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i v T C A R T S B A . 4 1 0 2 . i n a y t e s a r P , it a y a ji w

D Designing Engilsh Instrucitona lMaterial sUsing e

l o

R -Play fo r Touris t Guide so fGua Cokro . Yogyakatra : Engilsh Language t S n o it a c u d

E udyProgram ,SanataDharmaUniverstiy. a

u

G Cokro i sa cave, which i slocated in Desa Umbulrejo ,Kabupaten l u d i k g n u n u

G ,Yogyakatra .Formelry the cave wa sonly explored by the cave y g o l o e p s “ d e m a n s e it i v it c a t s e r e t n i l a i c e p

s .” Due to the increasing numbe ro f

m a e t s e d i u g t s ir u o t e h t , s t s ir u o t n g i e r o

f need sto improve thei rEng ilsh skill sto t r o p p u

s t he cave tou rservice .Thus ,the researche rdecided to develop the stud , s a w h c i h

w aimed to design the Engilsh insrtucitona lmateiral sfo rthe tou irs t f o s e d i u

g GuaCokrousingr ole-play .Therearet wor esearch quesitonst oanswer : e l o r g n i s u s l a ir e t a m l a n o it c u rt s n i h s il g n E e h t e r a w o H )

1 -play fo rthe tou irs t

f o s e d i u

g Gua Cokro designed? 2 )Wha tdo the designed Engilsh insrtucitona l e l o r g n i s u s l a ir e t a

m -playf ort het ou irs tguide so fGuaCokrol ook ilke?

) D & R ( t n e m p o l e v e D d n a h c r a e s e R l a n o it a c u d E d e y o l p m e r e h c r a e s e r e h T e r p e h T . s n o it s e u q o w t e s o h t r e w s n a o t d o h t e

m -designacitvtiywa sdonet o gathe r s a w e d i u g w e i v r e t n I .s l a ir e t a m l a n o it c u rt s n i e h t n g i s e d o t a t a d e h

t employedi nt he

e r

p -design step to gathe rthe data abou tthe need sanalysi so fthe learners .The e r p e h t n i a t a d d e n i a t b

o -design acitviite swe re appiled to acqurie evaluaiton , . s l a ir e t a m d e n g i s e d e h t t u o b a s t n e m m o c d n a , k c a b d e e f , m s i c it ir c

To answe rthe fris tresearch quesiton ,the researche radapted Kemp’ s ) 2 ( , g n i z y l a n a ) 1 ( e r a y e h T . s p e t s n i a m e e r h t o t n i y r o e h t e h t d e if il p m i s d n a l e d o m e r e w s c it s ir e t c a r a h c ’ s r e n r a e l e h t , p e t s t s ri f e h t n I . g n it a u l a v e ) 3 ( , g n i n g i s e d t , n o it a m r o f n i e h t n o d e s a B . d e z y l a n

a heresearche rdesigned t hemate irals .Then , d e t a u l a v e e r e w s l a ir e t a m d e n g i s e d e h

t a nd revised .Toanswert osecondquesiton , r e tf a s l a ir e t a m l a n o it c u rt s n i e h t f o n o i s r e v l a n if e h t d e t n e s e r p r e h c r a e s e r e h t v e e h t n i s t n i o p d e t s e g g u s e m o s g n i d d a d n a g n i s i v e

r aluaiton .The insrtucitona l

y l e m a n , s e it i v it c a e v if f o t s i s n o c t i n u h c a E . s ti n u e v if e v a h s l a ir e t a

m ‘Language

s u c o

F ’ ,‘Le’t sTry’ ,‘CheckI tOut’ ,‘SpeakUp’ ,and‘PlayYou rRole.’ t l u s e r y e v r u s e h t m o r

F towards t he i nsrtucitona lmateirals, t he researcher t n e m e e r g a f o s t n i o p e h t f o n a e m e h t t a h t t u o d n u o

f wa s3.65 .Themeanshowst ha t

n i s e d i u g t s ir u o t e h t r o f e t a ir p o r p p a e r a s l a ir e t a m d e n g i s e d e h

t Gua Cokro .The

x i d n e p p A n i d e t n e s e r p e r a s l a ir e t a m d e n g i s e d F. : s d r o w y e

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ii v K A R T S B A . 1 1 0 2 . i n a y t e s a r P , it a y a ji w

D Designing Engilsh Insrtucitona lMateiral s Using e

l o

R -Play fo r Tou irs t Guide s o f Gua Cokro . Yogyakarta : Program Stud i s i r g g n I a s a h a B n a k i d i d n e

P ,Universtia sSanataDharma. o r k o C a u

G adalah sebuah gua yang terletak d i Desa Umbulrejo d a y n a h a y n i d a t i n i a u G . a t r a k a y g o Y , l u d i k g n u n u G n e t a p u b a

K imanfaatkanuntuk

t a n i m n a t a i g e

k khusu spenelusuran gua yang se irng disebu tsebaga ispeleology . k a y n a b n a g n e

D n ya wisatawan asing yang datang , itm pemandu wisata Gua k

o

C ro memerlukan ketramplian berbahasa Inggri suntuk menunjang pelayanan M . n a k a i d e s a k e r e m g n a y a u g r u

t aka dar i tiu ,penelti imengembangkan studii ni . g

n a

y bermaksud untuk merancang mater ipembelajaran bahasa Inggri suntuk n a g n e d o r k o C a u G i d a t a s i w u d n a m e

p menggunakan metode role-play .Ada dua i i d u t s m a l a d b a w a ji d s u r a h g n a y n a a y n a t r e

p ni :1 )Bagaimana mater iuntuk

e l o r e d o t e m n a k a n u g g n e m n a g n e d s i r g g n I a s a h a b n a r a j a l e b m e

p -playuntukpara

t a m n a g n a c n a r h a k a p a i tr e p e S ) 2 ? g n a c n a r i d o r k o C a u G i d a t a s i w u d n a m e

p er i

e l o r n a k a n u g g n e m n a g n e d s i r g g n I a s a h a b n a r a j a l e b m e p k u t n

u -play bag ipara

? o r k o C a u G i d a t a s i w u d n a m e p n a k a n u g g n e m s il u n e p , t u b e s r e t n a h a l a s a m r e p a u d b a w a j n e m k u t n U l a n o it a c u d e e d o t e

m Research and Developmen t (R & D) . Aktfitia s sebelum r e t a m n a g n a c n a r e

p idliaksanakan untuk mengumpulkan data yang digunakan m u l e b e s p a h a ti d n a k a n u g i d a r a c n a w a w n a u d n a P . i r e t a m g n a c n a r e m k u t n u a t a D . a w s i s t a n i m n a d n a h u t u b e k r a t u p e s a t a d h e l o r e p m e m k u t n u n a g n a c n a r e p m k u t n u n a k a n u g i d n a g n a c n a r e p m u l e b e s p a h a ti d h e l o r e p i d g n a

y emperoleh

. n u s u s i d h a l e t g n a y i r e t a m g n a t n e t r a t n e m o k n a d , n a k u s a m , k it ir k , i s a u l a v e p m e K l e d o m i s a t p a d a g n e m i ti l e n e p , a m a t r e p n a a y n a t r e p b a w a j n e m k u t n U , a s il a n a g n e m ) 1 ( h a l a d a a k e r e M . h a k g n a l a g it i d a j n e m a y n n a k a n a h r e d e y n e m n a d g n e m ) 3 ( n a d , g n a c n a r e m ) 2

