l u c it r a p
a I thappen sbecause i twli lbe easie rfo rthem to discus sa r
a l u c it r a
p topic .I thappen sbecause every t opicmigh thave somespeci ifc t erm s .
s e h
T econd reason i s convenience when quoitng somebody else . Code e
s l e e n o e m o s d e t o u q e l p o e p n e h w n e p p a h n a c g n i h c ti w
s ’ s word sin orde rto
. e g a s s e m e h t r e v il e
d tIi scalledbyHolmes( 2001 )a s“referenitallyo irentedcode -.t n e t n o c e g a s s e m r a l u c it r a p e z i s a h p m e o t d e y o l p m e s i ti h c i h w n i ) 7 3 . p ( ” h c ti w s
t e h
T hrid reason i sbeing emphaitcabou tsomething .Peoplewli lchanget he e
h w e g a u g n a
l n they wan tto clarfiy o rasser tthe message .When there i sa e
d o c n o it a s r e v n o c e h t n i g n i d n a t s r e d n u s i
m -swtiching wli lbe used to clarfiy the .
r o t u c o lr e t n i e h t o t e g a s s e m
f e h
T ou trhr easoni si ntejrecitonorr epeititon .Whent herei sanunderstanding a
n
i conversaiton , people may swtich the language in orde r to make the .
d o o t s r e d n u l l e w e b n o it a s r e v n o
c Fo rexample a teache ruse scode-swtiching in r e h c a e t e h T . y fi r a l c r o f s t n e d u t s e h t o t e g d e l w o n k r e f s n a rt o t m o o r s s a l c e h t
h t n i d i a s e h s r o e h t a h w d e t a e p e
r edfiferentl anguaget omakei tclearer . f
e h
T i tfh reason i sto expres sgroup i denttiy .Some swtiche sare o tfen very s
n o s a e r l a i c o s r o f y li r a m ir p e d a m e r a s e h c ti w s e h t d n a t r o h
s – to signa lthe
. y ti t n e d i c i n h t e s ’ r e k a e p
s Fo rexample when t herei sFrench man say s“Bonso ri” .
y ti t n e d i c i n h t e e h t l a n g i s o t r e d r o n i d n e ir f r e h r o s i h o t
s e h
T ixth r easoni stoshowsoildartiy. Peoplesomeitme sswtichcodewtihin .
n o it a u ti s l a i c o s r o n i a m o d
a Wha ti smean tby soildartiy here is ,fo rexample, p
n e h
w eople swtich t hel anguage atfer therei san arirva lo fanewperson in t he .
a l u p o c s a h c u s s e r u t a e f l a c it a m m a r g n i a tr e c f o n o it e l e d e h t y
b be ,moda lverbs ,
, m r o f e s n e t t s a p e h t f o e c a l p n i b r e v e h t f o m r o f e s a b e h t f o e s u e h t d n a , s e l c it r a
c l a i c e p s f o e s u e h t d n
a onsrtucitons uchas‘ no+verb”(p.45).
s r e n r a e l y h w “ t a h t s n i a l p x e ) 7 9 9 1 ( s il l E s r o t c a f l a n r e t n i f o t e s l a n if a , n e h T
l u f s s e c c u s w o h d n a 2 L n a n r a e l y e h t e t a r e h t n i y r a
v learnersulitmatef or”(p.6). t
p a e g a u g n a l e h t , e l p m a x e r o
F tiude o rpeople natura ldisposiiton forl earning an t
i g n i d n if e m o s h c i h w n i , 2
L i seasiert hanother .s
.
