Penjahat Kerah Putih.

Q la 'la m ~ ~ ~ C W

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-1

2

3

4

5

6 . , B

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

~25

26

27

28

29

30

- - -

-O J a n O P e b O M a r O A p r O M e i OJ(I/1 O J u / O A g s O S e p . O k t O N o v O D e s

O L E H Y E S M IL A N W A R

S

E M E N fA R A k a la n g a n b e r-p e n d a r-p a t, k o ru r-p s i tid a k d a r-p a t d ila k u k a n s e c a ra in d iv id u a l. D iy a k in i, k o ru p s i s e la lu m e lib a tk a n b a n y a k p e la k u d a n m e ru p a k a n h a s il d a ri k e rja s a m a b e rb a g a i p ih a k h in g g a p e m e rin ta h m e m b u a t tim p e m -b e ra n ta s m a fia p e n g a d ila n . D e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n is tila h " m a fia " te rh a d a p le m b a g a itu , s e c a ra tid a k la n g -s u n g d ia ra h k a n u n tu k m e m b e ra n ta -s -p e rila k u k o ru p tif y a n g b e rs ifa t te ro

g a n is a s i m irip o rg a n is a s i m a fia , B e ro p e ra s i d a la m s u a tu b e n tu k k e rja s a -m a y a n g la n g s u n g -m a u p u n tid a k la n g s u n g d i ja ja ra n p e n e g a k h u k u m d i p e n g a d ila n .

P a d a h a l, d a la m k e n y a ta a n tin d a k p id a n a k o ru p s i d a p a t s a ja d ila k u k a n o le h s a tu o ra n g p e la k u . M is a ln y a , s e o ra n g b e n d a h a ra (k a s ir) d i s e b u a h k a n to r p e m e rin ta h m a u p u n n o n p e m e rin -ta h y a n g m e n g g e la p k a n u a n g n e g a ra y a n g s e d a n g d ik e lo la n y a (P a s a l 8 , 9 ,

1 0D U N o .3 1 /1 9 9 9 , te n ta n g P e m b e ra n tra s ra n T in d ra k P id ra n ra K o ru p s i). S e c a ra te rp e rin c i, d a la m D U P e m b e ra n -ta s a n K o ru p s i d iu ra ik a n m e n g e n a i s u b je k , je n is p e rb u a ta n d a n a k ib a t d a ri k o ru p s i. S e c a ra u m u m s u b je k o y a s e tia p o ra n g y a n g m e m p e rk a y a d iri s e n d iri, o ra n g la in , k o rp o ra s i d e n g a n m e n y a la h g u n a k a n k e w e n a n g a n , k e s e m p a ta n a ta u s a ra n a k a re n a ja -b a ta n jk e d u d u k a n (P a s a l 3 ).

S e m e n ta ra s e c a ra le b ih k h u s u s , s u b je k p e la k u k o ru p s i a d a la h p e g a -w a i n e g e ri s ip il (P N S ), p e n y e le n g g a ra n e g a ra , p e n e g a k h u k u m te rm a s u k d i d a la m n y a a d v o k a d (P a s a l 5 , 6 ,1 1 , 1 2 , 1 3 ).U n tu k P N S d a n p e n y e le n g g a ra n e g a ra d a n o ra n g -o ra n g s e la in P N S , b ia s a n y a b e n tu k p e rb u a ta n n y a a d a -la h p e n g g e -la p a n u a n g , s u ra t b e rh a rg a , (P a s a l 8 ) s e rta p e m a ls u a n , p e n g h

i-la n g a n d o k u m e n (P a s a l o ,1 0 ).K o -ru p s i ju g a d ia tu r d a la m b e b e ra p a D U la in , m is a ln y a d a la m D U N o . 8 T a -h u n 2 0 1 0 , te n ta n g P e n c e g a h a n d a n P e m b e ra n ta s a n T in d a k P id a n a P e n c u c ia n U a n g . A k ib a tn y a , k o ru p s i m e ru g ik a n k e u a n g a n n e g a ra /p e re k o n o m ia n n e g a ra s e h in g g a b a n g s a d a n n e g a ra te rp u ru k . P e rlu p u la d ik e te n g a h -k a n , in ti d a ri tin d a -k p id a n a -k o ru p s i a d a la h p e rb u a ta n s u a p m e n y u a p d a n p e n g g e la p a n d a n a p u b lik .

