J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No.2 (2011)
Vol. 7, No. 2 Desember 2011 Akreditasi: No 816/D/08/2009 BOGOR, INDONESIA
JURNAL
BIOLOGI
INDONESIA
ISSN 0854-4425
JURNAL
BIOLOGI
INDONESIA
ISSN 0854-4425
Deforestation in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia Suyadi
195
Study of Pteridophyte Diversity and Vegetation Analysis in Jatikerep Legonlele and Nyamplung, Karimunjawa Island Central Jawa
Fahreza Saputra & Labibah Qotrunnada
207
Javan Leaf Monkey (Trachypithecus auratus) Movement in a Fragmented Habitat, at Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, East Java, Indonesia
M.Hari Subarkah, Novianto Bambang Wawandono, Satyawan Pudyatmoko, Subeno , Sandy Nurvianto, & Arif Budiman
213
Impact of Invasive Ant Species in Shaping Ant Community Structure on Small Islands in Indonesia
Akhmad Rizali, Abdul Rahim, Bandung Sahari, Lilik Budi Prasetyo, & Damayanti Buchori
221
Relationship Different Riparian Vegetation Cover with Stream Conditions in Cikapinis Stream, West Jawa
Della Kemalasari & Devi N. Choesin
231
Affect of Canopy Stratum and Methods of Breaking Seed Dormancy on Seedling Growth of Calliandra tetragona Beth. and Acacia tamarindifolia (L.) Willd. Indriani Ekasari
243
Shoot Tip Culture of Nepenthes albomarginata Lobb ex Lindl. In Vitro Lazarus Agus Sukamto, Mujiono, Djukri, & Victoria Henuhili
251
Variasi Gen Mitokondria Cytochrome b pada Dua Jenis Burung Kakatua Putih (Cacatua alba dan C. moluccensis)
Dwi Astuti 263
JURNAL
BIOLOGI
INDONESIA
ISSN 0854-4425
Jurnal Biologi Indonesia diterbitkan oleh Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia. Jurnal ini memuat hasil penelitian ataupun kajian yang berkaitan dengan masalah biologi yang diterbitkan secara berkala dua kali setahun (Juni dan Desember).
Editor Pengelola Dr. Ibnu Maryanto Dr. I Made Sudiana Deby Arifiani, S.P., M.Sc
Dr. Izu Andry Fijridiyanto
Dewan Editor Ilmiah Dr. Abinawanto, F MIPA UI Dr. Achmad Farajalah, FMIPA IPB
Dr. Ambariyanto, F. Perikanan dan Kelautan UNDIP Dr. Aswin Usup F. Pertanian Universitas Palangkaraya Dr. Didik Widiyatmoko, PK Tumbuhan, Kebun Raya Cibodas-LIPI
Dr. Dwi Nugroho Wibowo, F. Biologi UNSOED Dr. Parikesit, F. MIPA UNPAD
Prof. Dr. Mohd.Tajuddin Abdullah, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Malaysia Assoc. Prof. Monica Suleiman, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia
Dr. Srihadi Agungpriyono, PAVet(K), F. Kedokteran Hewan IPB Y. Surjadi MSc, Pusat Penelitian ICABIOGRAD
Drs. Suharjono, Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI Dr. Tri Widianto, Pusat Penelitian Limnologi-LIPI
Dr. Witjaksono Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI Alamat Redaksi
Sekretariat
d/a Pusat Penelitian Biologi - LIPI
Jl. Ir. H. Juanda No. 18, Bogor 16002 , Telp. (021) 8765056 Fax. (021) 8765068
Email : jbi@bogor.net; ibnu_mar@yahoo.com Website : http://biologi.or.id
Jurnal ini telah diakreditasi ulang dengan nilai A berdasarkan SK Kepala LIPI 816/ D/2009 tanggal 28 Agustus 2009.
