rd
THE 3 ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON TRANSFORMATIVE EDUCATION
AISTEEL
AND
EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP
Supported and Coordinated by:
Postgraduate School
State University of Medan
North Sumatera, Indonesia
Organized by:
Indexing By :
PROCEEDINGS
Emerald Garden Hotel, Medan - Indonesia
03-04 October 2018
Vol. 3, December 2018
Vol. 3, December 2018
2018
i
Proceedings of The 3
rdAnnual International Seminar on
Transformative
Education
and
Educational
Leadership
(AISTEEL 2018)
“
Education, Learning, and Leadership Innovation
”
Emerald Garden Hotel, Medan City, North Sumatera, Indonesia
October 3-4, 2018
Editorial Board
Editorial-in-Chief
Dr. Juniastel Rajagukguk, M.Si (State University of Medan, Unimed)
Deputy Editor
Dr. Saronom Silaban, M.Pd (State University of Medan, Unimed)
International Advisory Board / Scientific Committee
Prof. Dr. Kala Saravanamuthu (University of Newcastle, Australia)
Prof. Arjen EJ Wals (University of Gothenburg, Sweden)
Prof. Dr. Bornok Sinaga, M.Pd (Unimed, Indonesia)
Prof. Dr. Aytekin Isman (Sakarya University, Turkey)
Prof. Peter Charles Taylor, Ph.D., Med., B.Sc., Dip.Ed (Murdoch University, Australia)
Prof. Dr. Mukhlas Samani, Ph.D (Indonesia)
Prof. Dr. Jailani bin Md. Yunos (University Tun Hussein on Malaysia)
Prof. Dr. Nurahimah Mohd. Yusuf (UTM, Malaysia)
Assoc. Prof. Dr Pedro Isaias (University of Queensland, Australia)
Assoc. Prof. Elisabeth Taylor, Ph.D (Murdoch University, Australia)
Dr. Bambang Sumintono, M.Ed (Universiti Malaya, Malaysia)
Dr. Isma Widyaty, M.Pd (UPI, Indonesia)
Prof. Dr. Syahrul R, M.Pd (UNP, Indonesia)
Prof. Amrin Saragih, MA., Ph.D (Unimed, Indonesia)
Assoc. Prof. Ade Gafar Abdullah, M.Si (Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia)
Eng. Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto (Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia)
Prof. Dr. Hartono, M.Pd (Universitas Negeri Semarang)
ii
Proceedings of the 3
rdAnnual International Seminar on Transformative Education
and Educational Leadership (AISTEEL 2018)
Preface
The 3
rdAnnual International Seminar on Transformative Education and Educational Leadership
(AISTEEL 2018) was held in Emerald Garden Hotel, Medan City-Indonesia on 3-4 October 2018.
This seminar is organized by Postgraduate School, Univesitas Negeri Medan and become a routine
agenda at Postgraduate program of Unimed now.
The AISTEEL is realized this year with various presenters, lecturers, researchers and students from
universities both in and out of Indonesia participating in, the seminar with
theme “Education,
Learning and Leadership Innovation.”
The plenary speakers coming from various provinces in Indonesia have been present topics covering
multi disciplines. They have contributed many inspiring inputs on current trending educational
research topics all over the world. The expectation is that all potential lecturers and students have
shared their research findings for improving their teaching process and quality, and leadership.
The third AISTEEL presents a keynote speaker and 4 distinguised invited speakers from Australia,
Singapore, Taiwan, and Malaysia. In addition, presenters come from various Government and Private
Universities, Institutions, Academy, and Schools. Some of them are those who have sat and will sit in
the oral defence examination.
There are 326 articles submitted to committee, some of which are presented orally in parallel sessions,
and others are presented through posters. The articles have been reviewed by double blind reviewer
and 198 of them were accepted for published by Atlantis Press indexed by International Indexation.
Meanwhile 83 papers were published in online International Proceedings indexed by Google Scholar.
The Committees of AISTEEL invest great efforts in reviewing the papers submitted to the
conference and organizing the sessions to enable the participants to gain maximum benefit.
Grateful thanks to all of members of The 3rd Annual International Seminar on Transformative
Education and Educational Leadership (AISTEEL 2018) for their outstanding contributions. Thanks
also given to Universitas Negeri Medan for published this volume.
The Editors
iii
Table of Contents
Titles and Authors
page
Design of Physical Practicum Tools on Rotational Dynamics Matter with
Scientific Concept
1
Fretty Doharni Ritonga; Nurdin Bukit; Betty M.Turnip...
Analysis of the Leading Sector and Its Effect on the Economy in Pakpak Bharat
Regency
6
Dinar Melani Hutajulu; M. Nasir; Arwansyah
...Analyze the Characteristic and Factors Cause of Bullying Behaviours in Early
Childhood
12
Fadhilah Syam Nasution; Anita Yus; Aman Simaremare...
Play Finger Painting in Creative Art Model to Help Smooth Motoric
Development and Creativity of Group a in Kindergarten at Aek Loba Pekan
Village
18
Lola Wita Harahap; Sri Milfayetty; Rosmala Dewi...