T a k d a p a t d im u n g k iri; d i In d o n e s ia k o ru p s i y a n g d ila k u k a n s e c a ra " b e rje -m a a h " s e d a n g -m e n ja d i tre n . K o ru p s i b e rje m a a h d ila k u k a n o le h p a ra b iro k ra t m a u p u n a n g g o ta le g is la tifb e k e rja s a m a d e n g a n p e n g u s a h a m a u p u n k o rp o ra s i d a la m m e n g e lo la s u a -tu p ro je k . D a la m -tu lis a n in i h e n d a k d ik e m u k a k a n m e n g e n a i " s o s o k "

p e la k u k o ru p s i y a n g m e ru p a k a n m a -n u s ia b e rp e -n d id ik a -n d a -n b e rs ta tu s s o s ia l tin g g i. D a la m p e n g a m a ta n p e -n u lis , p a ra k o ru p to r u m u m -n y a b e rp e n d id ik a n s a rja n a . U n tu k itu , rp e -n u lis i-n g i-n m e lih a t k e b e ra d a a -n p a ra k o ru p to r s e b a g a i p e la k u k e ja h a ta n . D a la m lite ra tu r m e re k a b ia s a n y a d ik a te g o rik a n s e b a g a i p e n ja h a t k e ra h p u tih ( w h i t e c o l l a r c rim e ) te rs e b u t.

U n g k a p a n w h i t e c o l l a r c rim e (W C C ) p e rta m a k a li d ik e m u k a k a n o le h k rim in o lo g b e m a m a E d w in H . S u th e rla n d d a la m p id a to n y a d i d e p a n

I

A m e ric a n S o s io lo g ic a l S o c ie ty ta h u n

1 9 3 9 .K e ja h a ta n itu d ila k u k a n o le h o ra n g o ra n g y a n g m e m ilik i k e d u d u k a n s o s ia l tin g g i d a n te rh o rm a t. D a la m p e k e rja a n n y a , S u th e rla n d m e -n g a ta k a -n ,

wee

le b ih ja h a t d a ri d ik ta -to r (Ita lia ) M u s o llin i. P e ru m u s a n itu m e ro m b a k te o ri te n ta n g p e rila k u k rim in a l y a n g s e c a ra tra d is io n a l rim e n g a -ta k a n k e ja h a -ta n d ila k u k a n o le h o ra n g m is k in ( b l u e c o l l a r c rim e ).

wee,

y a n g d ip e rk e n a lk a n o le h S u th e rla n d , tig a p u lu h d e la p a n ta h u n s e b e lu m n y a s u d a h d ila n s ir o le h P ro f. H e n d e rs o n y a n g p a d a w a k tu itu m e n g a ja r d i U n iv e rs ity o f C h ic a g o . la te la h b a -n y a k b e rb ic a ra te -n ta -n g e d u c a t e d c r i m i n a l s . A d a p u n y a n g d im a k s u d -k a n d e n g a n e d u c a t e d c r i m i n a l a d a -la h

wee

a ta u k e ja h a ta n k e ra h p u tih .

P e m ik ira n H e n d e rs o n d a la m k o n -s e pw h i t e c o l l a rle b ih b a n y a k d ip e -n g a ru h i o le h p e m ik ira -n a ta u p a h a m y a n g re lig iu s . Y a n g m e n a rik d a ri s u -d u t p a n -d a n g H e n -d e rs o n , p e n -d i-d ik a n y a n g s e h a ru s n y a m e n ja d i d a s a r b a -n g u -n a -n m o ra l y a -n g k o k o h , te r-n y a ta m e m b u k a ja la n u n tu k m e n ja d ija la n -n y a k e J a h a ta -n , b a h k a -n k e ja h a ta -n y a n g s a n g a t b e s a r (k o lo s a l). T id a k la h m e n g h e ra n k a n k a la u p a ra p e n ja h a t te rp e la ja r itu b e rto p e n g s e b a g a i m a n u s ia -m a n u s ia te rh o rm a t.

Politisipengusaha

P a d a 1 9 0 7 te rb it s e b u a h b u k u y a n g b e rju d u l S i n a n d s o c i e t y ; a n a n a l y s i s o f l a t t e r d a y i n q u i t y , d itu lis o le h s e -o ra n g d -o s e n (E d w a rd A ls w -o rt R -o s s , U n iv e rs ita s S ta n d fo rd ), m e m b a h a s s e p u ta r

wee.