J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No.2 (2011)
JURNAL BIOLOGI
INDONESIA
J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No.2 (2011)
KATA PENGANTAR
Jurnal Biologi Indonesia yang diterbitkan oleh PERHIMPUNAN BIOLOGI INDONESIA edisi volume 7 nomer 2 tahun 2011 memuat 17 artikel lengkap, tujuh artikel diantaranya telah dipresentasi pada seminar ATCBC di Bali 2010. Penulis pada edisi ini sangat beragam yaitu dari Balai Penelitian Besar Penelitian Bioteknologi dan Sumber daya Genetik Pertanian Bogor, Balai Tanaman Sayuran Lembang, Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner Bogor Kementerian Pertanian, BATAN.
Fak. MIPA-Biologi Universitas Indonesia, Fakultas Kehutanan UGM Yogyakarta, Fakultas Kehutanan dan Fakultas Pertanian IPB Bogor, Sekolah Tinggi Hayati dan Departemen Tehnik Kimia ITB Bandung, Fakultas Pertanian Universi-tas Borneo, Tarakan, UniversiUniversi-tas Negeri Yogyakarta, FakulUniversi-tas Sain dan Tehnologi Universitas Islam Hidayatullah Jakarta, Kebun Raya Cibodas LIPI, Puslit Biologi LIPI, Puslit Oseanografi LIPI, PEKA dan Asosiasi Pelestari Curik Bali, Taman Safari Cisarua Bogor. Topik yang dibahas pada edisi ini meliputi bidang Botani, mikrobiologi, zoologi, remote sensing.
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH
Jurnal Biologi Indonesia mengucapkan terima kasih dan penghargaan kepada
para pakar yang telah turut sebagai penelaah dalam Volume 7, No 2, Juni 2011: Drs. Roemantyo, Puslit Biologi-LIPI
Dr. Dwi Astuti, Puslit Biologi-LIPI M.Fathi Royani, MA., Puslit Biologi-LIPI Dr. Iwan Saskiawan, Puslit Biologi-LIPI
Drs. Ary Wahyono, Puslit Kemasyarakatan-LIPI Muhamad Irham MSc., Puslit Biologi-LIPI Dr. Enung Fuad, Puslit Bioteknologi-LIPI Drs. Boeadi, Puslit Biologi LIPI (Purna Bakti) Dr. Edi Mirmanto, Puslit Biologi-LIPI
J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No.2 (2011)
DAFTAR ISI
Deforestation in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia Suyadi
195
Study of Pteridophyte Diversity and Vegetation Analysis in Jatikerep Legonlele and Nyamplung, Karimunjawa Island Central Jawa
Fahreza Saputra & Labibah Qotrunnada
207
Javan Leaf Monkey (Trachypithecus auratus) Movement in a Fragmented Habitat, at Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, East Java, Indonesia
M.Hari Subarkah, Novianto Bambang Wawandono, Satyawan Pudyatmoko, Subeno , Sandy Nurvianto, & Arif Budiman
213
Impact of Invasive Ant Species in Shaping Ant Community Structure on Small Islands in Indonesia
Akhmad Rizali, Abdul Rahim, Bandung Sahari, Lilik Budi Prasetyo, & Damayanti Buchori
221
Relationship Different Riparian Vegetation Cover with Stream Conditions in Cikapinis Stream, West Jawa
Della Kemalasari & Devi N. Choesin
231
Affect of Canopy Stratum and Methods of Breaking Seed Dormancy on Seedling Growth of Calliandra tetragona Beth. and Acacia tamarindifolia (L.) Willd.