Maintenance of Gayonese Kinship Terms by Gayonese Minority Migrants in
Jabodetabek
22
Desi Purnama Sari; Siti Aisyah Ginting; Berlin Sibarani...
Effect of Functional Training and TRX Suspension Training on Body
Composition member Golden Fitness and Spa
26
Rafliansyah; Nurhayati Simatupang; Albadi Sinulingga...
Interpersonal Metaphor Used in the Boss Baby Movie
29
Khairuni Syafitri; Siti Aisyah Ginting; Anni Holila Pulungan...
Speech Act in Indonesia Lawyers Club: KPK vs Novanto
32
Theresia Fransiska Sidabutar; Zainuddin; Busmin Gurning...
The Effect of Instructional Strategy and Style Ofthinking Secuential on Students
Outcome MAN Medan
36
Siti Aisyah Hanim; Tiur asih siburian; Darwin...
The Effect of Cooperative Learning Models and Self Efficacy on Student
Mathematics Learning Outcomes
39
Sabdo Puji Rahayu; Mukhtar; Keysar Panjaitan...
Ideational Grammatical Metahpor in Reading Texts for Senior High School
English Textbooks
43
Diemam Ferzhawana; Siti Aisyah Ginting; Zainuddin...
Effect of Soft Modification on Student Learning Results PAB 13 Kwala Begumit
Private Vocational School
47
Iskandar Fahmi...
Differences in Metacognitive Ability of Students Through Learning Realistic
Mathematics Education and Problem Based Learning in Pangkalan Susu Senior
High School
51
Chairi Mutia Lubis; Waminton Rajagukguk; Kms.M.Amin Fauzi...
Development of Interactive Learning Media Projection of Working Drawing on
Students of Class X TKR in SMK Markus 2 Medan
56
Irwan Panggabean; R. Mursid; Samsidar Tanjung...
Metaphor of Modality in Donald Trump’s Speech in
United Nation General Assembly 2017
60
Nursyah Handaya; Siti Aisyah Ginting...
Traditional Sport Of Silek Tuo In Minangkabau Community (a study of Silek tuo
iv
Prima Nanda; Sabaruddin Yunis; Agung Sunarn...
Improved Student’s Generic Science Skills With The Application of Cooperative
Learning Models Based on Batak Culture
66
Rika Sari Indah Harahap; Derlina; Rahmatsyah; Sahyar; Bornok...
Management Development Athletes of Shorinji Kempo North Sumatra Region
71
Arti Kurniaty Bangun...
Efforts to Improve Learning Results Free Basketball Shot (Free Throw) Through
The Application of Teaching Style Inclusion
75
Bob Rahmat Manalu... ...
Development of Egosan Engineering Extension Models with Straight Sticking in
Pencak Silat
77
William Filipus; Amir Supriadi; Tarsyad Nugraha...
The Development of Interactive Learning Media of Athletic on Physical
Education in SMP Negeri 15 Medan
81
Akhmad Khaidir; Budi Valianto; Tarsyad Nugraha...
The Effect of Learning Model and Self-Reliance Learning toward Science
Learning Outcomes
84
Rohima; Mukhtar; Samsidar Tanjung...
The Effect of Learning Method and Kinesthetic Perception on The Learning
Outcomes of Lay Up Basketball
88
Saiful Adrian; N
urhayati Simatupang; Suprayitno………....
Analysis Of Physical Education Teacher Management Skills In State Elementary
School Sub-District Medan Tembung
91
Syahrul Effendi Nasution; Amir Supriadi; Albadi Sinulingga...
Innovation Of The Speed Model Using Running With The Ball Techniques In
Football
95
Julio Roberto; Amir Supriadi; Novita... ...
The Development of Penetration Drill Training Technique of Wrestling Sport
99
Ihsan Idris Silalahi; Jan Bobby Nesra Barus...
Speech Function of Anies Baswedan’s
Speech in Approval Ceremony as the
Governor of Jakarta in the Period of 2017-2022
102
Ahmad Rifa’i Ritonga; Sumarsih
... ...
Development of Web-Based Learning Media to Enhance Writing Capability of
Biography Text of Student Class X SMA
105
Rencus B. Sinabariba, Tiur Asi Siburian, Mutsyuhito Solin...
Implementing the Teaching Supervision by Principals in Improving the
Performance of Teachers in Aceh Besar
109
Said Ashlan... ... ...
Female Principal Leadership
115
Hendro Widodo; Hengkang Bara Saputra... ...
The Ways of Rohingya Teenagers in Medan Realized Their Language Attitude
120
I Wayan Dirgayasa; Rahmat Husein; Lonni NurIffah Nasution...
Metaphor in Umpasa of Saurmatua Toba Batak Ceremony
124
Heppy Yersin Digita Purba; Rahmad Husein; Anni Holila Pulungan...
The Influence of Part Method, Whole Method and Determination Exercise
Methods on Improving Exercise in the Sports Branch of Pencak Silat Single Art
Category of College Students SPDKK (Art of Kencana Kwitang Self Defense)
Deli Serdang Year 2018/2019
127
Mawar Sari... ... ...
v
Philosophy
of Rakut Sitelu
Desi Haryati Nianggolan...
