BIOMASS ELECTRICITY GENERATION (USING COCONUT
SHELL CHARCOAL) FOR TIGER PRAWN AQUACULTURE
AT SARAWAK COASTAL AREA.
ABU TALIB B. GHAZALI
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
TJ
2002
146
A165
2002
,
I -;1 IBIOMASS ELECTRICITY GENERATION (USING
COCONUT SHELL CHARCOAL) FOR TIGER PRAWN
AQUACULTURE AT SARAWAK COASTAL AREA.
Abu Talib b. Ghazali
This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Hons.) Mechanical Engineering and Manufacturing System from the
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
2002
BIOMASS
ELECTRICITY
GENERATION
(USING
COCONUT SHELL CHARCOAL) FOR TIGER PRAWN
AQUACUL TURE
AT
SARA W AK COASTAL AREA.
Abu Talib b. Ghazali
This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Hons.) Mechanical Engineering and Manufacturing System from the
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
2002
BORANG PENYERAHAN TESIS
ludul: BIOMASS ELECTRICITY GENERATION (USJ G COCONUT SHELL
CHARCOAL) FOR TIGER PRA WN AQUACULTURE AT SARA WAK COASTAL AREA .
SESI PENGAJIAN: 1999/2002 Saya ABU TALIB GHAZALI
mengaku membenarkan tesis ini disimpan di r USa! Khidmat Makllimal Akademik, Universili Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat·syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Hakmilik kertas projek adalah di bawah nama pcnulis melainkan penulisan sebagai projek ber-sama dan dibiayai oleh UN IMAS, hakmiliknya adalah kepunyaan UNIMAS.
2. Naskhah salinan di dalam bemuk kertas atau mikro hanya baleh dibuat dengan kcbenaran berlults daripada penulis.
3. Puset Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, UNIMAS dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk pengajian mereka.
4. Kertas projek hanya baleh dilerbilkan dengan kebenaran penulis. Bayaran ro)'alli adalah mengikut kadar yang dipersewj ui kelak.
5. ,. Say a membenarkan/tidak membcnarkan Perpustakaan membuat salinan kertas projek ini sebagai bahan pertukaran di antara inslilusi pengajian linggi.
6. .. Si la tandakan (3)
D
SULIT (Mengandungi maklumal yang berda ljah kesel arnaran atau kepentingall Mala~sia seperti yang lermaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASM I 1972).D
TERHAD (tvlengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditenLukan oleh organisasil hadan di mana penyelidikan dijaJankan).IT
TID Al<TERHA
~
Disahkan oleh
~
~D
L2~
A
~N~
G
=
A
=N=
P
=
E
==Y=E
N
~
Lj
-
A
-)-'
(TAN DATA GAN PENULlS)Alamat tetap: NO. 54 KPG. SAMBJR Nama Penyelia: Nazeri Abdul Rahman
94600 KOTA SAMARAHAN SARAWAK
Tarikh: 12 APRIL 2002 Tarikh: 12 APRIL 2002
CATATAN • Porong ynng tidak berkenaan.
.. Jika Kertas Projek iui SULIT atan TERH A 0 , sila lampirl<an surat daripada pihal< berkuasal organisasi berkentHHl dengan menyertakan sekali tempoh kertas projek. Ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT :ltau TERHAD.
Approval Sheet
This project report attached here to, entitled "Biomass Electricity Generation (Using Coconut Shell Charcoal) For The Tiger Prawn Aquaculture at Sarawak Coastal Area" prepared and submitted by ABU TALIB GHAZALI as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours in Mechanical and Manufacturing System is hereby read and approved by:
Date: 12 APRIL 2002 UL RAHMAN
DEDICATION
Salvi
a Marekan
Gha
za
li Kotop
Maimon Seruji
Sa'adiah
&
H
ap
endi
Dolh
a
n
&Julia
na
Harun
Siti Sara
a
nd
M
a
re
ka
n
&Masni
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Bismiliahir-rahmaniHahim. Thanks to God for 'Taufik' and 'Hidayah' for giving the opportunity in completing this thesis. Thank also extended to Encik Nazeri Abd. Rahman, the person who supervise, guide, give valuable assistance and
advice during preparation and completion of this thesis.
Special thanks to MARS ADVANCE Sdn. Bhd. employee, Mr. Yong Chee Man and Penolong Pengarah Jabatan Pertanian, Bahagian Samarahan Encik
Mohamad Mokhtar Hj. Ali for their cooperation and helps.