Indriani Ekasari
243
Shoot Tip Culture of Nepenthes albomarginata Lobb ex Lindl. In Vitro Lazarus Agus Sukamto, Mujiono, Djukri, & Victoria Henuhili
251
Variasi Gen Mitokondria Cytochrome b pada Dua Jenis Burung Kakatua Putih (Cacatua alba dan C. moluccensis)
Dwi Astuti
263
Kajian Pendahuluan: Perpindahan Gen dari Tanaman Kentang Transgenik Katahdin RB ke Tanaman Kentang Non Transgenik
A. Dinar Ambarwati, M. Herman, Agus Purwito , Eri Sofiari,& Hajrial Aswidinoor
277
Virus Influenza Novel H1N1 Babi di Indonesia
NLP Indi Dharmayanti, Atik Ratnawati, & Dyah Ayu Hewajuli
289
Karakterisasi Produk Biosolubilisasi Lignit oleh Kapang Indigenus dari Tanah Pertambangan Batubara di Sumatera Selatan
Irawan Sugoro, Sandra Hermanto,D. Sasongko,D. Indriani & P. Aditiawati
Potensi Virus Avian Influenza H5NI Isolat A/Ck/West Java/Pwt-Wij/2006 Sebagai Vaksin R. Indriani, NLP I Dharmayanti, R.M.A Adjid, & Darminto
Variasi dan kekerabatan genetik pada dua jenis baru belimbing (Averrhoa leucopetala Rugayah et Sunarti sp nov dan A. dolichorpa Rugayah et Sunarti sp nov., Oxalidaceae)
berdasarkan profil Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Kusumadewi Sri Yulita
Pengaruh Dinamika Faktor Lingkungan Terhadap Sebaran Horisontal dan Vertikal Katak Hellen Kurniati
Merekonstruksi Habitat Curik Bali Leucopsar rothschildi Stresemann, 1912 di Bali Bagian Barat
Mas Noerdjito, Roemantyo &Tony Sumampau
Struktur dan Komposisi Vegetasi Hutan Semusim Habitat Curik Bali (Leucopsar rothschildi Stresemann, 1912) di Kawasan Labuan Lalang, Taman Nasional Bali Barat
Roemantyo
Sumbangan Ilmu Etnobotani dalam Memfasilitasi Hubungan Manusia dengan Tumbuhan dan Lingkungannya
213 Jurnal Biologi Indonesia 7(2):213-220 (2011)
Javan Leaf Monkey (Trachypithecus auratus) Movement in a
Frag-mented Habitat, at Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, East Java,
Indonesia
M.Hari Subarkah ¹, Novianto Bambang Wawandono ²,
Satyawan Pudyatmoko ³, Subeno ³, Sandy Nurvianto ³, & Arif Budiman ¹
¹ Wildlife researcher at Wildlife Laboratory Faculty of Forestry Gadjah Mada University, ² Biodiversity Conservation, Departement of Forestry
³Faculty of Forestry Gadjah Mada University. E-mail: mazbarkah@yahoo.com ABSTRAK
Pergerakan Lutung budeng (Trachypithecus auratus) didaerah habitat terfragmentasi Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru, Jawa Timur, Indonesia. Pergerakan lutung budeng di daerah habitat terfragmentasi diamati dengan metode transek. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa ada empat kelompok masing masing beranggotakan 12 (grup A), 16 (grup B), 15 (grup C) dan 12 lutung (grup D). Penelitian yang dilakukan disekitar hunian penduduk, jalan, hutan terdegradasi dan jalan-jalan setapak mengindikasikan bahwa lutung dalam aktivitas hariannya memerlukan waktu 32,82% diantaranya digunakan untuk makan, 30,97% untuk istirahat dan sisanya 31,79 untuk pergerakan perpindahan. Lutung dalam aktivitasnya 50,53% menggunakan wilayah puncak kanopi tumbuhan, 41,99%menggunakan kanopi tumbuhan bagian tengah dan hanya 2,49 % yang menggunakan kanopi bawah.
Kata kunci: Lutung budeng (Trachypithecus auratus),habitat terfragmentasi
INTRODUCTION
Most primate species live in tropical forests, (Mittermeier & Cheney 1987; Chapman et al. 2006) where 2 major threats are habitat destruction and hunt-ing by human (Mittermeier & Cheney 1987). Alteration of forests into agricul-tural land, degraded function of the con-servation area, are several causes de-creasing the primate population. Primate populations, like those other organisms, face the challenges of coping with the dynamic of their habitat, because habitat are continually changing and primate must
adapt to changes in order to survive; fail-ure to adapt dooms species to extinction (Isabirye-Basuta & Jeremiah 2008; Sharkley1996, Newsome et al. 2005).