Evaluation of Implementation of Sustainable Professional Development (PKB)
for Junior High School Physical Education Teachers to Increase Professionalism
in Tebing Tinggi City
135
Mhd Fazar Afandi...
Development of Innovative PJOK teaching materials on floor gymnastics
materials to improve learning outcomes of Grade Students at Junior Hight School
138
Bangun Saragih...
The Influence of the Discovery Learning Model assisted with Image Media and
Motivation Against Civics Learning Outcomes of Students in Class IV of Public
Elementary Schools 055980 Aman Damai 2017/2018
142
Heryansyah Ginting; Dede Ruslan; Reh Bungana Br.Perangin-angin...
Development of science teaching materials based on Science Technology Society
(STM) and its influence on learning outcomes of fourth grade students of MIN
Medan Tembung
149
Diah Hafizhotul Husna; Nuraini; Ramlan Silaban...
The Improvement of Cooperative Learning Model Application Skill in Numbered
Head Together Through Clinical Supervision of Art Teacher in SDN 060886
Medan Baru
154
Unita Vitta Omas Sianturi; Martua Manullang; Rosmala Dewi...
Gold of North Sumatera Program Coach Performance
159
Suyono; Hariadi; Supryetno...
Transitivity Systems Analysis of Bilingual Civic 3 Education Textbook for Grade
XII
163
Jusup Sitepu; Anni Holila Pulungan; I Wayan Dirgeyasa Tangkas...
The Lecturer Performance Development of the STKIP Bina Bangsa Getsempena
Banda Aceh
169
Saiful Bahri...
The Interference of Batak Mandailing Language to Indonesian (In The Interaction
At The Seventh
Grade Students Of Madrasah Tsanawiyah Swasta Al-Azhar
Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan Padang Sidimpuan)
175
Siti Jahria Sitompul; Abdurrahman Adisaputera; Sumarsi...
The Influence of Microbiology Dictionary and Microbiology Textbook
Utilization in the Contextual Learning Framework on Biology Students Higher
Order Thinking Skills
177
Kiki Rizqi Sahara; Hasruddin; Ashar Hasairin...
The Differences of Learning Style and St
udents’ Creativity to Students’
Achievement in Dribbling the Ball in Playing Football of Seventh Grade Students
of SMP Ar
–
Rahman Percut
180
Muammar Afif Marpaung; Imran Akhmad; Rahma Dewi...
Development of Gobag Sodor Game Model to Increase Interest in Elementary
Students
184
Siska Nova Undari...
The Influence of Research-Based Learning with Portfolio Assessment on Science
Process Skills in Microbiology Course for Biology Program Students
187
Saudah Rahmayanti; Hasruddin; Tumiur Gultom...
The Influence of Teaching Style and Confident Against the Results of a Study of
Shooting in the Game of Football (Experiment Studies the Self Check Style and
vi
Tembung Sabilina)
Muhammad Syaiful; Ramadhan Harahap...
Development of Mirror Writing Teaching Materials Based on Class XI Media
Literation of Lolomatua 1 State High School
195
Yanida Bu'ulolo; Biner Ambarita; Marice...
The Development of Teaching Materials for Technology- Assisted Procedure
Text in Vocational High School
197
Nova Andarini; Biner Ambarita; Malan Lubis...
Development of Adobe Flash Based Floor Gymnastics Media Learning on Health
Sport Education Lesson
201
Hardiansyah...
The Effect of Learning Approach and Linguistic Competence Capability Reading
The English Narative Text of Student SMA Negeri 6 Padangsidimpuan.
206
Sukriyah Batubara; Keysar Panjaitan...
……….
Analysis Effect of Household Consumption, Investment and Labor to Economy
Growth In Sumatera Utara
209
Richna Handriyani; Arwansyah; Sahyar...
Idioms Translation Strategies in Pasung Jiwa Novel English Version
213
Hariyanto; Amrin Saragih; Sumarsih...
Code Mixing in Novel: A Case of Indonesian Literary Work
216
Nurul Hidayanti Hasibuan; Amrin Saragih; Sumarsih...
Logico-Semantic Relation in Presidential Debate Between Hillary Clinton and
Donald Trump
221
Annisa Risma Khairani Lubis; Della Fransiska Ginting; Jumino Suhadi...
Semiotic Meanings in Cigarette Advertisement Texts
227
Rodearta Purba; Zainuddin; Amrin Saragih...
Modality as Hedging Device in the US Presidential Election Debate
232
Roobby Hamdanur; Anni Holila Pulungan; Zainuddiin...
The Improving Mathematical Communication Ability Through Realistic
Mathematical Approach Based on Toba Batak Culture
235
Aman Sanusi Siregar...
Speech Functions of Doctors and Patients on Medical Consultation Process
239
Resti Citra Dewi; Anni Holila Pulungan, Sumarsih...