K a jia n R o s s le b ih m e -n g e te -n g a h k a -n a s p e k m o ra l. D a la m p a n d a n g a n R o s s ,

wee

a d a la h p e rb u -a t-a n ile g -a l d -a ri p -a r-a p e l-a k u b is n is /-p e n g u s a h a d a n to k o h /-p o litik s e rta b iro k ra t. R o s s m e n y e b u t p a ra p e la k u itu s e b a g a ic o r p o r a t e e x e c u t i v e y a n g m e la k u k a n k e ja h a ta n s e b a g a i c rim

i-n o l o i d ,y a k n i o ra n g -o ra n g ( t h e p e r p e -t r a -t o r ) y a n g m e n ik m a ti k e k e b a la n a ta s d o s a -d o s a n y a . D i s in i p a ra p o li-tik u s /b iro k ra t/p e n g u s a h a m e ru p a -k a n a -k to r in te le -k tu a l y a n g m e la -k u -k a n

k e j a h a t a n p e n y a l a h g u n a a n h a k d a n w e w e n a n g . M i s a l n y a , m e l a k u k a n s u a p m e n y u a p d a n p e n g g e l a p a n d a n a

p u b l i k .

M e n u r u t d i a , k a t a k u n c i c r i m i

-noloid

b u k a n i n s t i n g s e t a n

(evil

i m

-pulse)

t e t a p i m o r a l

insensibility,

y a i t u o r a n g - o r a n g y a n g b e b a l t e r h a d a p m o r a l ( m u k a b a d a k ) . K o n s e p m u k a b a d a k a k a n m e n j a d i l e b i h b e r b a h a y a b i l a d i l a k u k a n o l e h p e n g u s a h a y a n g m e n j a d i p o l i t i s i s e h i n g g a k e j a h a t a n

-n y a m e -n j a d i s a -n g a t t e r s a m a r . ~ m e n t a r a k a j i a n S u t h e r l a n d l e b i h m e n e k a n k a n p a d a p e r s p e k t i f a k a d e -m i s y a n g b e r t a l i a n d e n g a n k e j a h a t a n

k o r p o r a s i .

M e n u r u t S u t h e r l a n d , a d a d u a h a l y a n g m e n j a d i t u j u a n p e n g u n g k a p a n -n y a t e -n t a -n g

wee,

y a k n i

white collar

criminality

i s

real criminality.

D i k a -t a k a n r e a l

criminality

( k e j a h a t a n y a n g s e s u n g g u h n y a ) k a r e n a p e r b u a t -a n n y -a m e l -a n g g -a r h u k u m p o s i t i f . H u k u m p o s i t i f a d a l a h a d a n y a p e l a n g -g a r a n t e r h a d a p h u k u m a d m i n i s t r a s i , s e p e r t i m e r e k a y a s a p r o s e d u r , m e n g -u b a h a t a -u m e m a l s -u k a n s u r a t - s u r a t p e n t i n g d a n d o k u m e n n e g a r a s e p e r t i

y a n g d i l a k u k a n o l e h p o l i t i k u s , b i r o k r a t y a n g b e k e r j a s a m a d e n g a n p e

-n g u s a h a .

S u t h e r l a n d m e n g a t a k a n , y a n g m e -l a n g g a r h u k u m b u k a n s a j a m e r e k a

y a n g t e r g o l o n g r a k y a t k e e i l , t e t a p i m e r e k a d a r i k e l o m p o k a t a s , y a n g k a y a , y a n g k e d u d u k a n s o s i a l n y a t e r -p a n d a n g , d a n y a n g d i -p a n d a n g h o r -m a t , j u g a -m e l a k u k a n k e j a h a t a n . A d a p e r b e d a a n n y a d e n g a n

lower class

criminality,

y a i t u p e n j a h a t y a n g m e -l a k u k a n p e -l a n g g a r a n t e r h a d a p h u -k u m p i d a n a d a n y a n g d i s e l e s a i -k a n a t a u d i a d i l i o l e h s u a t u s i s t e m p e r a d i -l a n p i d a n a , s e p e r t i k a s u s p e n c u r i a n

b i a s a , p e r a m p o k a n d a n p e m e r a s a n y a n g b i a s a d i s e b u t d e n g a n

blue collar

c r i m e .