Habitat loss and fragmentation are associated with fewer resources, greater isolation, and more intense and far-reach-ing edge effects (Laurance & Bierregaard 1997), and both are considered was ma-jor threats to wildlife. Unless the current rate of forest conversion is halted, it is inevitable that more and more primate populations will live in an isolated frag-ment (Isabirye-Basuta & Jeremiah 2008). Understanding the biology behind the dis
214
tinction between species at risk and more persistent species should help inform con-servation efforts (Gibbons & Harcourt 2009).
Coban Trisula are an intensive used areas in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, consist of 3 natural waterfalls, and also the habitat for the vurnerable of javan leaf monkey (IUCN 2010). In addition to tourism, this region is also intensively used by local people to take the wood, fodder, mushrooms, honey, medicine and kinds of forest fruits for consumption. The lo-cation immediatelies adjacent to the cul-tivation, split by a highway connecting Bromo and district of Malang and located between Gubugklakah and Ngadas vil-lages. This condition has turned the area fragmented. This study aims to determine the daily movements in the area of Coban Trisula as forms of javan leaf monkey ad-aptation in fragmented habitat.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study sites was at Coban Trisula resort conservation area, Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, at coordinate 08o
00'11.5"- 07o 59'52.3"LS and 112o
51'51.6"-112o 52'21.4"BT, at 1335-1591
m asl, covering 89 hectares. Administra-tively it is located in the Gubugklakah vil-lage Malang, East Java. This research was conducted in August-December 2009 and January 2010.
The methods used during the study were: 1) Population survey of Javan lan-gurs using Line Transect Method (Strukhsaker 1981) conducted onece each month, and then calculated the av-erage number of individuals found; 2)
vegetation data collected using Point Centered Quarter-Method (Mueller-Dumbois & Ellenberg 1974) only to the level of the tree with a minimum diam-eter of 35cm, measured at breast height, and 3) observations of daily activity of Javan langurs using Focal Animal Sam-pling method (Lehner 1976) by observ-ing the feedobserv-ing, social, restobserv-ing and mov-ing.
RESULTS
Coban Trisula and surounding are intensif used areas, as ecotourism object. The object were consisting three natural waterfalls, namely upper coban, middle coban and down coban, flows in Lajing river. The management has created semi permanent trail to reach the object, about 600 meters long. The object was opened only in weekend, and visited by tourist about 50 - 100 peoples a day.
Coban Trisula located as the border of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, directly connected with localvillagers cultivation. The area is also cut by permanent road connecting Bromo mountain and district Malang and 3 vil-lages that are Ranu Pani village, Ngadas village and Gubugklakah village. Inside the area there are many trail used by lo-cal villagers taking any resources needed. These facilities make villagers and visi-tors can access freely. Inside the loca-tion, there are three natural rivers that is Sadam river, Lajing river and Amprong river.
Illegal cutting for cabin, firewood and cattle food for cows and goat are the biggest contribution to the habitat loss
215 Javan Leaf Monkey (Trachypithecus auratus) Movement
Figure 1. Habitat type of javan leaf monkey (Trachypithecus auratus) at Coban Trisula.
Figure 2. Ilegal cutting for cabin and cattle food. and habitat fragmentation inside and
out-side the area. It was done by local vil-lagers from Gubugklakah village, Tosari village and Duwet village. Illegal cutting is intensive in the dry season, and de-creasing in rainy season. It was created a "hole" in the area and formed a liaison at each habitat corridor that is used for moving by Javan leaf monkey to explore the home range.
The population survey was con-ducted a month over study period. It showed a population density of 55
indi-viduals that are divided into four groups. Group 1 was up to 12 individuals, group 2 was 12 individuals, group 3 was 15 in-dividuals and group 4 was16 inin-dividuals. Sex ratio is 1:1.5 (19 males and 29 fe-males). The age structure and sex ratio of each group are presented in the Table 1.