Also not forgotten to the entire lecturer, tutors, staff, Prof. Madya Dr. Wan Ali, Dr Ha, Encik Abd Rahim, Encik Syed Tarmizi, Cik Rubiyah, Encik Rhyier and
others for their corporation, supports and contributions. Thank to all colleagues
and classmates, who help and support in term of their comments and
recommendations.
The author also wishes to thank his father and mother, En. Ghazali Kotop and Pn. Maimon Seruji, sisters and brothers Saadiah, Siti Sara, Dolhan and Harun for the consistence encouragement, understanding and support during
completion of this thesis. To the most special person, the beloved wife, Salvia
Marekan, thank you for your understanding, kindness and full support. Last but not least, thanks are also the author to the parent in law, En. Marekan and Pn. Masni.
ABSTRACT
Tiger prawn also scientifically known as penaeus esculentus sp., is one of the
most famous cultivated shrimp. Today, the industry of aquaculture, especially
tiger prawn is becoming profitable and expanding rapidly, including the coastal
areas of Sarawak. The need of energy to power the industry also plays important
role. By considering biomass energy sources available within the farm, such as processed coconut residue (coconut shell charcoal) or other sources, the need of abundant and cheaper energy fuel can possibly be fulfilled. Therefore, the study
is exploring the potential of biomass energy sources - the coconut shell charcoal which might be useful as the future alternative energy sources. The study is designed to identify the quantity of energy usage on the tiger prawn aquaculture activities and the quantity of coconut shell charcoal can be produced within its
surrounding area. As a result, these two factors can be used as guidance for the installation a nd development of biomass energy or electricity generation plant in the future.
ASSTRAK
Udang harimau, dikenah secara saintifiknya sebagai penaeus esculent us sp.
merupakan udang peliharaan yang sangat terkenal. Pada masa sekarang,
industri pertanian laut atau akuakultur, terutamanya penternakan udang
harimau merupakan industri yang menguntungkan dan berkembang dengan pesat, termasuklah kawasan persisiran pantai Sarawak. Dalam memastikan kerancakan dan kemajuan penternakan udang harimau ini berterusan, kuasa
atau tenaga elektrik memainkan peranan yang sangat penting. Dengan mengambil kira sumber;;umber tenaga yang ada di sekeliling tempat
penternakan, seperti sisa buah kelapa yang telah diproses (seperti arang
tempul'ung) dan juga sumber;;umber tenaga biojisim yang lain, keperluan untuk mendapatkan tenaga biojisim dalam kuantiti yang banyak dan murah mungkin dapat dipenuhi. Oleh kerana itu, kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengenalpasti potensi sumber tenaga biojisim - arang tempurung kelapa yang mungkin juga boleh digunakan sebagai tenaga alternatif pada masa hadapan. Kajian 1m
direka untuk mengenalpasti kuantiti penggunaan tenaga atau elektrik di kawasan penternakan udang harimau, dan kuantiti arang tempurung kelapa yang dapat dihasilkan di kawasan berdekatan. Hasilnya, kajian ini boleh
digunakan sebagai panduan untuk membina dan membangunkan janakuasa
berasaskan sumber tenaga biojisim atau bahanapi biojisim pada masa hadapan.
CONTENTS
CONTENT
PAGE
ApPROVAL
DEDICATION
IIACKNOWLEDGEMENT
IIIABSTRACT
IVABSTRAK
VCONTENTS
VILIST OF FIGURES
xLIST OF TABLES
XINOMENCLATURE
XIICHAPTER
1 -
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Tiger Prawn Aquaculture Activity
In
Malaysia
11.2
Bioma
ss
Energy
31.3
Sources Of
Bioma
ss E
n
ergy
5
1.3.1
Forest
R
esidues
5
1.3.2
Energy Corps
7
1.3.3
Agricultural Residues
7
1.4
Coconut
S
hell
C
h
a
rcoal-
Chosen
Biomass
Fuel
Sources For the
St
udy
8
1.5
Biomass
Conve
rsion
Technologies
91.5.1 Combustion
10
1.