The Development of Venturimeter Instrumentation in Dynamic Fluid
243
Zahrani Dalimunthe; Rahmatsyah; Derlina...
Lexical Metaphors in Onang-onang of Bobby and Kahiyang Tortor Dance
246
Siti Rahma Ritonga; Anni Holila Pulungan; Didik Santoso...
The Discourse Markers in President Joko Widodo’s Speeches in KTT APEC
China in 2015
249
Syahbuddin Nasution1; Busmin Gurning; I Wayan Dirgayasa Tangkas...
Preparation of Papers in Two-Column Format for AISTEEL Conference
Proceedings
Translator’s Strategies in Transferring Cultural Values in Ratatouille
Film
254
Femy Septiani; Anni Holila Pulungan...
Lexical Metaphor In Printed Car Advertisements
258
Misdiana; Siti Aisyah Ginting; Amrin Saragih...
Political Discourse Analysis of Donald Trump Political Speech
263
Elisa Silviani Siregar; Prof. Dr.Zainuddin, M.Hum; Prof.Dr. Sri MindaMurni,
MS... ...
vii
Nurliana Harahap; Mahendra Ginting Manik; Indah Listiana...
Appraisal of Healthy Product Advertisement on Television
274
Nurun Nazipah Harahap; Siti Aisyah Ginting; Rahmad Husein Napitupuluh...
Lexical Metaphor in Andrea Hirata’s “The Dreamer” Novel
277
Nurul Sa’adah; I Wy. Dirgeyasa; Siti Aisyah Ginting
...
Impoliteness Strategies Used by Governor Candidates of DKI Jakarta in Governor
Election Debate 2017
281
Sri Minda Murni; Busmin Gurning
……
...
Intertextuality in Travel Umroh Advertisement
287
Afifah Nurul Khoirot Nasution; Anni Holila Pulungan; Eddy Setia...
Intertextuality on Oral Discourse in Sari Matua Batak Toba Ceremony
290
Dyan Yosephin Hutagalung; Anni Holila Pulungan; Rahmad Husein...
The Effect of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Peel to Creatine Kinase
Serum in Male Rats (Rattus norvegicus) with Fatigue from Swimming
293
Rika Nailuvar Sinaga; Jumadin IP; Zulaini...
Analysis of Technology Utilization to Measure The Throw Distance of The Ball
on Hammer Throw
296
Riki Prastian; Agung Sunarno; Sabaruddin Yunis Bangun...
The Interactions of Social Stratification and Karonese Register in Giving Pedah
Pedah Perjabun
300
Elkana Putra Tarigan; Amrin Saragih; Siti Aisyah Ginting...
Implementation Management Training Volleyball Club of Pertamina Year 2017
305
Reza Wibowo; Sanusi Hasibuan; Budi Valianto...
Lexical Metaphor in Printed Car Advertisements
308
Misdiana; Siti Aisyah Ginting; Amrin Saragih...
Improving Students’ Reading Comprehension
Ability In Descriptive Text
Through Flashcard
309
Aisya Hartati...
The Role of Teacher’s Training Model and Technological Approach to the
Improvement of Teachers’ Professionalis
312
Intan Sufiah Batubara...
The Difficulties of Students at the Second Year of St.Thomas 3 Senior High
School Medan in Translating English Idioms into Indonesian
315
Fitri Susi Sinurat...
The Effect Of Applying The Great Wind Blows Strategy On The Students’
Vocabulary Mastery
321
Gisca Irdayana Lubis...
Attitude of Examiners in Thesis Convocation
325
Mara Sutan Siregar...
Politeness Strategies in Mandailing Wedding Ceremony
329
221
Logico-Semantic Relation in Presidential Debate
Between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump
Annisa Risma Khairani Lubis
English Postgraduate Study Program, University of Sumatera Utara,
Medan, Indonesia
Jumino Suhadi
English Postgraduate Study Program, University of Sumatera Utara
Medan, Indonesia
Abstract—Halliday holds that all cultures reflect some universal metafunctions in the languages and proposes three such metafunctions: ideational, interpersonal, and textual. This study
employs the logical function theory in Halliday’s Systemic
Functional Linguistics to analyze the presidential debate between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. Specifically, through a qualitative descriptive analysis, this study aims at finding out the types of taxis and logico-semantic relation and analyzing the meanings represented in clause complexes. The analysis of taxis and logico-semantic relation is necessary in order to present a pattern of the complexity of the two candidates. The finding in the
study shows that the clause complexity of the candidates’ speeches
in the presidential debate is varied. In Hillary and Trump’s
speeches, all types of taxis and logico-semantic relation are found
in their debate. From both candidates’ speeches, the type of taxis
and logico-semantic relation mostly arises is paratactic extension. The analysis of meaning reveals that the dominant meaning is addition which appears from extension. The result of analysis indicates that two candidates prove the strength of their verbal
language to influence the audience’s minds in supporting their
policies.
Keywords—logical function; logico-semantic relation; presidential debate.