The table shows, density of javan leaf monkey at Coban Trisula is 0,6 individu per hectare. The density was higher than in Blok Ireng-Ireng which consisted of 64 individuals at area 428
216
No Groups
Population, age structure and sex ratio Adult Sub-adult
Juvenile Total Male Female Male Female
1 Group 1 3 6 2 - 1 12
2 Group 3 2 4 1 1 4 12
3 Group 2 3 6 3 2 1 15
4 Group 4 3 6 2 4 1 16
Total 11 22 8 7 7 55
Table 1. Population, age structure and sex ratio of javan leaf monkey at Coban Trisula and surrounding
hectars, means 0,1 individu per hectare. The observation samples consist of group 1 and group 2, while group 3 and group 4 are considered equal. Observations were done on daily behavior, exploiting strata canopies, canopy height and density of trees used in its daily activities.
To determine the density of trees used for moving, feeding and other ac-tivities, vegetation analysis was con-ducted using the Centre Point-Quadrat Method. The density of trees is 228.7 individuals per hectare, the average dis-tance between trees is 7.34 meters, the average tree height is 8.40 meters, av-erage canopy width is 7.13 meters and canopy density is 41.51% (scale 3 of Braun-Blanquet Scale). Species found include Danglo (Engelhardtiaspicata), Tritih (Nitrocous sp), Preh (Ficus spp), Anggrung (Trema orientalis), Bodak (Nauclea orientalis), Blarang (
Maca-ranga sp), Dadap (Erythrina orien-talis), Nyampuh Sentul (Actinodaphne sp) and Salam (Syzygium polyanthum). DISCUSSION
Canopy level used by javan leaf monkey were different from any activi-ties. During the observations, canopy level used by javan leaf monkey is pre-sented in the Figure3
The charts shows (Table 2), canopy used at top level are 50,53%, at middle level are 41,99% and lower canopy used 4,98%. It seems associated with the habit of javan leaf monkey as arboreal primate. Utilization of canopy level was associ-ated with the height and canopy density, and diversity of tree species such as feed-ing trees, shelter and so forth. For ex-ample, Preh (Ficus spp), was used as a feeding trees, resting and social
activi-Table 2. Height and canopy density (in average) of trees at core area in home range. Item/
Activities
Resting Feeding Social Sleeping Heigh t (m) Canopy Density (%) Height (m) Canopy Density (%) Heigh t (m) Canopy Density (%) Heigh t (m) Canopy Density (%) Group 1 23.86 47.95% 24.77 53.33% 26.47 57.35% 27.67 58.33% Group 2 24.08 47.88% 20.87 45.00% 25.00 52.78% 25.57 52.86% Overlapping 25.11 53.42% 23.55 54.50% 28.92 55.00% 29.20 59.50%
217 Javan Leaf Monkey (Trachypithecus auratus) Movement
ties, also as moving trees to other areas. Equitable form of branching, 45% canopy density, 20 meters height and shape of the rounded canopy javan leaf monkey used top, middle and lower canopy level. But, Anggrung (Trema orientalis), av-erage height 20 meters and a canopy density 25%, more often utilized as a resting trees and social activities at the middle canopy. While types of Bodak (Nauclea orientalis), with the same height and canopy density 40%, more often utilized as resting trees social ac-tivities on top, middle and lower canopy level. During observations, sometimes javan leaf monkey found above the ground to find insects, consuming
sev-eral species of plants and shrubs around the river, some areas where there are no human activities.
Daily activities of javan leaf monkey, showed on Figure 4
Average percentage of daily activity of javan leaf monkey for rest and social activities amounted to 30.97%. Both activities were performed in the same span of time before afternoon (07.30 10.00 am) and in the afternoon (12.00 -14.30 pm). Social activities that were found during the observation is grooming and playing, but no breeding activity had been found. Foraging and eating approximately 31.82% & were performed by all individuals' javan leaf
Figure 4. Canopy level used by javan leaf monkey
Figure 3. Percentage of time budget in javan leaf monkey daily activity
Foraging & Eating, 31.82% Moving & Ranging, 31.79% Resting and Social Activity, 30.97% 50.53% 41.99% 4.98% 2.49%
Top Canopy Middle Canopy Lower Canopy Above the Ground Canopy Level
218
monkey in the morning (06.00 - 07.30 am) and afternoon periods (14.30 - 17.00 pm). While moving activity and ranging is approximately 31.79%, which is performed in the morning, afternoon and evening at the home range in each group. Based on the observation and calculation above, it is known that the javan leaf monkey have good adaptability to the state of the fragmented habitat. Utilization of trees were various in daily activities formed important areas and frequently visited, known as core area. Core areas used by javan leaf monkey are closely linked with the height and density of tree canopies. Height of trees was used by Javan langurs to avoid harassment and threats from both human and predator. While the canopy density selected by javan leaf monkey was mainly to protect themselves from sunlight, rain, wind and low temperatures. Utilization of core areas in resting, feeding, social activities and sleeping was different one to another, and are presented in the Table 2 below. In the observation of home range, there is overlapping between home range group 1 and group 2. At each home range of two groups, there are a core area used jointly by the Group 1 and Group 2.