( evaluasi .Pada langkah pe trama ,karakte rsiswa i r e t a m n a i d u m e K . n u s u s i d i r e t a m , t u b e s r e t i s a m r o f n i n a k r a s a d r e B . a s il a n a i d i ti l e n e p , a u d e k n a a y n a t r e p b a w a j n e m k u t n U . i k i a b r e p i d n a d i s a u l a v e i d n a d i k i a b r e p m e m a y n m u l e b e s h a l e t e s i r e t a m r i h k a i s r e v n a k li p m a n e m n a k h a b m a n e

m h -alha lyang diusulkan pada evaluasi .Mater itersebu tmemiilk i a m a n r e b g n a y s a ti fi t k a a m il i r a d i r i d r e t ti n u p a i T . ti n u a m

il ‘Language Focus’ ,

‘Le’t sTry’ ,‘CheckI tOut’ ,‘SpeakUp’, d ‘an PlayYou rRole.’ e p i r e t a m p a d a h r e t y e v r u s l i s a h i r a

D mbelajaran ,penelti imendapatkan i

a li

n r -ata rata dar i buitr-bu it r kesepakatan sebesa r 3,65 . Angka tersebu t a t a s i w u d n a m e p a r a p k u t n u t a p e t t u b e s r e t i r e t a m n a g n a c n a r a w h a b n a k u j n u n e m n e s e r p i d i r e t a m n a g n a c n a R . o r k o C a u

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A ... ii Y

T I L A N I G I R O S ’ K R O W F O T N E M E T A T

S ... i v I

S A K I L B U P N A U J U T E S R E P N A A T A Y N R E

P ............................................. v T

C A R T S B

A ... v i K

A R T S B

A .................................................................................................. .... v ii S

T N E M E G D E L W O N K C

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N E T N O C F O E L B A

T S ... x i S

E L B A T F O T S I

L ... x ii S

E R U G I F F O T S I

L ... x ii i S

E C I D N E P P A F O T S I

L ... x v

N O I T C U D O R T N I :I R E T P A H C

.

A ResearchBackground... 1 .

B ResearchProblem ... 3 .

C ResearchLimtiaiton ... 3 .

D ResearchObjecitves ... 4 .

E ResearchBeneftis... 4 .

F Deifniitono fTerms... 5

R F O W E I V E R : I I R E T P A H

C ELATEDLITERATURE

.

A Theoreitca lDescirpiton ... 7 .... .

1 Kemp’sI nsrtucitona lDesignModel ... 7 .

2 Engilshf o rSpeciifcPurposes ... 1 1 .

3 CommunicaitveLangugeTeaching ... 1 6 .

4 R - yole P la ... 2 1 .

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i x

Y G O L O D O H T E M H C R A E S E R : I I I R E T P A H C

.

A ResearchMethod... 2 6 .

B ResearchSetitng ... 2 8 .

C ResearchParitcipants ... 2 8 .

D Insrtument sandDataGatheirngTechnique... .... 2 9 .

E DataAnalysi sTechnique ... 2 9 .

F ResearchProcedure... 3 2

H

C APTERI V :RESEARCHRESULTSANDDISCUSSION .

A The Step s o f Designing Engilsh Insrtucitona lMateiral s Using e

l o

R - yP rla fo Tou irs tGuide so fG uaCokro ................................. .... 3 5 .

1 Analyzi ng ... 3 5 .

2 Designi ng ... 3 8 .

3 Evaluaitng ... 4 9 .

B ThePresentaitonoft heI nsrtucitona lDesignedMateirals ... 5 2

N O I T A D N E M M O C E R D N A S N O I S U L C N O C : V R E T P A H

C S

.

A Conclusions ... 5 5 .

B Recommendaitons ... 5 6

S E C N E R E F E

R ... 5 8

S E C I D N E P P

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ii x

S E L B A T F O T S I L

e l b a

T Page

1 .

2 HutchinsonandWaters ’Necessiites ,Lacks ,andWants... 1 3 1

.

3 ThePoint so fAgreemen toft heRespondents ’Evaluaiton ... 3 1 2

.

3 TheDescirpitveDataoft heRespondents ’Opinions ... 3 2 1

.

4 TheNecessiites ,Lacks ,andWant soft heTou irs tGuide so fG uaCokro 3 9 2

.

4 TheTopic sandt heBasicCompetencie soft heCourse... 4 0 3

.

4 TheLearningGoal soft heCourse ... 4 8 4

.

4 TheDataoft heRespondents ’Opinions ... 5 0 5

.

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ii i x O T S I

L FFIGURES

e r u g i

F Page

1 .

2 Kemp’sI nsrtucitona lDesignModel ... 8 2

.

2 HutchinsonandWaters ’Brancho fELT ... 41 .

2 3 Ltiltewood’ sSequenceo fAcitviitesi nCLT ... 91 4

.

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v i x F O T S I

L APPENDICES

x i d n e p p

A Page

.

A Sura tPermohonanI ijnPeneilitan .......................................................... 6 0 .

B Sura tKeteranganPeneilitan ................................................................. .. 6 1 .

C TheI nterviewGuide ... 6 2 .

D TheQuesitonnarief ort heEvaluators ... 6 4 .

E TheSyllabusandLessonPlanSample ... 6 7 .

F TheDesignedMateirals ... 76 .

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1 I R E T P A H C N O I T C U D O R T N I h c r a e s e r e h t y l e m a n , s n o it p ir c s e d l a r e n e g x i s s e t a r o b a l e r e t p a h c s i h T h c r a e s e r , s e v it c e j b o h c r a e s e r , n o it a ti m il h c r a e s e r , m e l b o r p h c r a e s e r , d n u o r g k c a b .s m r e t f o n o it i n if e d d n a , s ti f e n e b .

