AENSI Journals
Advances in Environmental Biology
ISSN-1995-0756 EISSN-1998-1066Journal home page: http://www.aensiweb.com/aeb.html
Corresponding Author: Dewa Ketut Sudarsana, Student at Doctoral Civil Engineering Program, University of Brawijaya, Lecturer at University of Udayana, Indonesia
A Study of Safe and Green Infrastructure on Road Reconstruction Project
1Dewa Ketut Sudarsana, 2Harnen Sulistio, 2Achmad Wicaksono and 2Ludfi Djakfar
1Student at Doctoral Civil Engineering Program, University of Brawijaya, Lecturer at University of Udayana, Indonesia 2 Lecturer inCivil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Article history:
Received 15 April 2014 Received in revised form 22 May 2014
Accepted 25 May 2014 Available online 15 June 2014
Key words:
road reconstruction, work zone, negative impact, safe and green
Guidelines for green infrastructure defined in New Road Construction Concept (NR2C) in European infrastructure vision 2040 concept, can be applied to mitigate this negative impact during the road reconstruction period. The implementation of this concept has never been done, so it needs to be studied. Twenty projects of the National road reconstruction in East Java and Bali, Indonesia for fiscal year 2013 is used as a case study. A descriptive methods used for the discussion of case studies. Management traffic safety in the road reconstruction work zones assessed the suitability of the setting up of signs, markings and guardrail. Shift arrangements work during the daytime (peak hours) or night (off peak hour), is used as an indicator of the negative impact of road users and the environment. The analysis resulted that the implementation of safety attributes, average 68%, and the execution of the road reconstruction in the off peak hours by 55 %. This result can be stated that the execution of road reconstruction projects toward safe and green infrastructure.
© 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved. To Cite This Article: Dewa Ketut Sudarsana, Harnen Sulistio, Achmad Wicaksono and Ludfi Djakfar., A Study of Safe and Green Infrastructure on Road Reconstruction Project. Adv. Environ. Biol., 8(10), 616-620, 2014
INTRODUCTION
National road connectivity serves as a national logistics and tourism. In its life cycle, such as the reconstruction requires maintenance to improve service capacity. During road reconstruction period, a negative impact was imposed on road users and the surrounding environment. These impacts are the result of the work zone, which is used as working space and road reconstruction [6]. This work zone is likely to influence the drivers' stress and to decrease road traffic performance, such as travel delays, congestions and road accidents. Attempts to mitigate these negative impacts continue to be carried out continuously for toward green construction. Innovative concepts of green road construction are now being developed is New Road Construction Concept (NR2C) in European infrastructure vision 2040 [3]. Carrying out of safety and traffic management of National road projects has been put off in the bid document. In this document, the service providers (contractors) are asked to develop a "plan of management and traffic safety, which comply with the provisions and guidelines of the Directorate General of Highways [9].
Literature Review:
The relevant aspect of the vision has been labelled with typical characteristic showing the color of the demands of the future at a more recognizable level linked to the present jargon of policy makers and engineers concerning road infrastructure. Clustering related characteristics produces this selected number of statements, called new road construction concepts in the context of NR2C, representing and expressing the major users and
stakeholders’ requirements. The society of 2040 expects:
1) Reliable Infrastructure, standing for optimizing the availability of infrastructure.
2) Green (environmentally-friendly) Infrastructure, standing for reducing the environmental impact of traffic and infrastructure on the sustainable society.
3) Safe and Smart Infrastructure, standing for optimizing flows of traffic of all categories of road users and safe road construction working.
The transformation of the vision 2040 into new road construction concepts with solution directions has schematized in the Table-1.
Table-1: Characteristic of the NR2C Vision 2040.
Characteristics Construction concepts Direction for solution
1) Available
The functional relationship between accident (m) and the traffic flow (q), is a safety performance function. A safety performance function is depicted schematically in Figure-1. For the moment its shape is immaterial. It tells how for some entity the expected frequency of accidents of any type would be changed if traffic flow on the entity changed while all other conditions affecting accident occurrence remained fixed [1].
Fig. 1: Flow and Accidents Relationship [1].
Fuel consumption depends on the variable speed of the vehicle. Relationship speed with fuel consumption are presented in figure-2.
The fuel consumption for each vehicle can be calculated by the following equation, namely [2]: KBBMi= (+ 1/VR + 2 x VR2 + 3 x RR + 4 x FR + 5 x FR2 + 6 x DTR+ 7 x AR form of hourly average concentrations of carbon monoxide at selected locations around a network of roads. The input data required are the configuration of the road network, the location of the receptor, traffic volumes and speeds, wind speed, and wind direction. The concentration of carbon monoxide may be used as to approximate the likely levels of other pollutants using the following relations (AHB45, 2001):
HC Emission (gram/sec) = 0.018 + 5.668*10-3 (A*S) + 2.165*10-4 (A*S2) (2)
CO Emission (gram/sec) = 0.182 - 8.587*10-2 (A*S) + 1.279*10-2 (A*S2) (3)
A = acceleration (meters/sec2) and S = speed (meters/sec).