Resting activities were spread on several trees on the top and middle canopy level, on average height of 23.86 meters in home range of Group 1, 24.08 meters in home range of Group 2 and 25.11 meters in overlapping home range. Higher trees were used by javan leaf monkey in circumstances of potential nuisance and threat. When interference or threat appears, javan leaf monkey can
move easily to another tree and hide. The average number of canopy density are 47.95% used by group 1, 47.88% used by the Group 2 and 53.42% in overlapping home range, because Javan langurs are adequately shielded from sunlight, rain, wind, low temperature and relatively hidden from predators.
At feeding activity, the average height of trees that was used by group 1 is 24.77 m, 20.87 m in group 2 and 23.55 m in overlapping home range. The average number of canopy density was 53.33% in Group 1, 45.00% in group 2 and 54.50% in overlapping home range. Canopy height and density associated with the volume of feed that is available, although sometimes javan leaf monkey also moved above the ground to eat insects, several types of shrubs and plants such as kecubung (Brugmansia sp), kaliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus), mencokan (Debregeasia sp).
Social activities carried out during resting time such as grooming, playing and mating. At the core areas, social activities are carried out on trees with an average height of 26.47 m in group 1, 25.00 m in group 2 and in overlapping home range 28.92 m. Canopy density in Group 1 amounted to 57.35%, in Group 2 was 52.78% and in overlapping home range of 55.00%. While playing, javan leaf monkey used top and middle canopy level to practice running, jumping, wrestling and climbing. This activity was carried out by sub-adult and juvenile, occasionally watched by their mother. Sometimes another adult female or males occasionally join into. Grooming and other social activities are often carried
219 Javan Leaf Monkey (Trachypithecus auratus) Movement
out by two or more individuals, alternately, conducted on middle canopy level or a branching tree or large tree trunks and flat. Another social activity is breeding. However, during observations the social activity was not found.
Javan leaf monkey stopped their activities by entering the aleeping trees at 17:30 to 18:00. Selection of trees to sleep are very important because javan leaf monkey must ensure that the tree has well-height and high density canopies. The average numbers of tree height are 27.67 m in group 1, 25.57 m in group 2 and 29.10 m in overlapping home. Canopy density in sleeping tree of group 1 was 58.33%, group 2 was 52.86% and in overlapping home range were 59.50%. Sleeping trees used were higher and more densely than the height and canopy density trees for other activities. Tree height based on a better sense of security from the threat of predators, whereas high canopy density for shelter from the wind and cold air, and from the rain.
CONCLUSIONS
These observations concluded that javan leaf monkey was able to adapt to the fragmented habitat areas. Height and canopy density of trees have important functions in supporting the daily activities of Javan langurs such as feeding behavior, resting, social activities and moving. Tree height associated with a sense of preferential because they feel safe from harassment and threat of predators. While the density of the canopy allows protecting the body from
sunlight, wind, rain, low temperature as well as a place to hide from threats and predators and human disturbance.