A ResearchBackground

l u d i k g n u n u

G i swell-known fo r ti slarge and potenita lkars tregion .I ti s

f o t n e c r e p y t x i S . a i s e n o d n I , a tr a k a y g o Y f o t s a e h t u o s e h t n i d e t a c o

l Gunungkidul

n i n o i g e r t s r a k e h t l l a c o t d e s u e l p o e P . n o i g e r t s r a k s i a e r

a Gunungkidul sa

u w e s g n u n u G t s r a K n a s a w a K

’. Unfo trunately ,the preservaiton o fGunungsewu

g n i n i m e v i s s e c x e e h t o t e u d n o it c u rt s e d l a r u t a n e h t y b d e n e t a e r h t s i n o i g e r t s r a k e n o t s e m il e h t g n i n i m h g u o r h t g n i v il a e k a m y e h T . e l p o e p l a c o l y b s e it i v it c a e v o o T .l l e w w o r g t o n n a c n o it a t n a l p e h t t a h t , n e r r a b s i li o s e h t e s u a c e

b rcomet hi s

h c i h w , s b o j e v it a n r e tl a d n if d n a s e it i v it c a g n i n i m e h t p o t s d l u o h s y e h t , m e l b o r p n o it u l o s a s e m o c e b m s ir u o t e v a c d n a t s r a K . d r a w r o f n o it a v r e s e r p e r u t a n e h t t u p , e m it e m a s e h t t a , d n a y e n o m n r a e n a c y e h T . y e n o m n r a e o t s r e n i m l a c o l e h t r o f t p e e

k hepreservaitono fGunungsewukarstr egion . n i e l p o e p e m o

S Dusun Bilmbing ,Desa Umbulrejo ,Kecamatan Ponjong

l u d i k g n u n u

G iniitated the kars tand cave tou irsm developmen tin thei rregion .

g n i b m il B n u s u

D ha sseven caves ,which have unique morphology etihe rin the

, o t n a il u Y ( e c a fr u s b u s r o e c a f r u

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2 , g n o l b m e J i ti S , p u r u m u

S Gua Cokro , Gua Seropan , Gua Dadap , and Gua g n e m e r

G .GuaCokroi saveritca lcaveamongt hesixothe rho irzonta lcaves .The f o h t u o m l a c it r e

v Gua Cokro i sconsidered a sunique ,because mos to fcave f o s s e n e u q i n u e h T . l a t n o z ir o h e r a s h t u o

m Gua Cokro atrtact s domesitc and . e m o c o t s t s ir u o t l a n o it a n r e t n

i Thus ,a group o ftou irs tguide swa sformed to

tr a k a y g o Y n i b u l c l a c i g o l o e l e p s A . r u o t e v a c e h t e z i n a g r

o a called the

a t a y n u c a y t n i c

A Speleologica lClub(ASC )helpedt het ou irs tguidest omanaget he d n a t n e m p i u q e r u o t e v a c g n it t e s e k il s g n i n i a rt d e t a l e r e m o s h g u o r h t r u o t e v a c a g n it c u d n o c n i s e it l u c if fi d e m o s e c a f l li t s s e d i u g t s ir u o t e h t ,r e v e w o H . g n i u c s e r a

c vet ou rwtihf oreignt ou irst sduet ot hel acko fEngilshs peakings kill .Therefore ,

t s ir u o t e h t p l e h o t g n i n i a rt h s il g n E n a t c u d n o c r e h c r a e s e r e h t s d n e m m o c e r C S A . s ll i k s g n i k a e p s h s il g n E r i e h t p o l e v e d s e d i u g e t n i n a d e t c u d n o c r e h c r a e s e r e h t , 1 1 0 2 h c r a M n

I rview wtih the head o f

g n i b m il B n u s u

D and the leade ro fGua Cokro tou irs tguides .According to the e h t d e v i e c r e p s e d i u g t s ir u o t e h t e s u a c e b d e d e e n s i g n i n i a rt h s il g n E n a , w e i v r e t n i s t s ir u o t n g i e r o f h ti w h s il g n E n i g n it a c i n u m m o c f o e c n a tr o p m

i to provide bette r

l a n o it i d d a n a e ri h o t d e s u y e h t t a h t d e t a t s s e d i u g t s ir u o t f o r e d a e l e h T . s e c i v r e s g n it c u d n o c e li h w r e t e r p r e t n i e h t s a , h s il g n E n i e t a c i n u m m o c o t e l b a s i o h w , e d i u g y d o b e s u y ll a u s u y e h t t a h t d i a s o s l a e H . s t s ir u o t r e n g i e r o f h ti w r u o t e v a c a f e g a u g n a

l oreign tou irst sto explain something .A sa matte ro ffact ,he reailzed

n g i e r o f h ti w e t a c i n u m m o c o t s r e t e r p r e t n i e h t n o y l e r s y a w l a t o n n a c y e h t t a h t n i ,s ll i k s g n i k a e p s h s il g n E n w o r i e h t p o l e v e d d l u o h s s e d i u g t s ir u o t e h T . s t s ir u o t t s e b e h t e d i v o r p o t r e d r

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f o e d i u g t s ir u o t e h t r o f g n i n i a rt h s il g n E f o s d e e n e h t n o d e s a

B GuaCokro ,

h s il g n E g n i n g i s e d n o s e s u c o f h c i h w , h c r a e s e r t c u d n o c o t d e d i c e d r e h c r a e s e r e h t

a e p s ’ s e d i u g t s ir u o t e h t p o l e v e d o t s l a ir e t a m l a n o it c u rt s n

i king skill .Since the

r e h c r a e s e r e h t ,l li k s g n i k a e p s h s il g n E r i e h t g n i p o l e v e d n o d e s u c o f g n i n i a rt h s il g n E

e l o r y o l p m e o t e l b a ti u s e b l li w t i t a h t d e r e d i s n o

c -play as t hel earning t echnique .

r u o t e h t p l e h l li w s l a ir e t a m d e n g i s e d e h t t a h t s e p o h r e h c r a e s e r e h

T is tguide sin

o r k o C a u

G tobeablet ocommunicatei nEngilshwtihforeignt ou irstspropelryso .

s e d i u g t s ir u o t s a e c i v r e s ri e h t e v o r p m i n a c y e h t t a h t

.

B ResearchProblem

e b o t s n o it s e u q o w t e r a e r e h t , n o it a n a l p x e s u o i v e r p e h t g n ir e d i s n o C

s e r e h t n i d e r e w s n

a earch:

.

1 How are the Engilsh insrtucitona lmateiral susing role-play fo rthe tou irs t

f o s e d i u

g GuaCokrodesigned? .

2 Wha tdo t he designed Engilsh i nsrtucitona lmateiral susing role-play fo rthe

f o s e d i u g t s ir u o

t GuaCokrolook ilke?

.

C ResearchLimtia iton

d r o n

I e r to avoid broade r discussion , the researche r speciifed the

h s il g n E g n i n g i s e d n o s e s u c o f y l n o r e h c r a e s e r e h T . h c r a e s e r s i h t n i n o i s s u c s i d

g n i s u s l a ir e t a m l a n o it c u rt s n

i r - yolep la fo rthe tou irs tguide so fGua Cokro .The e

d e h t e z i s a h p m e s l a ir e t a m d e n g i s e

d velopmen to f learners ’Engilsh speaking

f o s t s ir u o t n g i e r o f e h t h ti w e t a c i n u m m o c o t y ti li b

(19)

4

o t e k il d l u o w r e h c r a e s e r e h t ,t e g d u b d n a e m it g n i n i a rt f o n o it a ti m il e h t g n ir e d i s n o c

b a g n i k a e p s ’ s e d i u g t s ir u o t e v o r p m i o t s l a ir e t a m e h t n g i s e

d litiy i n BasicEngilsh

.l e v e l

.

