Chapter 6 Teori Produksi

Chapter 6

Topics to be Discussed

 Teknologi Produksi  Isoquants

 Produksi dengan satu variabel input

(tenaga kerja)

Introduction

 Fokus permasalahan adalah sisi produsen.

 Teori produksi akan mengarah kepada:

 Bagaimana perusahaan mengambil kebijakan untuk meminimumkan biaya produksi

 Bagaimana biaya bervariasi dengan output

 Karakteristik pasar produsen

Teknologi Produksi

 Proses Produksi

 _{Mengkombinasikan beberapa input atau}

faktor produksi untuk mendapatkan hasil produksi.

 Faktor Produksi

 Tenaga kerja

The Technology of Production

 Fungsi Produksi:

 Menunjukkan output tertinggi yang

dihasilkan oleh produsen untuk berbagai kombinasi input dan teknologi yang ada.

 Menunjukkan apa yang layak secara teknis

The Technology of Production

 Fungsi produksi untuk dua input:

Q = F(K,L)

Q = Output, K = Capital, L = Labor

Isoquants

 Asumsi

 Produsen makanan mempunyai 2 faktor

produksi

Isoquants

 Pengamatan:

Untuk setiap tingkat K, produksi meningkat dengan penambahan tenaga kerja.

Untuk setiap tingkat L, produksi meningkat dengan penambahan modal

Berbagai kombinasi input yang menghasilkan tingkat produksi yang sama

Isoquants

 Isoquants

 Kurva yang menunjukkan kombinasi

input-input atau faktor produksi yang

Production Function for Food

1 20 40 55 65 75 2 40 60 75 85 90 3 55 75 90 100 105 4 65 85 100 110 115 5 75 90 105 115 120 Capital Input 1 2 3 4 5 Labor Input

Produksi dengan 2 variable input(L,K)

Labor per year

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 5 Q₁ = 55

The isoquants are derived from the production function for output of

of 55, 75, and 90. A D B Q₂ = 75 Q₃ = 90 C E Capital

Isoquants

 Isoquant menekankan bagaimana

kombinasi input yang berbeda dapat menghasilkan output yang sama.

 Informasi ini mengizinkan produsen untuk merespon perubahan faktor

produksi secara efisien di dalam pasar.

Isoquants

 Jangka Pendek:

 Jumlah dari satu atau lebih dari

faktor-faktor produksi tidak dapat diubah dalam satu periode waktu.

 _{Input atau faktor produksi ini dinamakan}

dengan fixed inputs.

Isoquants

 Jangka Panjang

 Sekumpulan waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk

membuat semua faktor produksi menjadi faktor produksi variabel.

Amount Amount Total Average Marginal of Labor (L) of Capital (K) Output (Q) Product Product

Production with

One Variable Input (Labor)

0 10 0 --- ---1 10 10 10 10 2 10 30 15 20 3 10 60 20 30 4 10 80 20 20 5 10 95 19 15 6 10 108 18 13 7 10 112 16 4 8 10 112 14 0 9 10 108 12 -4 10 10 100 10 -8

 Pengamatan:

 Dengan penambahan tenaga kerja,

produksi meningkat, mencapai titik maksimum dan selanjutnya menurun. Produksi dengan Satu Variabel Input

 Pengamatan:

Produksi rata-rata terhadap tenaga kerja meningkat, dan selanjutnya menurun. L Q Input Labor Output AP   Production with

 Pengamatan:

Produksi Marjinal terhadap tenaga kerja meningkat dengan cepat, dan selanjutnya menurun dan menjadi negatif.