In Coban Trisula Resort, conflict of interest between human and javan leaf monkey could become a serious threat to the existence or the preservation of these animals, which are death and/or displacement to another areas or habitats that are more supportive. Therefore, conservation action to conserve javan leaf monkey has to be taken in the future. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many thanks to Mr. Novianto Bambang Wawandono, Director of Biodiversity Conservation, Departement of Forenstry, The Nature Conservancy (TNC), Directorate General of Higher Education (DIKTI), Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), The Indonesian Biological Society (PBI), Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation (ATBC), Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park and all staff, and many many people are not name here. REFERENCES
Chapman, CA., MJ. Chapman & HAC. Eeley. 2006. What hope for African Primate Diversity?. African J. Ecol. 44: 116-133 Dumbois, DM. & H. Ellenberg. 1974.
Aims and Method of Vegetation Ecology. John Wiley & Sons. New York, London, Sydney, Toronto Gibbons, MA. & AH. Harcourt. 2009.
Biological correlates of extinction and persistence of primates in small
220
forest fragments: a global analysis. Trop. Cons.Sci. 2 (4):388-403. IUCN. 2010. IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species. www.iucn redlist.org. Downloaded on 20 June 2010.
Isabirye, B., M. Gilbert & SL. Jeremiah. 2008. Primate Population and Their Interaction with Changing habitat. Int. J. Primatology. 18th, 2008. Laurance, WF. & RO. Bierregaard.
1997. Tropical Forest Remnants. Ecology, management, and conservation of fragmented communities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lehner, PN. 1976. Handbook of Ethological Methods. Garlang STPM Press, New York & London. 395.
Mittermeier, RA. & DL. Cheney. 1987. Conservation of Primates and Their Habitat. In B. B. Smuts, DL Cheney, RM. Seyfarth, RW. Wrangham, & TT. Struhsaker (Eds.), Primate Societies. Chicago University Press. 475-490. Newsome D., D. Ross & M. Susan.
2005. Wildlife Tourism. Aspects of
Tourism. Channel View Publica-tions. Clevedon. Buffalo. Toronto. 152.
Shackley, M. 1996. Wildlife Tourism. ITP. International Thomson Business Press. An International Publishing Company. London. Bonn. Boston. Singapore. Tokyo. 299.
Struhsaker, TT. 1981. Census Methods for Estimating Densities. In: Subcommittee on Conservation of Natural Population, Committee on Nonhuman Primates, Division of Biological Sciences, Assembly of Life Sciences & National Research Council (eds) Techniques for the study of primate population ecology. Nation Academy Press, Washington, pp 36-80
Wawandono, BW. 2010. Pemodelan Daya Dukung Habitat Lutung Jawa (Modelling of Javan Langur Habitat Carrying Capacity). [Disertation]. Gadjah Mada University. Yogyakarta.
Received: July 2010 Accepted: Aprl 2011
J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No.2 (2011)
PANDUAN PENULIS
Naskah dapat ditulis dalam bahasa Indonesia atau bahasa Inggris. Naskah disusun dengan urutan: JUDUL (bahasa Indonesia dan Inggris), NAMA PENULIS (yang disertai dengan alamat Lembaga/ Instansi), ABSTRAK (bahasa Inggris, maksimal 250 kata), KATA KUNCI (maksimal 6 kata), PENDAHULUAN, BAHAN DAN CARA KERJA, HASIL, PEMBAHASAN, UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH (jika diperlukan) dan DAFTAR PUSTAKA.
Naskah diketik dengan spasi ganda pada kertas HVS A4 maksimum 15 halaman termasuk gambar, foto, dan tabel disertai CD. Batas dari tepi kiri 3 cm, kanan, atas, dan bawah masing-masing 2,5 cm dengan program pengolah kata Microsoft Word dan tipe huruf Times New Roman
berukuran 12 point. Setiap halaman diberi nomor halaman secara berurutan. Gambar dalam bentuk grafik/diagram harus asli (bukan fotokopi) dan foto (dicetak di kertas licin atau di scan). Gambar dan Tabel di tulis dan ditempatkan di halam terpisah di akhir naskah. Penulisan simbol α,
β, χ, dan lain-lain dimasukkan melalui fasilitas insert, tanpa mengubah jenis huruf. Kata dalam bahasa asing dicetak miring. Naskah dikirimkan ke alamat Redaksi sebanyak 3 eksemplar (2 eksemplar tanpa nama dan lembaga penulis).