5.2
Pyrolysis
1
0
1.5.3 Gasification
10
1.5.4
Anaerobic
Dig
est
i
o
n
12
1.5.5 F
erme
nt
at
i
o
n
1
3
1.6
Scope And Objectives
of
The Study
1
3
1.6.1 Interviewing
t
h
e
respondents
1
3
1.6.2
Estimation of energy
usage in
tiger
prawn
aquacultur
e
and
the
energy can
beproduced from
coconut s
h
ell charcoal
14
1.6
.3 Provi
din
g t
h
e
useful data for future
stu
dy
1
4
1.7
Limitation
Of
The
Study
15
CHAPTER 2 -
LITERATURE REVIEW
16
2.1 Biomass: Energy For The Future 16
2.2
Biomass
For Electricity Generation
1
8
2.3
Biomass
Electricity Generator - Boiler
Efficienc
y
1
9
2.4
Advantages And Disadvantages
Of Biomass Power
2
0
2.4.1
Advantages
20
2.4.2 Di
sadvantages
21
CHAPTER
3 -
METHODOLOGY
23
3.1
Intr
od
u
ction
23
3.2
The
Location
23
3.3
Thesis Design
24
3.3.
1
En
e
r
gy
Usage
a
t Tig
e
r Pr
aw
n
Aquacu
ltur
e
24
3.3
.2
Biomass
Fu
e
l
So
ur
ce
-
C
oco
nut
S
h
e
ll
Char
coa
l
253.3.3
Biomass
El
ec
tri
c
it
y
Gen
e
rat
o
r
o
r B
o
il
e
r Effi
c
i
e
n
cy
26
3.4
Ca
l
cu
l
atio
n
and Formulas
27
3.5
Data
Co
ll
ect
i
o
n
3
0
CHAPTER
4 -
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
32
4.1
Introduction
32
4.2
Energy
Usage In
Tiger
Prawn
Aq
u
acultut
'
e
33
42.1
Wa
t
e
r Pumping
a
nd
Tra
n
s
fening
Ac
ti
v
i
ty
3S
4.2.2
Wat
e
r Cir
c
ul
a
tion
Activ
it
y
36
4.2.3
Flu
o
r
esce
nt L
a
mp f
o
r
Lighting th
e
P
o
nd
A
r
eas
36
4.2.4
H
o
u
se
El
ec
tri
ca
l
Appliances
37
4.3
Esti
m
ating
Of
Coco
nut
S
h
e
ll
C
h
arcoa
l
Pt
'
od
u
ctivity
in
Samat'a
h
a
n
41
4
.4
Total
Net Power Ge
n
erat
e
d
Fro
m
Cocon
u
t
S
h
e
ll
Charcoal
46
4.5
The Possibility Of
E
l
ectric
it
y Ca
n
Be
Ge
n
erated
47
4.6
Qu
a
ntit
y
Of
Tiger
Prawn
Far
min
g
Ar
e
a Can
Be
S
uppli
e
d
4
8
4
.
7
Summ
a
ry
48
CHAPTER
5 -
CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
50
5.1
Introduction
50
5.2
Finding and
Analysis
50
5.2.
1
Ene
rgy
Usage at Tig
er Pr
a
w
n Farming
51
5.2.2
En
ergy Supply b
y C
ocon
u
t Sh
e
ll
Char
coa
l
5
1
5.3
Quantit
y
of
Tiger
Prawn Farm Can Be Supplied
5
2
5.4
Recommendations
53
5.4
.1
Improve on Method
o
f
Findin
g
Da
ta
53
5.4.2
Us
ed For Oth
e
r Sector
53
5.4.3
Research
Bas
ed
o
n Oth
er
Part
of
Coconu
t
T
ree
5
4
5
.4.4
U
s
ing
O
ther
Bi
omass
Fuel
Sources
54
5.4
.