B Theoreitca lFramework
d l a c it e r o e h t e h t n o d e s a
B escirpiton,t her esearche rwrapsup t heapprop irate .
y d u t s e h t f o s e v it c e j b o e h t h s il p m o c c a o t s e ir o e h
t Since thi sstudy invesitgate s e
d o
c -swtiching phenomenon in wirtten form ,the wrtie remployed the t heory o f e
d o
c -swtiching by McCormick (1994 )in which i tdeifnes the type so fcode -e
d o c c i s s o l g i d , y l e m a n , g n i h c ti w
s -swtiching , conversaitona l code-swtiching, e
d o c d r o w e l g n i
s -swtiching and integrated loan word code-swtiching .In thi s y r o e h t e h t y b d e tr o p p u s e b l li w k c i m r o C c M y b g n i h c ti w s e d o c f o y r o e h t e h t y d u t s
. s t s i u g n il r e h t o f o
t r e d r o n i , n e h
T o answe rthe second problem, the wrtie remployed fou r s
n o s a e
r byHolmes( 2001 ,)whoi den itife ssixr easonsf o rcode-swtiching ,namely; s
s e r p x e , c i p o t e h t f o e g n a h
c ion sofsocia ldistance, status ,formaltiy ,funciton o r .
n o it a c if i c e p s e e s s e r d d a d n a , n o it c a r e t n i e h t f o l a o
g In thi sresearch ,the wrtie r h
t d e y o l p m e o s l
a er easonsf o rcode-swtichingbyHoffmann( 1991) ,whosayst ha t e
d o
r o n o it c e jr e t n i , g n i h t e m o s t u o b a c it a h p m e g n i e b , e s l e y d o b e m o s g n it o u q , c i p o t
, y ti t n e d i p u o r g s s e r p x e , n o it it e p e
r show soildartiy ,and clarfiy t he speech conten t .r
1 2
I I I R E T P A H C
Y G O L O D O H T E M
e h t g n i z y l a n a d n a a t a d g n ir e h t a g n i s s e c o r p e h t s e b ir c s e d r e t p a h c s i h T
, e u q i n h c e t g n ir e h t a g a t a d , t n e m u rt s n i h c r a e s e r , d o h t e m h c r a e s e r s e b ir c s e d t I . a t a d
. e r u d e c o r p h c r a e s e r d n a , e u q i n h c e t s i s y l a n a a t a d
.
A ResearchMethod
lr e d n u e h
T ying reason f or choosing one research method ove rthe othe r s
a
w based on the research problem s and the possib litiy o fansweirng those .
s m e l b o r
p Thi sresearch wa sconducted by using qualtiaitve research ,especially t
p ir c s e D . h c r a e s e r e v it a ti l a u q e v it p ir c s e
d ive qualtiaitveresearch wa sused i n t hi s o
t d e t c u d n o c s a w h c r a e s e r s i h t e s u a c e b h c r a e s e
r comprehend the type sand the
s n o s a e
r f orcodeswtichingphenomenoni nanovel ,enitltedFather sandSons . sA y
b d e t a t
s Leedyand Ormrod (2005) ,“aqualtiaitveresearch i sakind ofr esearch t
a h t n o n e m o n e h p n o s e s u c o f t a h
t occursinnaturals etitng” (p.133) . d
n e h e r p m o c o t d e t c u d n o c s a w y d u t s s i h t e c n i
S language phenomenon i n
e d o c e s a c s i h t n i , y t e i c o
s -swtiching which existed i n anovel ,a content analysi s wa s considered a sthe mos tapprop irate method .Leedy and Ormrod (2005 ,)
s a s i s y l a n a t n e t n o c s e n if e
d “adetalied andsystemaitcexaminaitonoft hecontent s y
fi t n e d i f o e s o p r u p e h t r o f l a ir e t a m f o y d o b r a l u c it r a p a f
o ingpattern ,st hemes ,o r
s e s a i
b ” (p.142 .) Thi skind of analysi sis usually performed on form so fhuman s
k o o b s a h c u s , n o it a c i n u m m o
a , s n o it c a r e t n i n a m u h f o s e p a t o e d i
v nd rtanscirp to fconversaiton .s Based on the o
t d e d i c e d r e ti r w e h t , s t n e m e t a t
s analyze the types fo code swtiching and the g
n i h c ti w s e d o c g n i s u f o s n o s a e
r inanovel ,enitltedFather sandSons.
.