Penggunaan nama suatu tumbuhan atau hewan dalam bahasa Indonesia/Daerah harus diikuti nama ilmiahnya (cetak miring) beserta Authornya pada pengungkapan pertama kali.
Daftar pustaka ditulis secara abjad menggunakan sistem nama-tahun. Contoh penulisan pustaka acuan sebagai berikut :
Jurnal :
Hara, T., JR. Zhang, & S. Ueda. 1983. Identification of plasmids linked with polyglutamate production in B. subtilis. J. Gen. Apll. Microbiol. 29: 345-354.
Buku :
Chaplin, MF. & C. Bucke. 1990. Enzyme Technology. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
Bab dalam Buku :
Gerhart, P. & SW. Drew. 1994. Liquid culture. Dalam : Gerhart, P., R.G.E. Murray, W.A. Wood, & N.R. Krieg (eds.). Methods for General and Molecular Bacteriology. ASM., Washington. 248-277.
Abstrak :
Suryajaya, D. 1982. Perkembangan tanaman polong-polongan utama di Indonesia. Abstrak Pertemuan Ilmiah Mikrobiologi. Jakarta . 15 –18 Oktober 1982. 42.
Prosiding :
Mubarik, NR., A. Suwanto, & MT. Suhartono. 2000. Isolasi dan karakterisasi protease ekstrasellular dari bakteri isolat termofilik ekstrim. Prosiding Seminar nasional Industri Enzim dan Bioteknologi II. Jakarta, 15-16 Februari 2000. 151-158.
Skripsi, Tesis, Disertasi :
Kemala, S. 1987. Pola Pertanian, Industri Perdagangan Kelapa dan Kelapa Sawit di Indonesia.[Disertasi]. Bogor : Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Informasi dari Internet :
Schulze, H. 1999. Detection and Identification of Lories and Pottos in The Wild; Information for surveys/Estimated of population density. http//www.species.net/primates/loris/ lorCp.1.html.
Kajian Pendahuluan: Perpindahan Gen dari Tanaman Kentang Transgenik Katahdin RB ke Tanaman Kentang Non Transgenik
A.Dinar Ambarwati, M. Herman, Agus Purwito , Eri Sofiari,& Hajrial Aswidinoor
277
Virus Influenza Novel H1N1 Babi di Indonesia
NLP Indi Dharmayanti, Atik Ratnawati, & Dyah Ayu Hewajuli
289
Karakterisasi Produk Biosolubilisasi Lignit oleh Kapang Indigenus dari Tanah Pertambangan Batubara di Sumatera Selatan
Irawan Sugoro, Sandra Hermanto,D. Sasongko,D. Indriani & P. Aditiawati
299
Potensi Virus Avian Influenza H5NI Isolat A/Ck/West Java/Pwt-Wij/2006 Sebagai Vaksin
R. Indriani, NLP I Dharmayanti, R.M.A Adjid, & Darminto
309
Variasi dan kekerabatan genetik pada dua jenis baru belimbing (Averrhoa leucopetala Rugayah et Sunarti sp nov dan A. dolichorpa Rugayah et Sunarti sp nov., Oxalidaceae) berdasarkan profil Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Kusumadewi Sri Yulita
321
Pengaruh Dinamika Faktor Lingkungan Terhadap Sebaran Horisontal dan Vertikal Katak Hellen Kurniati
331 Merekonstruksi Habitat Curik Bali Leucopsar rothschildi Stresemann, 1912 di Bali
Bagian Barat
Mas Noerdjito, Roemantyo &Tony Sumampau
341
Struktur dan Komposisi Vegetasi Hutan Semusim Habitat Curik Bali (Leucopsar rothschildi Stresemann, 1912) di Kawasan Labuan Lalang, Taman Nasional Bali Barat
Roemantyo
361
Sumbangan Ilmu Etnobotani dalam Memfasilitasi Hubungan Manusia dengan Tumbuhan dan Lingkungannya
Eko Baroto Walujo