I. INTRODUCTION
Language is a tool to convey opinions, messages, to express thoughts and feelings and to clarify matters for the goal of attracting listeners as well as kind of instructing knowledge and social communication. Halliday’s systemic-functional linguistics, taking the actual use of language as a research object and seeking to account for how the language is used shows three metafunctions of language which has three different functions: the ideational function, the interpersonal function, and the textural function. The reasonswhy the authors choose a functional grammar are that the study is based on meaning and that it is an interpretation of linguistic forms. Halliday[1] in Zhang [2] points that “the aim has been to construct a grammar for purposes of text analysis: one that would make it possible to say sensible and useful things about
any text, spoken or written, in modern English.” This enables one to show how, and why, the text means what it does.
Logico-semantic relation analysis of a text is concerned with meaning relationships between or among clauses in a clause complex [3]. Halliday [4] states two basic systems which rule the relation of the clauses; taxis and logico-semantic relation. The theory is supported by Gerot and Wignell [5]in Zhang [2]in which they also divide taxis into parataxis and hypotaxis, and state that the logico-semantic relation can be expansion (elaboration, extension and enhancement) and projection (locution and idea). Because the logico-semantic relation can provide a qualitative analysis of discourses, which is largely convincing and objective, many scholars have used this theory to do discourse analysis. These researches have given a profound interpretation about the data they selected.
222 Logico-semantic relation analysis has been mostly used in
literature works and news texts, not widely involved in spoken texts. Recently, the final presidential debate between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump have drawn heated discussion, with its political characteristics, the speech discourse is quite different from other types. When the candidates construct their speeches, in order to achieving the goals of their political aspiration, are inclined by developing their ideas and argument to persuade something by giving supporting logically reasons for accepting a particular conclusion as evidence[2]. Logico-semantic relations are varied since they represent the way the speaker/writer sees the connections to be made between one clause and another. These connections do not simply link clauses within a complex clause, but also clauses within a paragraph and paragraphs within a text. There fore the logico-semantic relation analysis has significance in analyzing spoken texts and it also needs more researches to analyze how complex the language producedon discourses.
This studyaimed tofind outhow the two candidates develop their ideas through clause complexes they produce by means of taxis and logico-semantic relation system. This study is considered significant to enrich the study in the field of functional grammar, particularly in a clause complex analysis, in which this research focusing on the theory of taxis, logico-semantic relation and logical meanings as well. The result gained from the study is to give information of how complex the language produced by the two candidates.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter concentrates on Halliday’s logical function, mainly from the following two main aspects: interdependency relation and logico-semantic relation.
A. Interdependence Relation
Interdependency of clauses is technically called “taxis”. The same interdependency is called parataxis (equal status) and the different one is called hypotaxis (unequal status). Hypotaxis is the relation between a dependent element and its dominant, the element on which it is dependent. Parataxis is the relation between two-like-elements of equal status, one initiating and the other continuing.
The distinction between parataxis and hypotaxis has developed as a powerful grammatical strategy for guiding the rhetorical development of text. The choice between parataxis and hypotaxis characterizes each relation between two clauses (each nexus) within a clause complex, and clause complexes are often formed out of mixture of parataxis and hypotaxis.
B. Logico-Semantic Relation
Logico-semantic is the relation from a clause that describes another clause especifically and deeply.
Logico-semantic can be defined as natural relationship
between theclauses in the use of language. The logico-semantic relation has two types. Gerot and Wignel [5] state
“clauses can be combined through one logico-semantic
relation: expansion and projection”. Therefore, there are two
types of logico-semantic that include expansion relation and projection relation.
Expansion clauses can be grouped into three types, such as (1) elaboration, (2) extension, and (3) enhancement. Elaboration is the relation in a clause that explains one meaning of content with the other meaning by describing and organizing the clause relation [4]. The elaboration relation symbol is the symbol “=”.Mardianto, et. all[8] state that the analysis of paratactic elaboration clause uses the notation (1=2) and is categorized into three types: exposition, exemplification and clarification depending on the conjunction or conjunctive adjunct used. The analysis of hypotactic elaboration clause
uses the notation (α=β). The correlation between the
independent and dependent clause in the clause complex is that the dependent clause elaborates the meaning of the former by the structural property known as non-restricted relative clause. The dependent clausecan be afinite clause or a non-finite extension and hypotactic extension. Paratactic extension refers to the relationship between two independent clauses in a clause complex in which the secondary clause extends the meaning of the primary clause by addition, variation or alternation. The combination of two independent clauses by way of extension will result in coordination and therefore it generally makes use of coordinating conjunctions. The notation used in the analysis of paratactic extension is (1+2). Hypotactic extension marked
by the notation (α+β) refers to the relationship between the
independent clause and the dependent clause in a clause complex in which the dependent clause in the extension may be in the form of a finite clause or a non-finite clause [8].
Enhancementis the relation that enhances the meaning of clauses by using the conjunctions about time, place, condition, causal, temporal, concessive andmanner[5]. The symbol “x” is used for enhancement.The enhancement can be paratactic or hypotactic. Paratactic enhancement marked by (1x2) refers to the relationship between two independent clauses in a clause complex in which the secondary clause enhances the meaning ofthe primary clause by reference of some circumstantial features: time, place, manner, condition, purpose, cause, concession, etc. The combination of two independent clauses by way of enhancement will result in
coordination. Paratactic enhancement generally uses
coordinate conjunction or conjunctive combinations.