B ResearchSetitng
s i h
T wrtier wa sconducted to comprehend the type sand the reason so f d
e lt it n e , l e v o n a n i n o n e m o n e h p g n i h c ti w s e d o
c Father sand Sons .Father sand
s n o
S i snove lbyI vanS .Turgenev.I tconsist so f295page swtih28chaptersi n ti . e h t g n it c e ll o c n i n o it c a r e t n i n a m u h e d u l c n i t o n s e o d h c r a e s e r s i h t e c n i S
y d u t s y r a r b il n I . y r a r b il e h t n i d e t c u d n o c s a w h c r a e s e r e h t , a t a
d , the wrtie r
m r o f n i d e t c e ll o
c aiton abou tcode swtiching from the ilbrary and use sthem to .
s m e l b o r p d e t a l u m r o f e h t e z y l a n a
.
C ResearchSubject
s i h t n
I research ,the wrtie rchose a Russian rtanslated novel ,enitlted s
n o S d n a s r e h t a
F whichi sw irttenbyI vanS .Turgenev .Father sandSonsi snove l .
v e n e g r u T . S n a v I y
b T he o irgina lversion o fthe nove lwa sw irtten in Russian , d
e lt it n
e Ottsy IDetty .Thefris tnove lwa spub ilshedi n1862,t heni twa srtanslated n
i ot Engilsh i n 1867 and t he itltebecame Fathersand Sons .Thenovel t ha twa s s
u ed in thi sstudy wa senitlted Fathers and Sons, was rtanslated by Rosemay n
i d e h s il b u p d n a s d n o m d
E Grea tBrtiain by Clay sLtd and StI ve splci n1975. I t .
.
D ResearchI nstrument
.
1 ResearchI nstrumen
.
a Document
r p e h t s i t n e m u c o
D imary source o fthe research insrtument .The document s t
s i x e t a h t g n i h c ti w s e d o c f o t s il e h t o t d e r r e f e
r e d in t henovel ,Father sand Sons. a
d e t s il r e h c r a e s e r e h
T l lo fcodes wtichingphenomenoni nt henove landused tit o s n o s a e r e h t d n a g n i h c ti w s e d o c f o s e p y t e h t y fi t n e d i o t r e h c r a e s e r e h t p l e
h f or
. l e v o n t a h t n i g n i h c ti w s e d o c g n i s
u Inordert oi dentfiyt het ype so fcodes wtiching s
e d o c g n i s u f o s n o s a e r e h t d n
a wtiching i n t ha tnove,l t he observaiton form was d
e s
u in thi sstudy .The observaiton form so fcode swtiching used wa sadapted m
o r
f theMcCormick’ s(1994). I tconsistedo fdiglossiccodes wtiching,s tiuaitona l v
n o c , g n i h c ti w s e d o c c ir o h p a t e m , g n i h c ti w s e d o
c ersaitona lcodeswtiching ,single .
g n i h c ti w s e d o c s d r o w n a o l d e t a r g e t n i r o , g n i h c ti w s e d o c d r o w
.
E DataGatheringTechnique
e r e h
T werethreestepsi ngatheirngt hedata .Fristly,t hewrtie rconsrtucted s
il n i a i d e m e h t s a m r o f n o it a v r e s b o e h
t itngt hecode-swtichingcasesi nthenovel . I twast heobservaitonf ormo fcodes wtichingadaptedf romMcCormick( 1994).
g n i h c ti w S e d o C f o s e p y T f o t s il k c e h C f o e l p m a S 1 . 3 e l b a T
o
N CodeSwtichingCase Type so fCodeSwtiching
: e t o N
D :DiglossicCodeSwtiching S :Stiuaitona lCodeSwtiching M :Metapho ircCodeSwtiching
S
C :Conversaitona lCodeSwtiching P :PhraseCodeSwtiching
g n i h c ti w S e d o C e c n e t n e S e l o h W : S W
C :ClauseCodeSwtiching e
l g n i S : W
S WordCodeSwtiching L
I :I ntegratedLoanword sCodeSwtiching d
n o c e
S ly , the wrtie r t ired to identfiy the code swtiching cases . The n
o it a c if it n e d
i proces so fcode swtiching case swa sdone whlie the wrtie rwa s .
e v o n e h t g n i d a e
r Thel as tstep, t hewrtie r ilsted t he codeswtiching case son t he .
s m r o f n o it a v r e s b o
.