L Q Input Labor Output MP L       Production with

Total Product

A: slope of tangent = MP (20) B: slope of OB = AP (20)

C: slope of OC= MP & AP

Labor per Month Output per Month 60 112 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A B C D Production with

Average Product Production with

One Variable Input (Labor)

10 20 Outpu t per Month 30 E Marginal Product Observations:

Left of E: MP > AP & AP is increasing Right of E: MP < AP & AP is decreasing E: MP = AP & AP is at its maximum

 Pengamatan:

 Pada saat MP = 0, TP maksimum

 Pada saat MP > AP, AP meningkat

 Pada saat MP < AP, AP menurun

 _{Pada saat MP = AP, AP maximum}

Production with

Production with

One Variable Input (Labor)

Output per Month 60 112 A B C D 10 20 E 30 Output per Month

AP = slope of line from origin to a point on TP, lines b, & c.

 Peningkatan penggunan input dengan kenaikan yang sama, suatu titik akan tercapai dan menghasilkan

penambahan hasil produksi yang semakin berkurang (MP menurun). Production with

One Variable Input (Labor)

 Ketika jumlah tenaga kerja sedikit, produksi marjinal meningkat akibat adanya spesialisasi.

 Ketika jumlah tenaga kerja besar,

Produksi marjinal menurun akibat terjadinya inefisiensi.

Production with

One Variable Input (Labor)

 Dapat digunakan dalam jangka panjang untuk mengevaluasi berbagai rencana penjualan.

 Diasumsikan bahwa kualitas dari

variabel input adalah konstan. Production with

One Variable Input (Labor)

 Menjelaskan terjadinya penurunan nilai produksi marjinal

 Diasumsikan teknologi yang digunakan adalah konstan

Production with

One Variable Input (Labor)

The Effect of

Technological Improvement

Labor per time period Output per time period 50 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A O₁ C O₃ O₂ B Produktitivitas tenaga kerja dapat meningkat

jika ada perubahan dalam teknologi, meskipun setiap tingkat

produksi mengurangi penurunan produksi terhadap tenaga kerja

Produksi dengan dua variabel input

 Terdapat hubungan antara produksi dan

produktifitas.

 Untuk jangka panjang K&L merupakan faktor produksi variabel.

 Isokuan menganalisis dan

The Shape of Isoquants

Labor per year

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 5

Dalam jangka panjang capital dan labor menjadi input variabel dan

mengalami penambahan hasil yang semakin

berkurang Q₁ = 55 Q₂ = 75 Q₃ = 90 Capital per year A D B C E

 Reading the Isoquant Model

1) Assume capital is 3 and labor increases from 0 to 1 to 2 to 3.

_{Notice output increases at a decreasing}

rate (55, 20, 15) illustrating diminishing returns from labor in the short-run and

Production with

Two Variable Inputs

 Reading the Isoquant Model

2) Assume labor is 3 and capital increases from 0 to 1 to 2 to 3.

Output also increases at a decreasing

rate (55, 20, 15) due to diminishing returns from capital.

Diminishing Marginal Rate of Substitution

Production with

 Substituting Among Inputs

 Managers want to determine what

combination if inputs to use.

 They must deal with the trade-off between

inputs.

Production with

 Substituting Among Inputs

 The slope of each isoquant gives the

trade-off between two inputs while keeping output constant.

Production with

 Substituting Among Inputs

 The marginal rate of technical substitution

equals: input labor in ange capital/Ch in Change -MRTS  ) of level fixed a (for Q L K MRTS    _

Production with

Marginal Rate of

Technical Substitution

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 5 Capital per year

Isoquants are downward sloping and convex

like indifference curves. 1 1 1 1 2 1 2/3 1/3 Q₁ =55 Q₂ =75 Q₃ =90

 Observations:

1) Increasing labor in one unit

increments from 1 to 5 results in a decreasing MRTS from 1 to 1/2.