5
Estimation
of Ope
ratio
n
al Cost
54
BIBLIOGRAPHY
56ApPENDIX I
-ApPENDIX
II
-ApPENDIX III·
QUESTIONNAIRE SHEET
59
THE EQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR TIG ER
PRAWN AQUACULTURE ACTIVITY
60
S UMMARY OF COCONUT PLANTATION
AREAS SIZE AT KOTA SAMARAHAN 61
ApPENDIX IV -THE CALORIFIC VALUES OF SOME
COMMON FUELS USED FOR D O MESTIC
AND INDUSTRIAL 66
LIST
OF
FIGURE
Figure 1.1 Tiger Prawn. penaeus esculentra 1
Figure 1.2 Primary Sources Of Energy From Bioconversion From La nd 3
Figure 1.3 Biomass Gasification System For Transforming Biomass
Particles In Biogas Fuel 11
Figure 1.4 The Three Type OfAnaerobic Digestion Process 12
Figure 3.1 Coconut Shell Charcoal 26
Figure 4.1 Cross Section Diagram Of Set Of Tiger Prawn Pond 34
Figure 4.2 The quantity of power usage in a tiger prawn aquaculture
according to the equipment types 40
Figure 4.3 Percentage of power usage in tiger prawn aquaculture
by type of equipment 40
Figure 4.4 Energy usage within one month 41
Figure 4.5 The percentage of selected coconut plantation areas in Samarahan 42
LIST OF
TABLE
Table 1.1 Biomass energy in Unite State of America 6 Table 2.1 Cost Of Electricity From Steam Turbine Versus Advanced
Gasification 19
Table 4.1 Electricity Consumption In A Tiger Prawn Aquaculture
38
NOMENCLATURES
A
Size
of coconut
plantation
area (hectare)
(A)
Power unit
of
item, (kWh
or
Hp)
(B)
Quantity
of
item use
d
C
vCalorific
value (kWhlkg)
(E)
Total
length
of operation, (hour)
Energy
co
n
te
n
t or
heat e
nergy
(kW
h)
p
Coconut
production
per hectare in
a
year
(per
hectare)
Q
uan
tily
of
coco
nut
needed
in
o
n
e
t
o
nne of
coco
nut
shell
c
h
a
r
coa
l
production
(per
tonne
or
per ki
logram)
Qin
Equal
to
Eo,,,,
the
energy content or
heat
energy (kWh)
Weight
of coconut shell
charcoal
(tonne or
kilogram)
Wn€l,out
Energy or electricity
generated
(kWh)
GREEK LETTER
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Tiger Prawn Aquaculture Activity in Malaysia
Tig
e
r pr
aw
n
as s
h
o
wn in
Figure
1.1,
i
s s
ci
e
ntifi
ca
lly
k
nown a
s
Pen
ae
us
esc
u
l
e
ntu
s,
which
is
an
e
dibl
e
cru
s
ta
cea
n
s si
mil
a
r to
b
ut
l
a
r
ger t
han
t
h
e
shrimp
s
. It
s s
iz
e is
ar
o
und
3
40mm
in
to
tal l
e
ng
t
h. It i
s
g
e
n
e
rall
y
br
o
wn in
co
l
o
r with d
a
rk b
a
ndi
n
g
;
th
e
ir r
os
trum
and an
te
nn
ae
ar
e a
lso
ba
nd
e
d
.
CHAPl'ER 1 INTRODUCTION
Nowadays
,
tiger prawn
aquaculture
become
s
a
popular industry in
Malaysia
,
and thi
s
industry is
rapidly
growing lately. B
eg
an
with the
large-scale
of
shrimp
aquaculture
in 1930s,
with
dep
e
nded
entirely on
th
e
wild
se
ed
,
their
productivity wa
s
low. However, for
the
last few
years
this
industry was grow rapidly
[Takla, 1997). With practicing more
intensive
approaches
,
modern
aquaculture methods
and
the
commitment of
several
companies
result
e
d
rapid
growth
of
tiger prawn farms
and their
profitability. In 1987 production giant
tiger
prawn
was
1,260 metric tons
(mt), and it was
almost five times
of
the 1986
production
[Takla, 1997].
The
growing of
this
industry continues,
spurred
by
the
g
ov
ernmental approval
of 36
aquaculture
projects
between 1986
and 1988,
tiger
prawn production
grew to 3,937
metric t
o
nes by 1
993
[T
a
kla, 1997].
Ac
cor
ding to Malaysian Department
of Fisheries
Director-G
e
neral, Datuk
Shahrom Abdul M
a
jid
,
aquaculture
production
of
tiger prawns
is expected
to expand to
220
,0
00 metric ton
es
by 2010
[New Straits Times
,
November
7, 1995].
Followed by
the
incre
as
e
of
tiger pr
a
wn farm
areas,
th
e
en
e
rgy
con
s
umption,
especially
elec
tr
icity
will
also be
increased.
The
e
lectricity
power is
n
ee
ded
a
t th
e
tiger prawn farms,
especially for water pumps, air
conditions,
lamp
s
,
electric
motors
and other equipments,
which
are the
basi
c
equipm
e
nts in
this
industry. In conjunction to me
et
the
en
erg
y
r
e
quirement
at the
tiger prawn farms, besides
from
dom
es
tic
e
lectricity
supply
or
so
lar
energy, biomass energy
i
s
one of
the highly
potential
energy
which
can
be utilized.