F DataAnalysi sTechnique
n i a g o t r e d r o n
I quail ifed ifnding ,st hewrtie rfollowed t heorganizedstep s g
n i z i n a g r o n
i and analyzing the data o fqualtiaitve which were consrtucted by s
a ) 8 9 9 1 ( ll e w s e r
C ctiedbyLeedyandOrmrod( 2005 :150-151) .Creswel lcreated l
a ri p s s i s y l a n a a t a d e h
t tha tgoe sthroughthef ollowings teps:
.
1 Organizingt heData
g r o n
I anizingt hedata,t hewrtie rhadto breakdown l argedatabodiesi nto .
s ti n u r e ll a m
s Byscanningthenovel,t hewrtie rwouldbeablet o ifndand identfiy s
e c n a r e tt u e g a u g n a l e h
t tha tcontaine d code swtiching ,and then pu ti ton the .
.
2 Pursuingt heData
r e ti r w e h t , a t a d e h t g n i u s r u p f o s s e c o r p e h t n
I w erot down fewmemosi n
k c e h c e r o t r e d r
o whethe rthere were code swtiching case stha thad no tbeen .t
e y d e d u l c n i
.
3 IdentfiyingGenera lCategorie sandClassfiyingEachPieceo fData
tr a p s i h t n
I ,t hewrtie rhadt ohaveasenseo fwhatt hedatameant.I tmeant e
d o c e h t f o l l a t a h
t -swtiching case stha t had been found and ilsted on the s
m r o f n o it a v r e s b
o had to be idenit ifed to ti stype in orde rto faclitiate the data g
n i s s e c o r
p .
.
4 Integra itngandSummarizing
r e tf
A thewrtie r ifnished the idenitifcaiton o fthe t ype so fcodeswtiching n
i d e t s i x e t a h
t Father s and Sons, the ifnding s were then summa irzed . The e d o c r o f s n o s a e r e h t d n a g n i h c ti w s e d o c f o s e p y t e h t t u o b a s a w n o it a z ir a m m u s
. g n i h c ti w s
.
G ResearchProcedure
d e z i n a g r o e r e w h c i h w y d u t s s i h t f o e r u d e c o r p e h t d e b ir c s e d n o it c e s s i h T
n i a t b o o t e n o d d n
a deep comprehension oft hephenomenon being studied .There .
h c r a e s e r e h t h s il p m o c c a o t d e t c u d n o c s p e t s x i s e r e w
.
1 Selecitngt heTarge tBook
d e lt it n e , l e v o n a e s o h c r e ti r w e h
T Father sand Sons tha twa sw irtten by h
t s a l e v o n s i h t e s o h c r e ti r w e h T . v e n e g r u T . S n a v
e r e h
t had been no previou sstudie son code swtiching tha twa sconducted in t he .l
e v o n
.
2 Designingt heObserva itonForm
e b o t r e i s a e s i s y l a n a e h t e k a m o t r e d r o n i d e d e e n s a w m r o f n o it a v r e s b O
m r o f n o it a v r e s b o e h T . e n o
d tha tw aa s dapted f rom McCormick( 1994 )contained f
o number ,codes wtichingcases ,andt ype so fcodes wtiching. .
3 Lisitngt heCodeSwtichingCase sont heObserva itonForm
A tfe rdesigning the observaiton forms ,the code swtiching tha thad been d
e t s il e r e w d e r e v o c s i
d inordert omakei teasierf o rthewrtiert oanalyzet hedata. k c i m r o C c M m o r f d e t p a d a s a w t a h t e l b a t e h t n o d e t s il e r e w s e s a c g n i h c ti w s e d o C
.) 4 9 9 1 (
.