Fig. 2: Speed and Fuel Consumption Relationship [1].
Method of study:
The descriptive method be used in this study. Case study is the National road reconstruction projects, in of East Java and Bali province, Indonesia for fiscal year 2013. The number of cases is 20 link road reconstruction projects. It is located in the province of East Java, 12 projects, and Bali 8 projects. Indicator refers to the concept of green construction NR2C Vision Europe 2040. The concept used is limited to aspects of safety and efficiency of energy consumption and air pollution. Evaluation based on the safety aspects of the implementation of the safety management of traffic in the work zone. Attributes are evaluated by 9 attributes. Nine of these attributes refer to practical guidance on road safety working zone [5]. Assessment scores using the zero-one (1-0). If the attribute according to the implementation plan, it gives a value of one (1). Whereas if there is no appropriate, given the value of zero (0).
Efficiency aspects of energy fuel consumption and pollution, assessed from the time of implementation of the projects. When the project is done in the daytime (afternoon), then categorized not environmentally friendly. Because of these hour period, the traffic flow often occurs at peak hours of the daytime. Whereas if the night (often off peak hours), then categorized green construction, given a score of one (1).
Data And Analysis:
In the Table-2 below, presented attribute assessment of road safety management aspects of 20 cases. Case numbers 1 to 8 are road projects in the province of Bali. Case numbers 9 to 20 are road projects in the province of East Java.
At the Table-1 there are 9 attributes of the parts valuation work zone. In the initial approach zone there are 5 attributes (1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e). At the initial taper there are 2 attributes (2a, 2b), 1 attribute in work zone (3a) and 1 attribute (4a) on the end of the taper. If 9 attributes implemented in 20 cases, the obtained score = 180. Observations obtained a total score of 123. Percentage implementation of safety management aspects of the work zone was 68% (=123/180 * 100%).
Table 2: Assessment of Safety Management Aspects in The Work Zone.
Case number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Signs before the approach zone
1a) Roadworks warning 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20
1b) Instructions for Use lane 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 19
1c) The maximum speed limit 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 7
1d) Instructions traffic diversion 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 14
1e) Instructions merging lane 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 13
Initial Taper
2a) Installation of traffic cones 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 11
2b) Installation of reflector stick (lamp) 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 13
Work zone area
3a) Installation of traffic cones (guardrail) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 14
The end of Taper
4a) Installation of traffic cones 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 12
Total 123
Procentage 68%
Atribut Total
Data for the evaluation of green of fuel consumption and pollution are identified from the working time shift of the implementation of reconstruction projects. In the Table-3 below, presented the case of projects executed in the afternoon or daytime (peak hour) with a major risk and night (off peak hour) with minor risk.
Table 3: Data and Evaluation of working time of execution of road reconstruction project.
Case number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Aafternoon shift (peak hour) 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 9
Night (off peak hour) 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 11
Procentage Night working( off peak hour) 55%
Working time shift Total
Source: Analysis, 2014.
In Table-2, it can be seen that 11 of the 20 projects or 55% of the project is executed on a working night shift. At night time working traffic flow Q (pcu/h) is lower, and vehicle speed V (km/h) is higher (see Figure-3 and Figure-4). This condition has minimal impact on fuel consumption and pollution. Execution of the projects be done on the night shift more environmentally friendly (greener) than the daytime.
Fig. 3: Fluctuation of Speed, V (km/h) by hour of day, cases 3 and 4 (Analysis, 2014).
Fig. 4: Fluctuation of Traffic flow, Q (pcu/h) by hour of day, cases 3 and 4 (Analysis, 2014).
Conclusion:
The implementation of 20 national road reconstruction projects in the province of East Java and Bali in Indonesia, for fiscal year 2013 indicate that the execution of road reconstruction projects toward safe and green construction. It is shown based on the results of the evaluation of the safety aspects of the assessment of the implementation by 68%. And found also by 55% projects executed at night time working. This can be interpreted more environmentally friendly (greener), because the impact of increased fuel consumption slightly and lower pollution.
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![Fig. 2: Speed and Fuel Consumption Relationship [1].](https://thumb-ap.123doks.com/thumbv2/123dok/633268.267441/3.595.188.395.114.220/fig-speed-fuel-consumption-relationship.webp)