D ResearchObjecitves

: d e t c u d n o c s i h c r a e s e r s i h T

.

1 To ifnd ou thow the Engilsh insrtucitona lmateiral susing role-play fo rthe

f o s e d i u g t s ir u o

t GuaCokroaredesigned. .

2 To provide the tou irs tguide so fGua Cokro wtih the Engilsh insrtucitona l e

l o r g n i s u s l a ir e t a

m -playt ha twould encouraget hem t o develop t hei rEngilsh

.s t s ir u o t n g i e r o f h ti w e t a c i n u m m o c o t ll i k s g n i k a e p s

.

E ResearchBeneftis

:r o f l a i c if e n e b e b o t d e t c e p x e s i h c r a e s e r s i h T

.

1 Thet ouris tguide so fGuaCokro

r a e s e r e h

T che rhopest hatt hisr esearch can helpt het ou irs tguide so fGua o

r k o

C to improve thei r Engilsh speaking ablitiy so tha t they are able to h s il g n E n i g n it a c i n u m m o c f o y ti li b a e h T . s t s ir u o t n g i e r o f e h t h ti w e t a c i n u m m o c

e c i v r e s r i e h t e v o r p m i o t m e h t p l e h l li

w ast ou irs tguide sparitculalryi nconducitng

e h t s a e d i u g l a n o it i d d a n a e ri h o t d e e n t o n o d y e h T . s t s ir u o t n g i e r o f h ti w r u o t e v a c

. t n e d n e p e d n i e r o m e b n a c y e h t t a h t o s ,r e t e r p r e t n i

.

2 Otherresearchers

c r a e s e r r e h t o e b l li w e r e h t t a h t s t c e p x e r e h c r a e s e r e h

(20)

y d u t s s i h t f o s tl u s e r e h t t a h t s e p o h r e h c r a e s e r e h T . e r u t u f e h t n i r e p e e d c i p o t s i h t

n i y lr a l u c it r a p s e i d u t s t n a v e l e r e r u t u f t r o p p u s o t e c n e r e f e r a s a d e s u e b n a c

. h c r a e s e r g n i h c a e t e g a u g n a l

.

F De ifniitono fTerms

e r p s m r e t e m o s e r a e r e h

T sented below and t hoseare driected t o help t he

. h c r a e s e r e h t f o g n i d n a t s r e d n u r e tt e b o t e m o c s r e d a e r

.

1 Instrucitona lMaterials

r o f r e h c a e t e h t y b d e n g i s e d r o d e n n a l p s l a ir e t a m e r a s l a ir e t a m l a n o it c u rt s n I

n o it c u rt s n

i (Dick , Watle r & Reiser , 1989, .p 3) . In thi s study, the term

y ll a u t x e t n o c d e n g i s e d s i h c i h w s l a ir e t a m f o t e s a o t s r e f e r ’ s l a ir e t a m l a n o it c u rt s n i‘

s r e n i a rt h s il g n E e h t y b d e s u e r a s l a ir e t a m e h T . s d e e n ’ s e d i u g t s ir u o t e h t n o d e s a b

f o s e d i u g t s ir u o t d n

a Gua Cokro to faclitiate them in the teaching-learning .

s s e c o r p

.

2 GuaCokro o r k o C a u

G i saveritca lcavel ocated i nDusun Bilmbing ,DesaUmburejo , ,

g n o j n o P n a t a m a c e

K Kabupaten Gunungkidul ,Yogyakatra . tI i sconsidered a sa e

h t s e m o c e b t I . h t u o m l a c it r e v s ti f o e s u a c e b e v a c e u q i n

u famoustou irsmobjec t

n

i DusunBilmbing .According t o Yuilanto( 2009 )GuaCokrobelongst ot hehigh s

e v a c l a it n e t o

p (p.1) .Thecavei sclean and stli lo irginal . tIs l ength i sabou t500

, 8 0 0 2 n I . s r e t e

m the Acintyacunyata Speleologica l Club Yogyakatra held a f

o n o it a z il a i c o

s G ua Cokro tot hel oca lsociety .Sincet hen, i tbecome sat ou irsm f

o s s e n e u q i n u e h T . y t e i c o s l a c o l e h t y b d e g a n a m s i h c i h w , t c e j b

(21)

6

c it s e m o d s t c a rt t

a a ndforeignt ou irstst ocome.

.

3 Touris tGuide

m i s e v i g d n a s e i n a p m o c c a o h w n o s r e p a s i e d i u g t s ir u o t

A po tran t

m r e t e h t y d u t s s i h t n i , e li h w n a e M . t c e j b o m s ir u o t n i a tr e c a t u o b a n o it a m r o f n i

e v i g d n a s t s ir u o t e h t y n a p m o c c a o h w e l p o e p e h t o t s r e f e r ’ s e d i u g t s ir u o t‘

s e it i v it c a m s ir u o t o d o t s n o it c u rt s n i r o n o it a m r o f n i t n a tr o p m

i especially Gua

o r k o

C tou rinDusunBilmbing. .

4 R -oleP lay

) 6 0 0 2 ( s d r a h c i

R stated t ha trole-play i san acitvtiy i n which student sare

r o n o it a m r o f n i n e v i g n o d e s a b e g n a h c x e r o e n e c s a e s i v o r p m i d n a s e l o r d e n g i s s a

s e u l

c (p .20) .In t hi sstudy, t het erm ‘role-play ’referst o t hel earning t echnique ,

f o s e d i u g t s ir u o t e h t s w o ll a h c i h

w Gua Cokro to expeirencerole sand i mprovise e

l o r e h T . h s il g n E n i s e n e c

s -playr efers tot het argets tiuaitonsot hatt heycanapply

n o it a u ti s l a e r e h t n i s e n e c s e h

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7 I I R E T P A H C W E I V E

R OFRELATEDLITERATURE

l li w r e t p a h c s i h

T reviewthet heo irest ha tunderilet her esearch. I tconsist s

s tr a p o w t f

o , namelythetheoreitca ldesc irp itonandt heoreitcalf ramework .

.

A Theore itca lDescrip iton n o it p ir c s e d l a c it e r o e h t e h

T review stheundelryingt heo irest ha tarer elated

n i s e d i u g t s ir u o t r o f s l a ir e t a m l a n o it c u rt s n i h s il g n E g n i n g i s e d f o s s e c o r p e h t o t

o r k o C a u

G . The eth oreitca l framework reviews a framework based on the .

y l s u o i v e r p d e s s u c s i d n e e b s a h t a h t n o it p ir c s e d l a c it e r o e h t

.