4 Analyzingt heType so fCodeSwtiching
t n o it a t n e d n i e n i
L he data ilsted on the observaiton form swere used to analyze the type so fcode swtiching tha texisted in the nove.l Based on the e r e w g n i h c ti w s e d o c f o s e p y t e h t , k c i m r o C c M m o r f d e t p a d a s m r o f n o it a v r e s b o
c ir o h p a t e M , g n i h c ti w S e d o C l a n o it a u ti S , g n i h c ti w S e d o C c i s s o l g i D o t n i d e d i v i d
n o it a s r e v n o C , g n i h c ti w S e d o
C a lCodeSwtiching ,PhraseCodeSwtiching ,Whole , g n i h c ti w S e d o C d r o W e l g n i S , g n i h c ti w S e d o C e s u a l C , g n i h c ti w S e d o C e c n e t n e S
. g n i h c ti w S e d o C s d r o w n a o L d e t a r g e t n I d n a
.
5 Identfiyingt hePossibleReasonsf orCodeSwtiching
ti w s e d o c f o s e p y t e h t g n i z y l a n a r e tf
A ching, t hewrtie,rt heni denit ifedt he .l
e v o n d e t c e l e s e h t n i g n i h c ti w s e d o c r o f s n o s a e r e l b i s s o
p Ther eason swerebased
s e ir o e h t e h t n
.
6 MakingConclusion sBasedont heFindings
, p e t s t s a l e h t s
A the wrtie r drew conclusions o f the research . The s
n o i s u l c n o
c were based on the data analyzed from the previou sstep sa sthe r
e w s n
9 2
R E T P A H
C I V
H C R A E S E
R FINDINGSANDDISCUSSION
e h t n o s n o i s s u c s i d e h t d n a s g n i d n if h c r a e s e r e h t s e d u l c n i r e t p a h c s i h T
, g n i h c ti w s e d o c f o s e p y
t and also theexplanaitons of t hereason sfo rusing code g
n i h c ti w
s tha toccur sinnovel ,Father sandSons .Int hi sresearch,t hediscussion s .
e u g o l a i d d n a n o it a r r a n y l e m a n , s tr a p o w t o t n i d e d i v i d e r a
.
A Type so fCodeSwtiching inFather sandSons
, n o it a l u c l a c e h t g n i o d r e tf
A thereweref ourt ypes, ou to fsix t ype so fcode g
n i h c ti w
s tt ha werefoundi n t henove lFather sand Sons .Theyweresingleword e c n e t n e s e l o h w d n a g n i h c ti w s e d o c e s u a l c , g n i h c ti w s e d o c e s a r h p , g n i h c ti w s e d o c
. g n i h c ti w s e d o
c Table 4.1 presents the percentage of t he amoun tof t he cases in g
n i h c ti w s e d o c f o e p y t h c a e
T 1 . 4 e l b a
T hePercentageoft heAmoun toft heCase so fCodeSwtiching in
s n o S d n a s r e h t a F
o
N Type so fCodeSwtiching Number Percentage
.
1 SingleWordCodeSwtiching 6 18,2% .
2 Phrasa lCodeSwtiching 9 27,3% .
3 ClausalCodeSwtiching 8 24,2% .
4 WholeSentenceCodeSwtiching 1 0 30,3% l
a t o
e b n a c t i , n o it a l u c l a c a t a d e h t m o r
F seen tha twhole sentence code g
n i h c ti w
s i sthe mos tused code swtiching .Those case swerefound b oth in the f
o e u g o l a i d r o n o it a r r a
n Father sand Son .s Thi spar talso elaboratest het ype so f e
d o
c -swtiching in detali . In each type , the wrtie r present s and show s the n
i e c n e r r u c c o e h t f o e g a t n e c r e
p Father sandSons.
.