Hypotactic enhancement marked by (αxβ) refers to the
223 is projected from a verbal process such as
answer, reply, insist, complain, cry, shouted, boast, murmur, grumble, declare, comment, speak, state, mention, decribe, act, report, explain, promise, agree, revealand urge. Locution is differentiated into paratactic and hypotactic. Paratactic locution marked by (1”2) refers to the relation between two independent clauses in a clause complex in which one clause projects the other with a verbal process. As the two clauses in paratactic locution are of equal status and the position is
reversible. Hypotactic locution with the notation (α”β) refers to
the relation between the independent clause and the dependent clause in a clause complex in which the primary clause projects the secondary clause with a verbal process. Hypotactic locution can be differentiated into finite and non-finite.
Idea is a clause that is projected through the other clause which presents it as an idea or a construction of meaning[4]. Idea is quoted or reported thought. The locution is presented by the symbol (‘). Quoted or reported thought is projected from a mental process such as think, imagine, plan, consider, intend, desire, mean, believe, hope, seem, note, observe, write, regard, wish, want, know, hear, and see[3]. Projection idea can be differentiated into paratactic and hypotactic. Paratactic idea marked by (1’2) refers to the relation between two independent clauses in a clause complex in which one clause projects the other with a mental process and this is also traditionally known
as direct speech. Hypotactic idea marked by (α’β) refers to the
relation between the independent clause and the dependent clause in a clause complex in which the primary clause projects the secondary clause with a mental process which can be either finite and non-finite.
C. The Characteristic of Spoken Language
Comparing spoken language with written language, Gerot and Wignell[5] argue that spoken language is typically more dependent on its context than written language is. In terms of grammatical intricacy, they also add that “in spoken language the content tends to be spread out over a number of clauses with complex logico-semantic relations among them”. The amount of content words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs tends to be low in spoken language but the number of clauses per clause complex quite high.
III. RESEARCH METHOD
The design of the research is a qualitative descriptive method. This design is related to grounded-theory, data analysis, and qualitative research method. The research design is qualitative due to the descriptive data which is in the form of words, in this analysis, spoken texts.
The object of the research is the clause complexes in transcript by the Washington Post on the final presidential debate between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton. A Presidential Debate between the candidates held in Las Vegas on 19thOctober 2016. The data analysis has some limitations. The analysis produces a clear identification on the number of clause relations found in the answer of the two candidates which the questions are the same question asked by moderator.
Here, the focus of the study is non-embedded clauses. Gerot and Wignel[5] define non-embedded clause as a dependent clause, one which adds a kind of afterthought.
In analyzing the data, the techniques used are based on procedures for a Systemic Functional Linguistic analysis, an investigation into clause complexing relations. According to Saragih[9] the steps taken in logical function analysis are as the folllowing:
a) Separating the text into clauses.
b) Analyzing each clause in terms of the categories of logical functions such as interdependency and logico-semantic relation.
c) Classifying elements and meaning of the logical function used in the texts.
IV. DISCUSSION
Some clause complexes are selected from the transcriptof the final presidential debate analyzed by applying Halliday’s
theory of logical function covering all types of
interdependency relation and logico-semantic relation which divided into expansion and projection. Expansion consists of elaboration, extension, and enhancement and projection consists of locution and idea.
A. Analysis
1) Paratactic Elaboration
Hillary’s speech in clause A2
1 it really raises the central issue in this election,
=2 namely, what kind of country are we going to be?
What kind of opportunities will we provide for our citizens? What kind of rights will Americans have?
From the table above, it can be seen that there are two clauses which is categorized as clause complex which is included into paratactic clause. In term of taxis, It is indicated by the first clause, it really raises the central issue in this election, is called initiating clause (1). It can be stand alone without the second clause that is called continuing clause (2),namely,what kind of country are we going to be? What kind of opportunities will we provide for our citizens? What kind of rights will Americans have?.So, they have equal status. The paratactic clause indicators can be seen from a conjunctive“namely”.
224 included into hypotactic clause. In term of taxis, It is indicated that these two clauses have unequal status. The dependent
clause (β), which is a disaster and very unfair to all of the people that are waiting on line for many, many years, can not stand alone as a complete meaning. It needs the dominant
clause (α), Well, first of all, she wants to give amnesty, to create complete meaning. There is also indicated by finite clause of relative “which” that shows the characteristic of the dependent clause. Based on that, it is included into hypotactic clause.