J a w a b a n d a r i p e r t a n y a a n a p a k a h

wee

m e r u p a k a n k e j a h a t a n ?

wee

a d a l a h

truly crime

d a n m e m a n g

wee

b e n a r - b e n a r t e r j a d i ( a d a ) . S i a -p a k a h -p e l a k u d a r i

wee

i t u ? P e l a k u d a r i k e j a h a t a n i n i d i a n t a r a n y a a d a -l a h k a u m t e r p e l a j a r d a n b e r k e d u -d u k a n s o s i a l , m e r e k a p u n -d i p a n -d a n g t e r h o r m a t d a l a m m a s y a r a k a t d a n p e -k e I j a a n n y a u n t u k m e l a k u k a n k e j a

-h a t a n . T i p e

wee

a n t a r a l a i n , p e ~ ~ a -p a n , k o r u -p s i d a n k e e u r a n g a n p ? l i t i k

(bribery, corruption, andpolztlcal

fraud),

k e j a h a t a n s e e u r i t a s d a l a m

p e r d a g a n g a n

(securitas related

crime)

s e p e r t i k a s u s B a n k C e n t u r y , M e l i n d a D e e .

C o n t o h l a i n n y a , m a n i p u l a s i k e -b a n k r u t a n b a n k / p e r u s a h a a n

(bank-ruptyfraud),

K K N

(frauds againt

the government),

k e e u r a n g a n t e r h a -d a p k o n s u m e n

(consumer fraud)

d a n k e e u r a n g a n a s u r a n s i

(insurance

fraud),

s e r t a i n s i ~ e r

relat~dfrc:-ud.

S e m u a b e n t u k k e j a h a t a n i t u d i l a k u

-k a n o l e h m e r e -k a y a n g b e r s t a t u s s o s i a l t i n g g i y a n g d a l a m p r a k t i k k e j a h a t a n -n y a d a p a t m e -n g g u -n a k ~ k ? r p o r a s l , b e k e r j a s a m a , m a u p u n i n d i v i d u a l .

J a d i k e s i m p u l a n n y a , p e r t a m a

wee

s e b u a h i s t i l a h y a n g s a n g a t b a r u d a -l a m -l a p a n g a n k r i m i n o -l o g i , u n t u k m e l i h a t k e j a h a t a n d i l u a r k e i a h a t a n

y a n g t e r t u a n g m e n : r r u t a l i r ~ ~ n o l o g i k l a s i k , y a k n i s e b u a h i s t i l a h u n -t u k m e n g g a m b a r k a n b e t a p a k o m

-p l e k s n y a k e j a h a t a n i t u . ~ e ~ u a h p ~ n o -l a k a n t e r h a d a p a l i r a n k r i r n i n o l o g i t r a d i s i o n a l y a n g m e n g a t a k a n , k e j a

-h a t a n -h a n y a d i l a k u k a n o l e -h o r a n g m i s k i n a t a u o r a n g b i a s a . P a d a i n t i n y a

wee

a d a l a h k e j a h a t a n y a n g d i l a k u -k a n o l e h o r a n g p i n t a r , t e r h o r m a t , s e -c a r a s e m b u n y i - s e m b u n y i . K e j a h a t a n -n v a s u l i t u -n t u k d i l i h a t

(low visibility)

1 · l f e n a s e l a l u t e r t u t u p o l e h k e g i a t a n p e k e r j a a n y a n g n o r m a l d a n r u t i n .

D a p a t d i k a t a k a n ,

wee

a d a l a h s e -b u a h m a k n a t e r d a l a m u n t u k m e n g a -t a k a n k e k u a s a a n i -t u a d a l a h s a r a n a u n t u k b e r b u a t j a h a t , b a h w a p a k a i

r a p i h d a n b a g u s , b e r d a s i , j a s , a d a l a h s a r a n a b a g a i m a n a m e n c i p t a k a n d u -n i a k e j a h a t a -n y a -n g t e r s e l u b u -n g d a n t e r o r g a n i s i r . K e d u a , k o r u p s i m e r u p a k a n s u a t u k e j a h a t a n y a n g b e r h u -b u n g a n d e n g a n

wee.

P e l a k u n y a a d a y a n g d a p a t b e r t i n d a k s e o r a n g d i r i a t a u p u n b e r j e m a a h , C o n t o h n y a , d a -l a m k a s u s N a z a r u d d i n , B e n d a h a r a U m u m P a r t a i D e m o k r a t m a u p u n k o -r u p s i d i K e m e n t e -r i a n T -r a n s m i g -r a s i d a n K e t e n a g a k e I j a a n y a n g m e n g h e -b o h k a n . N a m u n , t e n t u s a j a d a l a m n e g a r a h u k u m a s a s

equality before

the law

d a n

presumption of