2) Diminishing MRTS occurs because of diminishing returns and implies

Production with

 Observations:

3) MRTS and Marginal Productivity

The change in output from a change in

labor equals:

L)

)(

(MP

L



Production with

 Observations:

3) MRTS and Marginal Productivity

The change in output from a change in

capital equals:

Production with

Two Variable Inputs

K)

)(

 Observations:

3) MRTS and Marginal Productivity

If output is constant and labor is

increased, then: 0 K) )( (MP L) )( (MP L   K   MRTS L) K/ ( -) )/(MP (MP L K    

Production with

Isoquants When Inputs are

Perfectly Substitutable

Capital per month Q Q Q A B C

 Observations when inputs are perfectly substitutable:

1) The MRTS is constant at all points on the isoquant.

Production with

Two Variable Inputs

 Observations when inputs are perfectly substitutable:

2) For a given output, any combination of inputs can be chosen (A, B, or C) to

generate the same level of output (e.g. toll booths & musical

Production with

Two Variable Inputs

Fixed-Proportions

Production Function

Labor per month Capital per month L₁ K₁ Q1 Q₂ Q₃ A B C

 Observations when inputs must be in a fixed-proportion:

1) No substitution is possible.Each

output requires a specific amount of each input (e.g. labor and

jackhammers).

Fixed-Proportions Production Function

Production with

 Observations when inputs must be in a fixed-proportion:

2) To increase output requires more

labor and capital (i.e. moving from A to B to C which is technically

efficient).

Fixed-Proportions Production Function

Production with

A Production Function for Wheat

 Farmers must choose between a capital

intensive or labor intensive technique of production.

Isoquant Describing the

Production of Wheat

Labor

(hours per year) Capital (machine hour per year) 250 500 760 1000 40 80 120 100 90 Output = 13,800 bushels per year A B 10 -K   260 L   Point A is more capital-intensive, and B is more labor-intensive.

 Observations:

1) Operating at A:

 L = 500 hours and K = 100

machine hours.

Isoquant Describing the

Production of Wheat

 Observations:

2) Operating at B

Increase L to 760 and decrease K to 90

the MRTS < 1: 04 . 0 ) 260 / 10 (       L K -MRTS

Isoquant Describing the

Production of Wheat

 Observations:

3) MRTS < 1, therefore the cost of labor must be less than capital in order for the farmer substitute labor for capital. 4) If labor is expensive, the farmer would

use more capital (e.g. U.S.).

Isoquant Describing the

Production of Wheat

 Observations:

5) If labor is inexpensive, the farmer would use more labor (e.g. India).

Isoquant Describing the

Production of Wheat

Returns to Scale

 Measuring the relationship between the

scale (size) of a firm and output

1) Increasing returns to scale: output

more than doubles when all inputs are doubled

Larger output associated with lower cost (autos)

Returns to Scale

Labor (hours) Capital (machine hours) 10 20 30 Increasing Returns:

The isoquants move closer together

5 10

2 4

0

Returns to Scale

 Measuring the relationship between the

scale (size) of a firm and output

2) Constant returns to scale: output

doubles when all inputs are doubled

Size does not affect productivity

Returns to Scale

Capital (machine hours) Constant Returns: Isoquants are equally spaced 10 20 30 15 5 10 2 4 0 A 6

Returns to Scale

 Measuring the relationship between the

scale (size) of a firm and output

3) Decreasing returns to scale: output

less than doubles when all inputs are doubled

Decreasing efficiency with large size

Returns to Scale

Capital (machine hours)

Decreasing Returns: Isoquants get further apart 10 20 30 5 10 2 4 0 A

Summary

 A production function describes the

maximum output a firm can produce for each specified combination of inputs.

 An isoquant is a curve that shows all

combinations of inputs that yield a given level of output.

Summary

 Average product of labor measures the

productivity of the average worker, whereas marginal product of labor

measures the productivity of the last worker added.

Summary

 The law of diminishing returns explains

that the marginal product of an input eventually diminishes as its quantity is increased.

Summary

 Isoquants always slope downward

because the marginal product of all inputs is positive.

 The standard of living that a country can attain for its citizens is closely related to its level of productivity.

Summary

 In long-run analysis, we tend to focus

on the firm’s choice of its scale or size of operation.

End of Chapter 6