1 Kemp’sI nstrucitona lDesignModel

y r o e h t e h t d e il p p a r e h c r a e s e r e h t ,s l a ir e t a m l a n o it c u rt s n i e h t g n i n g i s e d n I

s t n e s e r p ) 7 7 9 1 ( p m e K . p m e K . E . J y b d e t n e s e r p n g i s e d l a ir e t a m l a n o it c u rt s n i f o

r u g i F n i n e e s e b n a c h c i h w ) 9 . p ( k r o w e m a r f a o t n i s p e t s t h g i e e h

t e2.1.

.

a Goal ,sTopic sandGenera lPurposes s

l a o

G ,topic sand genera lpurpose sare related to wha tto accompilsh o r

s i s l a ir e t a m l a n o it c u rt s n i g n i n g i s e d f o p e t s t s ri f e h T . g n i n r a e l n i e v e i h c a

g n i y fi t n e d

i g soal .According to Kemp (1997) ,g so al may be deirved from three

s e c r u o

s – society ,student sand subjec tarea s(p .14) .A tfe rsetitng the g soal ,an

d e c n e u q e s y ll a u s u e r a s c i p o t e h T . s c i p o t t s il n a c r e n g i s e d s l a ir e t a m l a n o it c u rt s n i

. n o it a z i n a g r o l a c i g o l a s a l l e w s a s li a t e d o t l a r e n e g m o r

f A tfe r ilsitng t opics, t he

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8

o t‘ e k il s n o i s s e r p x e c if i c e p s e r o m s e s u r e n g i s e d l a ir e t a m l a n o it c u rt s n i n a , s e s o p r u p

o t‘ e k il e n o l a r e n e g e h t n a h t ’ f o e c n a c if i n g i s e h t p s a r g o t‘ r o ’ d n e h e r p m o c

d n

u erstand ’because tii sambiguou sanddoe snots tateprecisel earningobjecitve .s

n g i s e D l a n o it c u r t s n I s p m e K 1 . 2 e r u g i

F Mode l(Kemp ,1977 ,p .9)

.

b LearnerCharacterisitcs e h t g n i h s il b a t s e r e tf

A g soal ,t opic sand genera lpurpose soft hel earning ,a

l li w s c it s ir e t c a r a h c r e n r a e L . s c it s ir e t c a r a h c r e n r a e l e h t l a e v e r d l u o h s r e n g i s e d

. s s e c o r p g n i n r a e l e h t r o f s n a l p t c e f f

a Learner’ scharacte irsitc saret hecapabiilites , r

e n r a e L

ir e t c a r a h

C

-s c it s o

G la ,Topics l a r e n e G d n a

s e s o p r u P

n o it a u l a v E

/ g n i h c a e T

g n i n r a e L

s e it i v it c A

s e c r u o s e R

e r P

-t n e m s s e s s A

t c e j b u S

t n e t n o C t

r o p p u S

e c i v r e S

g n i n r a e L

s e v it c e j b O

e

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n o it c u rt s n i n a g n i n g i s e d n I . r e n r a e l e h t f o s t s e r e t n i d n a , s d e e

n a lplan ,adesigne r

c i m e d a c a e h t r e d i s n o c d l u o h

s factors , social factors , learning condiiton and

f o r e b m u n e h t o t d e t a l e r e r a s r o t c a f c i m e d a c A . s r e n r a e l e h t f o s e l y t s g n i n r a e l e d a r g , d n u o r g k c a b c i m e d a c a , s t n e d u t

s -poin taverage,l eve lofi ntelilgence,r eading

y ti li b a , s ti b a h y d u t s , s t s e t e d u ti t p a d n a t n e m e v e i h c a d e z i d r a d n a t s n o s e r o c s , l e v e l e h t g n i y d u t s r o f n o it a v it o m , c i p o t r o t c e j b u s e h t n i d n u o r g k c a b , e n o l a k r o w o t l a i c o S . s n o it a ri p s a l a r u tl u c d n a l a n o it a c o v , e s r u o c e h t f o s n o it a t c e p x e , t c e j b u s a s r o t c a

f re abou tthe learners ’age , maturtiy , atteniton span , specia ltalents ,

c i m o n o c e o i c o s d n a , s t n e d u t s g n o m a s n o it a l e r , s p a c i d n a h l a n o it o m e d n a l a c i s y h p ’ s r e n r a e l e h t t c e f f a y a m h c i h w r o t c a f l a n r e t x e e h t s i n o it i d n o c g n i n r a e L . n o it a u ti s , e t a rt n e c n o c o t y ti li b

a absorb ,and retain informaiton .Learning style s i sthe

d n a g n it s e r e t n i e r o m n i a t n o c t a h t g n i n r a e l f o s d o h t e m l a u d i v i d n i ’ s r e n r a e l . n r a e l o t y ti li b a r i e h t n o d e s a b s e it i v it c a e v it c e f f e .

c LearningObjecitves

e v it c e j b o g n i n r a e l e h t g n it a l u m r o f s i p e t s t x e n e h

T s .Learningobjecitvei s

e e r h t e r a e r e h T . s s e c o r p g n i n r a e l e h t r e tf a e v e i h c a s r e n r a e l t a h w f o n o it a t c e p x e e h t e v it c e f f a d n a , r o t o m o h c y s p , e v it i n g o c y l e m a n , s e v it c e j b o g n i n r a e l f o s e ir o g e t a c e g d e l w o n k g n i n r e c n o c s e v it c e j b o s e d u l c n i n i a m o d e v it i n g o C . s n i a m o

d o r

r o t o m o h c y s p , n e h T . n o o s d n a , g n it c i d e r p , g n i z i n g o c e r , g n i m a n , n o it a m r o f n i n i s a , s e l c s u m l a t e l e k s f o n o it a n i d r o o c d n a e s u g n ir i u q e r s ll i k s e h t r e v o c s n i a m o d d ri h t e h T . g n it c u rt s n o c d n a , g n it a l u p i n a m , g n i m r o f r e p f o s e it i v it c a l a c i s y h p e h t c e f f a , n i a m o

d itvedomain, i nvolve sobjecitve sconcerningatttiudes ,appreciaitons ,

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0 1 o t ’ e r a p m o c ‘ r o ’ e g n a r r a ‘ , ’ e k a m ‘ , ’ e m a n ‘ e k il b r e v n o it c a n a h ti w e v it c e j b o e h t it c a c if i c e p s a e b ir c s e

d vtiy by t hel earner .A tfert heacitonverb ,tii si mpo trantt o

t a h t ’ e c n e t n e s d o o g a o t n i s d r o w e h t e g n a r r a ‘ e k il e c n e r e f e r t n e t n o c e h t t u p s d r o w e h T . d e t a e rt g n i e b t c e j b u s e h t e b ir c s e

d ’…into a good sentence ’i sa

m e h t s e t a c i d n i t a h t d r a d n a t s e c n a m r o f r e

p inimum acceptableaccompilshment i n

.s m r e t e l b a r u s a e m .