In term of logico-semantic, this clause complex is included into elaboration and it is signified by =. It can be categorized as elaboration because the dependent clause, which is a disaster and very unfair to all of the people that are waiting on line for many, many years, elaborates the dominant clause (α), Well, first of all, she wants to give amnesty. Based on Halliday’s theory, there is finite clause hypotactic elaboration characterized by the use of relative “which” which means to show the elaboration of dependent clause. In specific way, the dependent clause try to elaborate “amnesty” in dominant clause to make it more understandable towards the reader. This elaboration specifically includes into clarification because the dependent clause also gives explanation about
“amnesty” itself. So, the dependent clause comes to elaborate included into paratactic clause. In term of taxis, It is indicated by the first clause, But we have some bad hombres here, is called initiating clause(1). It can be stand alone without the second clause that is called continuing clause (2),and we're going to get them out. So, they have equal status. The paratactic clause indicators can be seen from the coordinating conjunction “and”.
This clause complex is included into extension and signified by +. It is because the continuing clauses (2), andwe're going to get them out, extends the meaning of the initiating clause (1), But we have some bad hombres here. The
paratactic extension equal structural status. Based on Halliday’s theory, there is a coordinating conjunction “and” which means to explain additional meaning relations. The continuing clauses are positive additional meaning of the explanation.
4) Hypotactic Extension
Hillary’s speech in clause D11
where law enforcement officers would be
going school to school, home to home, business to business,
+ rounding up peoplewho are undocumented.
From the table above, it can be seen that there are two clauses which is categorized as clause complex which is included into hypotactic clause. In term of taxis, It is indicated that these two clauses have unequal status. The dependent
clause (β), rounding up peoplewho are undocumented, cannot stand alone as a complete meaning. It needs the dominant
clause (α), where law enforcement officers would be going school to school, home to home, business to business, to create complete meaning. There is also indicated by verbal group in non finite clause of gerund “rounding up” that shows the characteristic of the dependent clause. Based on that, it is included into hypotactic clause.
In term of logico-semantic, this clause complex is includedinto hypotactic extension. It is seen that the dependent
clause (β), rounding uppeoplewho are undocumented, extends
the meaning of the dominant clause (α), where law enforcement officers would be going school to school, home to home, business to business. Based on Halliday’s theory, there is non finite hypotactic elaboration characterized by gerund
“rounding up” which means to explain additional meaning. So, the dependent clause comes to extends the dominant clause.
5) Paratactic Enhancement
Trump’s speech in clause H21
1 We use peoplethat get the position
x2 because they gave -- they made a campaign
contribution and they're dealing with China and people that are very much smarter than they are. From the table above, it can be seen that there are two clauses which is categorized as clause complex which is included into paratactic clause. In term of taxis, It is indicated by the first clause, We use peoplethat get the position, is called initiating clause (1). It can be stand alone without the second clause that is called continuing clause (2),because they gave -- they made a campaign contribution and they're dealing with China and people that are very much smarter than they are. So, they have equal status. The paratactic clause indicators can be seen from the conjunction “because”.
225 (2) enhances the meaning of initiating clause by reference of
circumstances features of condition.
6) Hypotactic Enhancement
Hillary’s speech in clause H1
I wonder
x when he thought America was great.
From the table above, it can be seen that there are two clauses which is categorized as clause complex which is included into hypotactic clause. In term of taxis, It is indicated that these two clauses have unequal status. The dependent
clause (β), when he thought America was great, can not stand
alone as a complete meaning. It needs the dominant clause (α),
I wonder, to create complete meaning. There is also indicated
by subordinate conjunction “when” that shows the
characteristic of the dependent clause. Based on that, it is included into hypotactic clause.
In term of logico-semantic, this clause complex is includedinto hypotactic enhancement. It is seen that the
dependent clause (β), whenhe thought America was great,
enhances the meaning of the dominant clause (α), I wonder, by giving subordinate conjunction “when” which is followed with
finite clause as the dependent clause (β) enhances the meaning of the dominant clause (α). In addition, the dependent clause
(β) enhances the meaning of dominant clause by reference of circumstances features of temporal.
7) Paratactic Locution
Trump’s speech in clauseJ4 1 It's called
“2 "Make America Great Again."
From the table above, it can be seen that there are two clauses which is categorized as clause complex which is included into paratactic clause. In term of taxis, It is indicated by the first clause, It's called, is called initiating clause (1). It can be seen that the initiating clause (1) projects the continuing clause (2) "Make America Great Again."with a verbalprocess and this is traditionally known as direct speech.
The clause complex is includedinto paratactic locution and signified by (“). It is because the initiating clause (1), said It's called, projects the continuing clauses (2), "Make America Great Again.", by being quoted with verbal process “called”. Two clauses in paratactic locution are equal status and the position is reversible.
8) Hypotactic Locution
Hillary’s speech in clause B5
Donald has said
“ he's in favor of defunding Planned Parenthood.
From the table above, it can be seen that there are two clauses which is categorized as clause complex which is included into hypotactic clause. In term of taxis, It is indicated
by the dominant clause (α) Donald has said, projectsthe
dependent clause (β) he's in favor of defunding Planned Parenthood, with a verbal process and is known as indirect
speech. There is also indicated by finitehypotactic locution. This happens when the projected clause is either in the indicative mood. Based on that, it is included into hypotactic clause.