1 SingleWordCodeSwtiching
s a w g n i h c ti w s e d o c f o e p y t t s ri f e h
T singlewordcodes wtiching .Thist ype e
b o s l a n a c g n i h c ti w s e d o c f
o referred t oasl exica lborrowing .Lexica lborrowing d n o c e s e h t n i d r o w e t a ir p o r p p a e h t w o n k t o n o d e l p o e p n e h w d e s u y ll a u s u s i
e g a u g n a
l .Thewrtierf ound six case so r18 ,2%o fsingleword codeswtiching i n l
e v o n e h
t .These type so fcode swtiching were found both in the Father sand ’
s n o
S narraitonandt hedialogue . .
a Narra iton
e s r u o c s i d f o d n i k e h t “ s i n o it a r r a n ) 1 6 9 1 ( n e r r a W d n a s k o o r
B tha ti s
. p ( n o it o m n i e fi l h ti w , n o it c a h ti w d e n r e c n o
c 191) .In thi sresearch ,narraiton o
t s r e f e
r telilng a story o f connected eventsi n theorde rof happening. Narraiton e
b n a
c inaspokeno rwirtten mfor ,buti nt hi sstudy, thenarraitoni is nt hew irtten .
m r o
f Fromt hecalculaiton,t herewerethreecase so fsingleword codeswtiching n
i d n u o
f thenarraiton o fFather sand Sons. eT h number so fcase sar epresented .
w o l e b
)
1 ‘Would you ilke some moret ea? ’asked Fenichka ,putitng he rhead i n a t g
n it ti s e h t o t n i e m o c o t d e t a ti s e h d a h e h s : r o o d e h
t -room whlieshecould
.t n e m u g r a n i d e s i a r s e c i o v r a e h
y a l o k i N ’ ,r a v o m a s e h t y a w a e k a t o t m e h t l l e t n a c u o y , o N
‘ Pertovich
e u q s u r b a h ti W . r e h t e e m o t p u g n it t e g , d e r e w s n
a ‘Bonsoir’ (good
) g n i n e v
.
b Dialogue
n e e w t e b s n e p p a h t a h t n o it a s r e v n o c a s i e u g o l a i
D individuals . dA ialogue
n a
c happenbetweentwopersonso rmore.Grenville( 1990 ,)s tatest hatdialoguei n .) 1 0 1 . p ( ” e g a p n e tt ir w e h t n o e v il o t n g i s e d n o it c u rt s n o c l a i c if it r a n a “ s i n o it c
if In
s i h
t research,t hedialogue s arein t hew irttenf orm .Dialoguest ha tappearedi nt he s
n o S d n a s r e h t a
F wereconversaiton sbetweenonecharactert oother scharacteri n h
t a tnovel .From t hedialogues, t hewrtierf ound severalcase so fcode-swtiching . There were threecase so fsingle word code swtiching found i n t he Father sand
s n o
S ’dialoguepatr .Theyarepresentedbelow. )
1 ‘You are much too good-natured and modes,t ’ Pave l Pertovich e r o m r a f e r a I d n a u o y t a h t , y r a rt n o c e h t n o , d e c n i v n o c m a I . d e t a l u t s o p x e
s s e r p x e e w s p a h r e p h g u o h tl a , n e m e lt n e g g n u o y e s e h t t a h t t h g ir e h t n i
, d e n o i h s a f d l o t a h w e m o s n i s e v l e s r u
o vielil(old)l anguageand are no tso d
e ti e c n o c y lt n e l o s n
i (p.129 ,ch.10 .)
The dialogue above happens between Pave lPertovich and Nikolay Pertovich . y
e h
T arearguingabou tArkady and hisf irend ,Bazarov .Pave lPertovich reailzes t
a h
t heand hi sbrother ,Nikolay Pertovich aret heoldgeneraiton .Theword vielil d
e s u s
i b yPave lPertovicht oemphasizet hepointt hatt heyareoldarleady . )
2 Madame Kukshin , Eudoxie , Yevdoxia Kukshin . She’ s a remarkable ,
e r u t a
n émancipée(ilberated)in t he rtuesense oft hewo lrd ,an advanced n
a m o
w (p.139 ,ch .12 .) a e l p m a x e e h t f o r e k a e p s e h
T bovei sStinikov .S tinikov i saf irend o fBazarov, i n e H . y d a k r A d n a v o r a z a B o t n i h s k u K a i x o d v e Y t u o b a s n i a l p x e e h e u g o l a i d e h t
s y a
s tha tYevdoxiaKukshin i saremarkablenature, émancipée(ilberated)in t he .