d Subjec tContent

c if i c e p s e h t f o n o it a z i n a g r o d n a n o it c e l e s e h t o t s r e f e r t n e t n o c t c e j b u S p e t s ( s ll i k s , ) n o it a m r o f n i d n a s t c a f ( e g d e l w o n

k - yb -step procedures ,condiitons ,

i d u ti tt a d n a , ) s t n e m e ri u q e r d n

a na lfactor so fany topic .In insrtucitona ldesign

s e v it c e j b o e s r u o c e h t e k a m d l u o w e h s r o e h r e h t e h w e s o o h c n a c r e n g i s e d a , n a l p o it a u ti s e h t t s u j d a n a c t I .t s ri f t n e t n o c t c e j b u s e h t r

o n of t heprogram .Adesigne r

d l u o h

s considert heapprop irateprocedureo fmakings ubjec tconten.t

.

e P -reAssessment

r e n g i s e d e s r u o c a , e s r u o c e h t f o t n e t n o c t c e j b u s e h t g n i n i m r e t e d r e tf A e r p s t c u d n o

c -assessment . Learne r characteirsitc s have been observed in the

r a e l e h t t u o b a w o n k o s l a d l u o h s r e n g i s e d e s r u o c a t u b , p e t s s u o i v e r

p ners ’curren t

e r P . s l a ir e t a m e t a ir p o r p p a e h t e n i m r e t e d o t l e v e

l -assessmenti sconductedt oknow

y d a e rl a e v a h y a m y e h t t a h w d n a s ll i k s e h t d e ri u q c a e v a h s t n e d u t s e h t r a f w o h e r p t c u d n o c o t t n a tr o p m i s i t I . t c e j b u s g n i n r a e l e h t t u o b a n w o n

k -assessmen tin

i s e

d gning the insrtucitona lmateiral sin orde rto ensure tha tthe learner sdo no t

e r P . n w o n k y d a e rl a e v a h y e h t s g n i h t n r a e l o t e m it r i e h t e t s a

w -assessmen tcan be

(26)

. s n o it s e u q

.f Teaching-LearningAcitvi ite sandResources e r p g n it c u d n o c r e tf

A -assessment , a course designe r should choose

g n i h c a e

t -learning acitviite sand resources .The teaching-learning acitviite sand

n i h c a e t , p e t s s i h t n I . s e v it c e j b o e h t f o t n e t n o c e h t n i a t n o c d l u o h s s e c r u o s e r g e s r u o c a , e r o f e r e h T . s c it s ir e t c a r a h c ’ s r e n r a e l h ti w e l b a ti u s e b d l u o h s d o h t e m r e d i s n o c o t s d o h t e m e h t f o s e s s e n k a e w d n a s h t g n e rt s e h t e v r e s b o d l u o h s r e n g i s e d .s r e n r a e l e h t r o f d o h t e m e t a ir p o r p p a t s o m e h t .

g Suppor tService

a ir e t a m l a n o it c u rt s n i g n i n g i s e d n

I ls , some suppor t service sshould be

, e m it , t n e m p i u q e , s e it il i c a f , t e g d u b f o t s i s n o c s e c i v r e s t r o p p u S . d e r e d i s n o c o t d e d e e n e r a s e c i v r e s t r o p p u S . s e it i v it c a r e h t o h ti w n o it a n i d r o o c d n a , e l u d e h c s .l l e w n u r n a c t i t a h t o s m a r g o r p e s r u o c e h t e t a ti li c a f .

h Evaluati on

s r e n r a e l e h t r a f w o h t u o d n if o t d l e h s i n o it a u l a v e , e s r u o c e h t f o d n e e h t n I d n a s e v it c e j b o e h t e v e i h c

a g so al of t he courseprogram .Through evaluaiton ,an

n a c r e n g i s e d e h T . n a l p l a n o it c u rt s n i e h t e v o r p m i o s l a n a c r e n g i s e d l a n o it c u rt s n i v e d d n a e s i v e

r elop t hei nsrtucitona lplani fsomeoft heobjecitve sandg so al have

. y ll u f s s e c c u s d e v e i h c a n e e b t o n .

2 Engilshf orSpeciifcPurposes

d e r a p e r p e r a s l a ir e t a m l a n o it c u rt s n i h s il g n E e h t t a h t g n ir e d i s n o C n i s e d i u g t s ir u o t e h t r o f y ll a c if i c e p

(27)

2 1 e h t e d i v o r p h c i h w g n i n r a e l e g a u g n a l f o s e l p i c n ir p c i s a b e m o s e r a e r e h t , ) 7 8 9 1 ( g n i n r a e l r o f s e s a

b -centeredmethodologyo fESP( p .128-130) .

.

a TheCharacterisitco fESP )

1 Necessi ites

y e h T . n o it a u ti s t e g r a t e h t y b d e c n e u lf n i s d e e n f o e p y t e h t e r a s e it i s s e c e N e s u o t e l b a e r a y e h t t a h t r e d r o n i p o l e v e d o t e v a h s r e n r a e l e h t h c i h w s t n i o p e h t e r a r e s b o y b d e t a l u m r o f e r a s e it i s s e c e N . n o it a u ti s t e g r a t e h t n i e g a u g n a l e h

t ving

. s t n a w d n a s k c a l ’ s r e n r a e l )

2 Lacks

t n e r r u c ’ s r e n r a e l e h t d n a y c n e i c if o r p t e g r a t e h t n e e w t e b p a g e h t e r a s k c a L ’ s r e n r a e l e h t t u o d n if d l u o h s r e n g i s e d e s r u o c a , s u h T . e g a u g n a l e h t f o y c n e i c if o r p e r p g n it c u d n o c y b l e v e l t n e r r u

c -assessment i n ordert o measure t hegap between

. y c n e i c if o r p g n it s i x e e h t d n a y c n e i c if o r p t e g r a t e h t )

3 Wants

h g u o h tl A . w e i v f o t n i o p n w o r i e h t m o r f s d e e n ’ s r e n r a e l e h t e r a s t n a W s i t i , n o it a u ti s t e g r a t e h t e t a l u m r o f o t e c r u o s n i a m e h t t o n e r a s t n i o p e s e h t i s e d e s r u o c e h t r o f t n a tr o p m

i gnert o seekt hemou tast heymigh tsugges tsutiable

d n a , s k c a l ,s e it i s s e c e n n e e w t e b n o it a l e r e h t f o n o it a rt s u ll i n A . e s r u o c e h t r o f s c i p o t . 1 . 2 e l b a T n i d e t n e s e r p e r a s t n a w .

b TheClas is ifca itono fESP

o s e d i u g t s ir u o t r o f s l a ir e t a m l a n o it c u rt s n i h s il g n E e h

T fGuaCokrobelong

(28)

n a c e s o p r u P c if i c e p S r o f h s il g n E d n a m s ir u o T r o f h s il g n E n e e w t e b p i h s n o it a l e

r be

. 2 . 2 e r u g i F n i n e e s d n a n o s n i h c t u H ( s t n a W d n a , s k c a L , s e it is s e c e N s r e t a W d n a n o s n i h c t u H 1 . 2 e l b a T ) 8 5 . p , 7 8 9 1 , s r e t a W n o it a n a l p x E S E I T I S S E C E

N TheEngilshneededf o rsuccessi nAg ircutlura lo rVeteirnary s e i d u t S S K C A

L (Presumably )area so fEngilsh needed fo rAg ircutlura lo r s e i d u t S y r a n ir e t e V S T N A

W Tos ucceedi nAg ircutlura lo rVeteirnaryStudies

.

c Need sAnalysis

t e g r a t e h t o t g n i d r o c c a s l a ir e t a m l a n o it c u rt s n i e t a ir p o r p p a e h t e k a m o T il e r p e h t s a s i s y l a n a d e e n t c u d n o c o t s a h r e n g i s e d a , n o it a u ti

s minary research .