CHAPTER 1 I NTRODUCTION
Tr
aditionally,
in d
e
veloping
countri
es
, bi
o
m
ass e
n
erg
y
is used to
produce h
eat for cooking, space
heating
and also
ca
n
be
a so
urce of
light.
Iti
s
inefficient u
sage
of energy
where, there i
s only 5
-
1
5
%of
the energy is
act
u
a
ll
y
utili
zed
[H
a
ll
a
nd
H
o
u
se,
2001
]
. By u
s
ing
t
h
e
n
ew
te
c
hn
o
l
ogy
s
u
c
h
as
d
i
r
ect co
mbu
st
i
o
n
,
or gasification
b
y convert
in
g
it fir
s
t
in
to
combustible
gases; biomass e
nergy
ca
n
be implemented in l
arge sca
le
and
have
an economic
va
lu
e.
According to
Ha
ll
and
House [2001]'
biomass is
t
h
e
fourth
largest
sour
ces of energy in the
world
which
s
uppli
ed about 13% (55
EJ/year;
25
milli
on
b
a
rr
e
l
s of o
il
eq
ui
va
l
e
nt
)
of
199
0
prim
a
r
y e
n
e
rgy. By t
h
e yea
r
2050
,
bioma
ss cou
ld
provide
38 %
of world's
di
rect
fu
e
l u
se,
and
1
7% of t
h
e
wo
rld
's e
l
ec
tri
city.
H
a
ll
and
H
ouse
[2001]
also
stat
e
d th
at
many developi
ng
countri
es
such
as Brazil
already
u
se
d biomass fu
e
l
s
u
c
h
as
pure b
i
oet
hanol to almo
st
5 milli
on of vehicles,
where this
biofu
el
is produced
fro
m sugarcane.
In
Zimbabwe
,
the productio
n
of 40
milli
on
lit
ers
of ethano
l h
as
been
po
ss
ibl
e
s
in
ce
19
83 a
nd
e
n
a
bl
es
t
hi
s
co
un
try to tack
l
e
it
s e
n
ergy
pr
o
blem.
In
China
there
are
abo
ut
822
bi
ogas
bioga
s
po
wer
s
tation
s
or
bi
ogas
e
l
ectric p
ower
stati
ons,
with
a
total
of
7,836 kW have
been
operated.
N
o
t
o
nl
y
in
d
eve
loping countri
es, a
number of
indust
r
iali
zed
count
ries
suc
h
as
the United
State
of
America
(U.S.A)
derive
d about
3% t
o
4%
of
its
tota
l
e
nergy from biomass
(7.5
Mtoe
, 3
.2
EJ)
with
a
biomass
e
l
ectric
generat
in
g ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
about
7
,000
MW
[
Bioenergy
Inf
or
m
ation
CHAPTER 1 INTR ODUCTION
Netw
ork,
2001]. In Sweden 16% of its
energy
is
from
biomass
[H
all and
H
ouse,
20
01].
The
mos
t importa
nt fact about the
biomass energy
is,
its
re
newable
characteristic.
Renewable
e
ne
rgy
m
ea
ns
any
energy
source
that
can
be
replenis
hed
continu
ously or
wi
thin a m
oderate
tim
eframe,
as
a
result
of
natural energy
fl
ows.
The so-called "renewa
ble" include solar ener
gy
(hea
t
a
nd electricity)
, wind power, hydropower, and geothermal power.
1.3
Sources of Biomass Energy
Biomass
for
energy
may
be
obtained from three
mall1
types of
sources
fore
s
t r
esidues, energy
corps
and agricultural r
esidues. Another so
urces of
biomass energy
are
aquatic pla
nts, but it
is less
import
a
nt.
All these
sources
are conve
rted
into
another
useful
f
orm
for hea
t
and
electricity
generation.
1.3.1 Forest Residues
Forest
,
also
known
as
n
atural
vegeta
tion ca
n be either contributes
logs
or
"me
rchanta
ble
bole" - that have co'mmercial value; or
fore
st
harves
ted
le
ftover or for
est
residue
s.
Logs or
wood in
particular,
is
the
oldest
source
s
of
e
ne
rgy and it
still
constitutes
the
m
ost
important sources in Less D
eveloped Countries.
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Normally logs are used for construction purposes such as to build house, bridge and trains railway; and forest or logging residues such as branches, stumps, roots, and including top are used to generate biomass energy. However, some forest production like mangrove forest is harvested for its charcoal - one of the most important biomass energy sources.