n a m o w d e c n a v d a n a , d lr o w e h t f o e s n e s e u rt
)
3 ‘Cold now ,mind !Don’ tstand on ceremony ,Arkady Nikolayevich ,bu t ’
v o r a z a B d e ll a c ’ , e r e h m ’ I
‘ ’ svoicef romArkady’sr oom. .
y l k c i u q d n u o r d e n r u t r e h t a f s i H
t ti s i v y a p o t d e t n a w u o y , a h A
“ oyourf irend ;bu tyou weret ool ate ,amice )
d n e ir f
( ,andheand Ihavearleadyhadalongchatt ogethe r(p.206 ,ch .21 .) e
h t n
I previou sexample ,frislty the conversaiton happen sbetween Arkady and e
m o c v o r a z a B , n e h T . h c y n a v I y li s s a
V s and join in the conversaiton .Vassliy n
o s s i h s t e e r g h c y n a v
I ‘amice(f irend)’ ,andsayst ha theandArkadyhavearleady .r
e h t e g o t t a h c g n o l a d a h
.
2 Conversa itona lCode-Swtiching
e d o c l a n o it a s r e v n o c , ) 4 9 9 1 ( k c i m r o C c M o t g n i d r o c c
A -swtichingallowt he
i e r o f f o h t g n e l s u o ir a v e s o p a t x u j o t r e k a e p
s gn element swtihin he ro rhi sspeech . y
e h t ,s e p y t r e ll a m s o t n i d e d i v i d s i fl e s ti g n i h c ti w s e d o c l a n o it a s r e v n o
C arephrase
. g n i h c ti w s e d o c e c n e t n e s e l o h w d n a , g n i h c ti w s e d o c e s u a l c , g n i h c ti w s e d o c
.
a Phrasecodes wtiching
g n i h c ti w s e d o c e s a r h
P ist hefristt ypeo fconversaitona lcodeswtiching . o
t g n i d r o c c
A TheOxfordAmericanDicitonaryandThesaurus(2003) ,phrasei s“ a f
o p u o r
g word stha thave a paritcula rmeaning and i tconsist so ftwo o rmore s
d r o
w ” .Thephrasecouldbenounphrase ,adjecitvephrase ,verbphrase ,adverbia l e
s a r h
p , and preposiitona lphra se. In thi sstudy ,there were t wo phrase code s
e s a c n e v e s d n a n o it a r r a n e h t n i g n i h c ti w
s phrase code swtiching found in the e
u g o l a i
)
1 Narra iton
e r e h t , y d u t s s i h t n
I aret woc s ase o fphrasecodeswtichingt ha ti sfound i n f
o n o it a r r a n e h
t Father sandSons .Thecase sarepresentedbelow. )
a Hehada graciou sword f o reveryone– wtih an added shadeo fdisgust i n ,
t n a ll a g s a w e h ; s r e h t o n i e c n e r e f e d d n a s e s a c e m o
s un vra ichevaile r
s i o ç n a r
F ( a rea lknigh to fFrance ,) t o allt he l adies ,and wa sconitnually e
s l e e n o o n h c i h w n i ,r e t h g u a l g n i d n u o s e r y tr a e h o t n i g n it s r u
b tookpatr ,a s
l a i c if f o h g i h a s ti f e
b (p.146 ,ch .14 .)
a s i h c i y lI i e v t a M . h c i y lI i e v t a M t u o b a s r e d a e r e h t s ll e t e v o b a n o it a r r a n e h T
e c n a r e tt u e h t , n e h T . n o s r e p e v a h e b l l e w a s i e h , y d a k r A f o s e v it a l e
r un vra i
r e il a v e h
c François( area lknigh to fFrance)i sused t oshowt ha tMatve i lIyich i s .