. e g a u g n a l g n i n r a e l f o s d e e n ’ s r e n r a e l e h t t u o k e e s o t s s e c o r p a s i s i s y l a n a d e e N , s e ri a n n o it s e u q e k il s i s y l a n a d e e n r o f s t n e m u rt s n i n o it c e ll o c a t a d e m o s e r a e r e h T c n a c r e n g i s e d e s r u o c A . n o it a tl u s n o c l a m r o f n i d n a , s n o it a v r e s b o , s w e i v r e t n

i hoose

) 7 8 9 1 ( s r e t a W d n a n o s n i h c t u H . s i s y l a n a d e e n f o t n e m u rt s n i e l b a ti u s t s o m e h t .) 9 5 . p ( e s r u o c a g n i n g i s e d n i k r o w e m a r f s i s y l a n a n o it a u ti s t e g r a t a d e t n e s e r p )

1 Whyi st hel anguageneeded?

i s e d e s r u o c A . e s r u o c e h t f o m i a e h t s i t u o k e e s o t t n i o p t s ri f e h

T gne rha s

(29)

4 1

2 . 2 e r u g i

F HutchinsonandWaters’Brancho fELT( HutchinsonandWaters ,1987 , .

p )1 7

)

2 Howwillt hel anguagebeused?

t u o s d n if r e n g i s e d e s r u o c a , s d e e n e g a u g n a l f o n o s a e r e h t g n i k e e s r e tf A

y e h t r e h t e h w w o n k o t s a h r e n g i s e d e s r u o c e h T . e g a u g n a l e h t e s u s r e n r a e l e h t w o h

n i d e s u e b e g a u g n a l e h t ll i W . g n it ir w r o , g n i d a e r , g n i k a e p s r o f e g a u g n a l e h t e s u

e g a u g n a L h s il g n E

g n i h c a e T

) T L E (

a s a h s il g n E

e u g n o T r e h t o M

) T M E (

a s a h s il g n E

e g a u g n a L n g i e r o F

) L F E (

a s a h s il g n E

e g a u g n a L d n o c e S

) L S E (

r o f h s il g n E

s e s o p r u P c if i c e p S

) P S E (

h s il g n E l a r e n e G

) E G (

r o f h s il g n E

d n a s s e n i s u B

) E B E ( s c i m o n o c E

e c n e i c S r o f h s il g n E

y g o l o n h c e T d n a

) T S E (

a i c o S r o f h s il g n

E l

s e c n e i c S

) S S E (

r o f h s il g n E

l a n o it a p u c c O

) P O E ( s e s o p r u P

r o f h s il g n E

(30)

r o l a m r o

f informa lstiuaiton?Willt hel earner suse tif orf acet of acei nteracitono r

? g n i n o h p e l e t )

3 Wha twillt heconten tarea sbe?

e h t t u o d n if d l u o h s r e n g i s e d e s r u o c a , d e s u s i e g a u g n a l e h t w o h r e tf A t u o b a e b s a e r a t n e t n o c e h t ll i W . g n i n r a e l e h t f o s a e r a t n e t n o

c engineeirng ,biology ,

r e h t e h w l e v e l ’ s r e n r a e l e h t w o n k o s l a d l u o h s r e n g i s e d e h T ? m s ir u o t r o , s s e n i s u b .s e t a u d a r g t s o p r o , l o o h c s y r a d n o c e s ,l o o h c s y r a t n e m e l e e r a y e h t )

4 Whomwillt hel earneruset hel anguagew tih? r a e l e h t m o h w w o n k d l u o h s r e n g i s e d e s r u o c

A ne rwli luse the language

n o n f o e v it a n o t ti e s u y e h t ll i W ? n e r d li h c r o t l u d a o t ti e s u y e h t ll i W . h ti

w -naitve

, s t s ir u o t ,s r e m o t s u c , r e h c a e t ri e h t h ti w e t a c i n u m m o c o t ti e s u y e h t ll i W ? s r e k a e p s ? s e u g a e ll o c r o , s r o ir e p u s )

5 Wherewillt hel anguagebeused?

A course designe rneed sto conside rthe physica lsetitng o fthe learners .

y e h t ll i W . e g a u g n a l e h t e s u l li w s r e n r a e l e h t e r e h w t u o b a s i g n it t e s l a c i s y h p e h T e s r u o c A ? p o h s k r o w r o m o o r s s a l c , t c e j b o m s ir u o t , l e t o h , e c if f o e h t n i t i e s u s b o o s l a d l u o h s r e n g i s e

d erve the human contex tin which the language wli lbe

n o r o , s n o it a rt s n o m e d , s g n it e e m n i e g a u g n a l e h t e s u s r e n r a e l e h t l li W . d e s u ? e n o h p e l e t )

6 Whenwillt hel anguagebeused?

r e n g i s e d e s r u o c A . e g a u g n a l e h t e s u s r e n r a e l e h t n e h w s i t n i o p t s a l e h T o n k o t s d e e

n w whethert hel anguagewli lbe used frequenlty o rrarely .Will i tbe

(31)

6 1

.