The use of wood (forest product, or forest residue) in the
U.S.A is about 2.2 X 109 GJ per year in 1980 and will be doubled to
4.0 X 109 GJ per year in the year of 2000, [Lowenstein, 1985J. Table
1.1 shows the use of wood compares with other biomass materials and total U.S. energy use in 1980 with that projected for 2000.
Table 1.1 Biomass Energy in the United State of America
[Lowenstein, 1985]
Source of energy Quads (1015 Btu or 109 GJ/yrs)
1980 2000
Wood 2.2 4
Agriculture residue 0.1 0.5
Municipal solid waste 0.2 1
U.S.A total energy US3 75 95
C HAl'T'ER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.3.2 Energy Corps
A second source of biomass energy is energy corps, the plants grown explicitly for the specific purpose of producing energy (electricity or liquid fuels). The most popular examples of energy corps are sugar cane, switch-grass, willow and poplar. There is many other energy corps that could be potentially used such as the stems or stalks of alfalfa, corn and sorghum. Energy corps can be converted to fuel by doing fermentation process. For example, sugar cane and sweet sorghum can directly fermented to produce ethanol.
Besides grown as biomass energy sources, energy corps speCIes have a special characteristic those advantageous environment qualities such as erosion control, soil orgamc matter build-up and reduced fertilizer and pesticid'e requirements,
1.3.3 Agricultural Residues
Agricultural activities, besides as a sources of foodstuff to the world population, its residues also can be exploited to generate energy and fuels. Agricultural residues include plant parts such as corn fiber, dregs of sugar cane, rice strew and hull, nutshell, palm fiber and shell, and coconut shell; and animal (livestock or farm animal) waste such as wet dried waste [John, 1992].
For example palm fiber, palm shell, and coconut shell can be used in direct combustion
to
generate heat and electricity at powerCHAPTER 1 ]NTRODIlCTION
plant
s;
a
nd
animal
waste
can
b
e
di
gested
in bioga
s
digester,
to
produc
e bi
ogas (
methane
)
-
the
bi
o
m
ass
fu
e
l
s
.
N
ea
rly
eve
ry part of
the world
h
as
a
biomass resource.
From
for
estry
waste
to agricultural r
esidues, and
fr
o
m million
acres
of
energ
y
co
rp
s
to
thousands of manur
e
(animal
w
aste
) lagoons, they
are all
biomass
resource that
ca
n
b
e
tapped
t
o
make
bi
o
fuels
and
ca
n u
se
d
to
ge
n
e
rate
e
le
ctric
powe
r.
By
u
si
n
g t
he
present or
mod
e
rn
co
n
vers
i
o
n
tec
hnologies
,
a
ll
th
ese
r
eso
ur
ces
can
b
e
u
se
d to meet th
e
futur
e
wo
rld e
n
e
r
gy co
nsumpti
o
n
.
1.4
Coconut Shell
Charcoal -
Chosen Biomass
Fuel
Sources
for The Study
Coconut
i
s
bot
a
nically
kn
ow
n as
Cocos nucifera L.a
nd belon
gs
to th
e
n
at
ur
a
l
order
Arecaceae
(
Palma
e),
a
n
imp
orta
nt
m
e
mber
o
f
m
o
n
ocoty
l
edo
n
s.
It
i
s o
n
e
of
the most imp
o
rt
a
n
t of a
ll
cultivated
palms in
the
world and accord
in
g
to
Thampan
[199
3
];
this palm
is
grow
ing in more
than
80 co
un
tries
of
the tropical. It h
as
a
pan· tropical
distribution,
occurrin
g
in
coasta
l
a
reas between 20
0North
a
nd
20
0South
of the
equator
[Per
sley, 1992].
I
n
Malay
com
munit
y,
coconut
i
s o
ft
en
ref
err
ed as
the
'tree of life'sin
ce
a
lm
ost
eve
r
y
p
ar
t
i
s
used to mak
e
it
e
m
of va
lue
s
uch
as coo
king
oil,
ca
ndi
es, co
pr
a
c
ake,
n
ata
de
coca,
hut r
oof,
mid
rib
broom
,
mattress
,
rope
,
charcoal
briquette,
d
ye st
uff,
bottle brush
a
nd ot
h
er p
roducts.
CHAPTER 1 INTR ODUCTION
![Table 1.1 Biomass Energy in the United State of America [Lowenstein, 1985]](https://thumb-ap.123doks.com/thumbv2/123dok/4499784.3256733/21.918.85.816.8.1218/table-biomass-energy-united-state-america-lowenstein.webp)