n a m d o o g y ll a e r a
)
b There were crowd so fpeopleand no l ack o fmen fo rdancing –patrners ; s r e c if f o e h t t u b s ll a w e h t g n o l a r e h t e g o t h c n u b o t d e d n e t s n a il i v i c e h t
k e e w x i s t n e p s d a h o h w e n o y ll a i c e p s e , y l s u o u d i s s a d e c n a
d sin Pairs ,
s a h c u s s n o it a m a l c x e g n ir a d s u o ir a v d e r e t s a m d a h e h e r e h
w ‘zut ’– ‘Ah
’ ! e rt h c
if – ‘pst ,pst,monbibi(mysefl) ’(p.147 ,ch .14 .) e
v o b a n o it a r r a n e h
T wantst ot ellther eader saboutt hepatry .Thepa try i sf ul lo f h
ti w y s u b e r a y e h t d n a ; e l p o e
p thei rownbusiness ,somemenareavaliablet obea ,r
e n tr a p g n i c n a
d some civiilan sa rebunchi ng togethe ralong t hewalls ,and some g
n i c n a d s r e c if f
o assiduously .Oneoft heofifcer swhoha sspen tsixweeksi nPair s h
c u s s n o it a m a l c x e g n ir a d o t y rt n e h
t zut ’– ‘Ah ifchrte! ’– ‘pst ,pst,mon bibi )
fl e s y m
)
2 Dialogue
e h t n i g n i h c ti w s e d o c e s a r h p f o e s a c e h t g n i y fi t n e d i r e tf
A Father sand
s n o
S ’narraiton, t hewrtie rthen idenit ifedseven caseso fphrasecodeswtiching in e
h
t Father sandSons ’dialogue .These aret hedata: )
a ‘My goodness !A manoff o try-four ,apaterf amiilas(af athe roff amliy) , t
u o s i h t n
i - fo - et -h wayprovince ,playingt he‘ cello!’(p.116 ,ch .9 .) e
v o b a n o it a t o u q e h
T i sa conversaiton between Arkady and Bazarov ,in the n
o it a s r e v n o
c they are talking abou tNikolay Pertovich ,Arkady’ sfather .Arkady r
e h t a f s i h t a h t v o r a z a B s ll e
t ilkeplaying cello, Bazarov who t hinks t ha t ti i san y
tr o f f o n a m a “ t a h t s y a s e h , e g a u g n a l e h t h c ti w s n e h t g n i h t e l b a v e il e b n
u - ufo r ,a
s a il i m a f r e t a
p (a fathe ro ffamliy) in thi sout- fo - et -h way province ,playing the
.’ ! o ll e c ‘
)
b … , wtihou t a sense o f sel f respec t – and these feeilng s are highly t
a r c o t s ir a e h t n i d e p o l e v e
d - therecanbeno f rimf oundaitonf ort hesocia l … (le)bienpubli (tc hepubilcweal)...t hes ocialf ab irc(p.122 ,ch.10.) )
c ‘Allow me , Pave l Pertovich, ’ Bazarov pu t in , ‘you say you respec t o d t a h t s e o d t if e n e b f o t r o s t a h w : d e d l o f s m r a r u o y h ti w t i s d n a f l e s r u o y
e h
t (le )bienpubilc t(hepub ilcweal)? I fyoudidn t’r espec tyoursefl ,you’d e
m a s e h t t s u j o
d (p.122 ,ch.10 .)
l e v a P d n a y d a k r A , l e v o n e h t f o r e k a e p s e h t , e v o b a s e l p m a x e o w t e s e h t m o r F
h c i v o rt e
P are arguing abou tairstocrat .In example b ,Pave lPertovich say sto a
t u o h ti w n o s r e p a t a h t v o r a z a
B sense o fsel frespec t– and those feeilng sare t
a r c o t s ir a e h t n i d e p o l e v e d y l h g i
h - therecan beno f rimf oundaiton f ort hesocia l (le )bien pubilc t(hepubilc weal), the socia lfab irc .Then i n examplec, Bazarov
p s e r h c i v o rt e P l e v a P t a h t g n i y a s y b h c i v o rt e P l e v a P s e il p e
