By
Sylvia Kusumadewi 11404005
BACHELOR’S DEGREE in
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING – PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING CONCENTRATION
FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY The Prominence Tower
Jalan Jalur Sutera Barat No. 15, Alam Sutera Tangerang, Banten 15143 - Indonesia
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.
Sylvia Kusumadewi
_____________________________________________
Student Date
Approved by:
Dr. Dipl. –Ing. Samuel P. Kusumocahyo
_____________________________________________
Thesis Advisor Date
Dr. Dipl. –Ing. Samuel P. Kusumocahyo
_____________________________________________
Dean Date
ABSTRACT
DEVELOPMENT OF ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANE FROM POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
WASTE BOTTLE PLASTIC
By
Sylvia Kusumadewi
Dr. Dipl. –Ing. Samuel P. Kusumocahyo, Advisor
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY
Membrane is used in many sector industries, but Indonesia does not have any membrane manufacturer. Until now, all membranes are imported from other countries. Polymer as raw material is hard to get, but PET bottles which are one of our environmental issues, can be recycled into membrane. Development of ultrafiltration membrane from PET bottle waste was successful. The membrane 3 with the composition of PET, phenol as solvent, and PEG as additive was prepared successfully. To observe the effect of non- solvent, the membrane 3 were immersed into three different coagulation bath, which were ethanol-water, propanol-water and butanol-water coagulation bath. The membrane 3- EtOH had the lowest permeate flux of 3.24% kg/m2h and the rejection of PEG 20,000 of 65.87%. The membrane 3- PrOH has the permeate flux of 11.57 kg/m2h and the rejection percentage of 64.73%. Membrane 3- ButOH has the highest permeate flux from all membranes, 27.78 kg/m2h and the lowest rejection percentage 16.93%.
© Copyright 2018 by Sylvia Kusumadewi
All rights reserved
DEDICATION
This research is dedicated to my beloved family.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would not be able to finish this thesis without helps from the almighty God who give me health and opportunity for life as me. Thank God, He never stop for blessing me through sadness and happiness.
Thank God, I have my dad and mom who always take care of me. Thank you mom, for delivering me to this world safely. Thank you dad for always be my hero, my guardian, and loyal sponsor! Even we debated many times, you know I love you.
For my brother, thank you for always trusting me with all my carelessness.
I would like to thank Swiss German University as the place where I have been gained knowledge, made new society, and gotten to know people in these recent 4 years.
My greatest appreciate to Mr. Samuel P. Kusumocahyo for giving me opportunity to learn and received valuable insights for me facing the new world. Thank you for giving me advices patiently and guide me to know more about this cute thin layer membrane.
For Mr. Irvan Kartawiria as counsellor of PE 2014, thank you for the companion these 4 years, it was a blast to learn from you many “unimportant things” that are valuable enough for me.
For PE 2014, thank you for the memories and cooperation for these 4 years, without you I doubt I could stay in this university life. Thank you for being my mental
reliever! For Malang squad, thanks for the support and companion for these 4 years. It was a great memories, but I hope we can gather someday.
For Saint Joseph friend, thanks for stay keep in touch with me.
For ELF, thank you for your sharing that are able to encourage me and bring me back to happiness.
The last, but not least, for my continuous support system, Lee Dong Hae and the squad, Super Junior. Thank you for making comeback exactly before my thesis began.
Your beats never failed to cheer me up!
Page
ABSTRACT ... 3
DEDICATION ... 5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... 6
Table of Contents ... 7
List of Figures ... 9
List of Tables ... 10
Chapter 1 - INTRODUCTION ... 11
1.1.Background ... 11
1.2. Research Problems ... 12
1.3. Research Objectives ... 12
1.4. Significance of Study ... 13
1.5. Research Questions ... 13
1.6. Hypothesis ... 13
Chapter 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW ... 14
2. 1. Membrane Description ... 14
2. 1. 1. Membrane types based on structure ... 15
2. 1. 2. Membrane types based on pore size ... 15
2. 1. 3. Membrane types based on materials ... 17
2. 2. Ultrafiltration Membrane ... 17
2. 3. Molecular Weight Cut Off ... 18
2. 5. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) ... 20
2. 6. Scanning Electron Microscope SEM) ... 20
2. 7. Phase Inversion Technique ... 20
2. 7. 1. Solvent ... 21
2. 7. 2. Additive ... 23
3. 4. 1. Experimental Design ... 27
3. 4. 2. Pre-Treatment Process ... 28
3. 4. 3. Membrane Preparation ... 28
3. 4. 3. 1. Preparation of Membrane with Different Solvents ... 28
3. 4. 3. 2. Preparation of Membrane with Different Non-Solvents ... 29
3. 4. 3. 3. Preparation of Membrane with Different Additives ... 30
3. 4. 4. Characterization of Membrane Structure using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) ... 31
3. 4. 5. Membrane Thickness ... 31
3. 4. 6. Standard Curve for PEG 20,000 ... 31
3. 4. 7. Ultrafiltration Experiment ... 32
Chapter 4 - RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 35
4. 1. Membrane Preparation ... 35
4. 1. 1. Effect of Additive... 35
4. 1. 2. Effect of Solvent Type on PET Membrane Solution ... 37
4. 1. 3. Effect of Non-Solvent ... 39
4. 2. Membrane Characterization by Scanning Electron Microscope ... 41
4. 3. Ultrafiltration Experiment ... 43
4. 3. 1. Permeate Flux of Pure Water ... 43
4. 3. 2. Permeate Flux and Rejection of PEG ... 45
Chapter 5 - CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ... 47
5. 1. Conclusion ... 47
5. 2. Recommendations ... 47
GLOSSARY ... 48
References ... 49
APPENDICES ... 52
CURRICULUM VITAE ... 68