In term of logico-semantic, the clause complex is included into hypotactic locution and signified by (“). It is seen that the
dominant clause (α), Donald has said, projects the dependent
clause (β), he's in favor of defunding Planned Parenthood, by being reported with verbal process “said”. The hypotactic locution is characterized by finite clause.
9) Paratactic Idea
Trump’s speech in clause D3
1 In the audience tonight, we have four mothers
of -- I mean,
‘2 these are unbelievable people that I've gotten to know over a period of yearswhose children have been killed, brutally killed by people that came into the country illegally.
From the table above, it can be seen that there are two clauses which is categorized as clause complex which is included into paratactic clause. In term of taxis, It is indicated by The first clause, In the audience tonight, we have four mothers of -- I mean, is called initiating clause (2). It can be seen that the initiating clause (1) projects the continuing clause (2) these are unbelievable people that I've gotten to know over a period of yearswhose children have been killed, brutally killed by people that came into the country illegally with a mentalprocess and this is traditionally known as direct speech.
In term of logico-semantic, the clause complex is includedinto paratactic idea and signified by (‘). It is because the initiating clause (1), In the audience tonight, we have four mothers of -- I mean, projects the continuing clauses (2),
“these are unbelievable people that I've gotten to know over a period of yearswhose children have been killed, brutally killed by people that came into the country illegally, by being quoted with mental process “mean” in desirability type. Two clause in paratactic idea are of equal status and the position is reversible.
10) Hypotactic Idea
Hillary’s speech in clause C2
I did not think
‘ that that was the case.
From the table above, it can be seen that there are two clauses which is categorized as clause complex which is included into hypotactic clause. In term of taxis, It is indicated
by the dominant clause (α) I did not think, projectsthe
dependent clause (β) that that was the case, with a mental process and is known as indirect speech. There is also indicated by finitehypotactic locution. This happens when the projected clause is in the indicative mood. Based on that, it is included into hypotactic clause.
In term of logico-semantic, the clause complex is included into hypotactic idea and signified by (‘). It is seen that the
dominant clause (α), ) I did not think, projects the dependent
226 mental process “think” in cognitive type. The hypotactic idea
is characterized by finite clause and the position is irreversible.
B. Findings
The results of the analysis reveal that the two candidates produce various types of taxis andlogico-semantic relation in presidential debate. They make use of logico-semantic relation to communicate the idea of their speeches. Likewise, the meanings represented by the clause complexes they produce are as varied as the types of taxis andlogico-semantic relation. Below are the detail results of the analysis.
1) The Distribution of Types of Taxis and
Logico-Semantic Relation
There are 129 clause relations produced in Hillary’s speech while 197 clause relations in Trump’s speech with various kinds of relations. The distribution of the types of relations can be seen in the table below.
TABLE 1.The Distribution of Types of Taxis and Logico-Semantic Relation
Types of Taxis and Logico-Semantic Relation
Number
Hillary Trump
Paratactic Elaboration 2 15
Hypotactic Elaboration 23 22
Paratactic Extension 24 74
Hypotactic Extension 6 2
Paratactic Enhancement 16 20
Hypotactic Enhancement 19 33
Paratactic Locution 8 12
Hypotactic Locution 7 3
Paratactic Idea 16 14
Hypotactic Idea 8 2
Total 129 197
2) The Meanings Represented by Clause Complexes
In the elaboration relationship, the two candidates make use of all meanings. In paratactic elaboration, the meanings are 13 exemplification and 4 clarification, while in hypotactic elaboration, there are 21 clause complexes belong to finite in hypotactic elaboration and 24 clause complexes belong to non-finite in hypotactic elaboration. From 106 clause complexes in extension type, there are 96 addition and 2 variation in paratactic extension, while in hypotactic extension, there are 8 clause complexes belong to non-finite in hypotactic extension. Then in the type of enhancement, the category of meanings founded are 25 temporal type, 40 conditional type, 6 cause-result type, 1cause-reason type, 7comparison type, 2 spatial type, 1 purpose and 6 clause complexes belong to non-finite with preposition phrase. In locution, there are 27 propositions, and 3proposals, while in relation of idea there are 30propositions and 10 proposals.
V. CONCLUSION
The logico-semantic relation reveals that the two candidates have a good complexity in the production of their language. The analysis result of taxis reveals that Hillary has
produced 129 clause complexes, while Trump
produces197clause complexes. The dominant of type of taxis in Hillary’s speech is parataxis which reaches 51,16%, and 48,84% ishypotaxis. In Trump’s speech, he produces68,53% parataxis and 31,47% hypotaxis. The dominant type of logico-semantic relation in Hillary’s speech is enhancement, while in Trump’s speech, the dominant type of the logico-semantic relation produced is extension. In terms of meaning, Hillaryand Trump make use of various meanings. In enhancement for example they use temporal, conditional result, cause-reason, comparison, spatial, purpose types and in extension, they use addition, variation and clause complexes belong to non-finite in hypotactic extension.
The variation types of taxis, logico-semantic relation and meanings produced by the two candidates prove the strength of their verbal language. They use their language ability in order to propose smoothly their policies and let the people support Linguistics & English Literature 6(7), 65-72, 2017.
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