3 Communica itveLanguageTeaching

d n a y l e v it c e f f e d o o t s r e d n u e b n a c s l a ir e t a m l a n o it c u rt s n i e h t t a h t r e d r o n I c i n u m m o c d e t p o d a o s l a r e h c r a e s e r e h t , y li s a

e aitve language teaching approach .

g n i k a e p s h s il g n E ’ s r e n r a e l g n i p o l e v e d n o s u c o f s l a ir e t a m l a n o it c u rt s n i e h t e c n i S t a h t d e r e d i s n o c r e h c r a e s e r e h t ,l li k

s CommunicaitveLanguageTeaching(CLT) si

l g n i p o l e v e d s i e s o p r u p n i a m s ti e s u a c e b h c a o r p p a e l b a ti u s e h

t earners ’

. s e c n e t e p m o c e v it a c i n u m m o c .

a TheObjec itve so fCommunica itveLanguageTeaching

. e c n e t e p m o c e v it a c i n u m m o c g n i v e i h c a s i T L C f o e v it c e j b o n i a m e h T f o e g n a r a r o f e g a u g n a l a e s u o t y ti li b a e h t s i e c n e t e p m o c e v it a c i n u m m o C n o it c n u f d n a s e s o p r u p t n e r e f fi

d sandvaryt heuseofi taccordingt ot hes etitngand

e h t e s u o t y ti li b a e h t s i e c n e t e p m o c e v it a c i n u m m o c , tr o h s n I . s t n a p i c it r a p e h t . y l e t a ir p o r p p a d n a y l e v it c e f f a m e t s y s c it s i u g n il .

b TheCharacterisitc so fCommunica itveLanguageTeaching u g n a L e v it a c i n u m m o

C age Teaching i sbes tconsidered a san approach

, s r e g o R & s d r a h c i R ( d o h t e m a n a h t r e h t a

r 2001 , p . 168 .) Thi s approach

n a h t r e h t a r e c n e t e p m o c e v it a c i n u m m o c ’ s r e n r a e l f o t n e m p o l e v e d e h t s e z i s a h p m e e s o p r u p d n a l u f g n i n a e m a s e t a l u m it s t I . e c n e t e p m o c l a c it a m m a r

g fu linteraciton

. r e h c a e t d n a ’ s r e n r a e l n e e w t e b .

c TheRoleo fTeacheri nCommunica itveLanguageTeaching

a y l e r e m s i r e h c a e t e h T . g n i n r a e l f o r e t n e c e h t t o n s i r e h c a e t e h t , T L C n I t , r e v e w o H . g n i n r a e l e g a u g n a l f o s s e c o r p ’ s t n e d u t s s e t a ti li c a f o h w r o t a ti li c a

f he

(32)

e l b a tr o f m o c a e t a e r c o t e l b a e b d l u o h s r e h c a e t e h T . m o o r s s a l c n i s e it i v it c a e h t h ti w t c a r e t n i o t e t a ti s e h t o n o d s r e n r a e l t a h t r e d r o n i m o o r s s a l c f o e r e h p s o m t a o r e h c a e

t ft hei rpeers .

.

d TheRoleo fStudentsi nCommunica itveLanguageTeaching

y a l p o s l a d l u o h s s t n e d u t s , g n i n r a e l f o r e t n e c e h t t o n s i r e h c a e t e h t e c n i S f o e s u e h t e c it c a r p s t n e d u t s , T L C n I . s e it i v it c a m o o r s s a l c n i e l o r t n a tr o p m i o r g n i s r e e p r i e h t h ti w e g a u g n a

l up .sI temphasize scooperaitvel earningr athert han

. g n i n r a e l l a u d i v i d n i .

e TheRoleofI nstruc itona lMaterials

. s e it i v it c a m o o r s s a l c e h t t r o p p u s T L C n i s l a ir e t a m l a n o it c u rt s n I e v it a c i n u m m o c ’ s r e n r a e l e t a l u m it s o t d e d e e n e r a s l a ir e t a m l a n o it c u rt s n I e c n e t e p m o

c s .Richard s& Rogers (2001 )presented three kind so finsrtucitona l

.) 8 6 1 . p ( T L C n i d e s u y lt n e r r u c e r a h c i h w s l a ir e t a m )

1 T -extBasedMaterials t x e t , T L C n

I -based mate ira lmigh tbeat ypicall esson which consist so fa

o l e v e d c it a m e h t r o f s i s y l a n a k s a t a , e m e h

t pment ,apracitces tiuaitondescirpiton ,a

s i t I . s e s i c r e x e e s a r h p a r a p d n a , s n o it s e u q n o i s n e h e r p m o c , n o it a t n e s e r p s u l u m it s t n e r e f fi d o w t f o m r o f e h t n i e b n a c t I . n o it a s r e v n o c ’ s r e n r a e l e t a l u m it s o t d e d e e n o t s e u c l a u s i v r o , k r o w r i a p r o f e r u t c i p r o s t x e

t iniitatet heconversaiton .

)

2 Task-BasedMaterials k

s a

T -based mateiralsi nCLT canbei nt hef ormofr oleplays ,avairety o f

r e h c a e T . s p u o r g l l a m s r o s ri a p n i e n o d e r a s e it i v it c a e h T . s n o it a l u m i s r o , s e m a g c r u o s e h t s a s e r u t c i p e m o s r o s d r a c e u c e r a p e r p n a

(33)

8 1

)

3 Reaila

, s e m it e m o S . s e it i v it c a m o o r s s a l c t r o p p u s n a c T L C n i a il a e r f o e s u e h T s a h c u s m o o r s s a l c e h t n i s l a ir e t a m c it n e h t u a f o e s u e h t s d e e n r e h c a e t T L C h t o e s u o s l a n a c r e h c a e t A . s r e p a p s w e n r o , s t n e m e s it r e v d a , s n g i s , s e n i z a g a

m e r

e h t s a s tr a h c d n a , s h p a r g , s l o b m y s , s e r u t c i p , s p a m e k il s e c r u o s l a u s i v r o c i h p a r g . n o it c a r e t n i ’ s r e n r a e l e t a it i n i o t a il a e r

.f Procedure

y e h T . s s a l c T L C n i s p e t s g n i n r a e l n i a m o w t d e t s e g g u s ) 3 8 9 1 ( d o o w e lt ti L e r p e r

a -communicaitve acitviite s and communicative acitviite s (p . 85) . Pre

-e r a s e it i v it c a e v it a c i n u m m o

c subcatego irzed into srtuctural acitviite sand quasi

-o t n i d e z ir o g e t a c b u s e r a s e it i v it c a e v it a c i n u m m o C . s e it i v it c a e v it a c i n u m m o c . s e it i v it c a n o it c a r e t n i l a i c o s d n a s e it i v it c a n o it a c i n u m m o c l a n o it c n u f )

1 P -recommunica itveAcitviites e r p f o m i a n i a m e h

T -communicaitve acitviite s i s to pracitce using

d e n r e c n o c g n i e b t u o h ti w , y lt n e u lf e g a u g n a l e l b a t p e c c

a about communicate

y l e v it c e f f e g n i n a e

m . Thi s stage help s the learner

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مهءافك وأ ذيماتلا ةراهم ةفرعم بلا رابتخإا امأو يدع ف ميلعتلا جذوم دعب يرج وه يواعتلا ويرا يسلا ( Cooperative Script ) ةراهمةفرعم ةراهم ةنراقم نيرابتخإا

-*isinan meskiputr belum cukw unur. Bagaimanakah *ibd hukrn r.rhadap :edia\inai di bderh umur ll Brarlmanakih pmses penjkrhan di bawah umur di.. €mdo Kumnji. llnluk

Oleh karena itu sebagai upaya lanjutan dilakukan penelitian tentang keragaman kualitas air laut sebagai bahan baku kristal garam dan pengembangan model evaporasi bertingkat untuk