Dried Sample weight (g) (W1-W2) Moisture Content (wet basis) Sample Rep Empty Cup Weight (g)

(1)

7. APPENDIX

Appendix 1.

Thermogravimetri Moisture Analysis

Samples Without Pretreatment (PT. KON)

Initial moisture content :

W3

Weight

Loss (g)

Cup + Sample Weight After in The Oven (g)

W2

Dried Sample

weight (g)

(W1-W2)

Moisture

Content

(

wet basis

)

%

Sample

Rep

Empty Cup

Weight (g)

W1

Initial Sample

Weight (g)

1

2

3

1

22.24282

2.02750

22.54300 22.54397 22.54319

22.54339

0.30057

1.72693 85.17550

2

17.19716

2.03230

17.48381 17.48408 17.48484

17.48424

0.28708

1.74522 85.87397

3

19.32816

2.09724

19.64686 19.64800 19.64883

19.64790

0.31974

1.77750 84.75441

4

16.11043

2.09402

16.42655 16.42724 16.42910

16.42763

0.31720

1.77682 84.85210

PT.KON

fresh

Average =

85.16400

Final moisture content :

W3

Weight

Loss (g)

W2

Dried Sample

weight (g)

(W1-W2)

Moisture

Content

(

wet basis

)

%

Sample

Rep

Empty Cup

Weight (g)

W1

Initial Sample

Weight (g)

1

2

3

1

20.17492

2.03370

21.95452 21.95423 21.95500

21.95458

1.77966

0.25404 12.49135

2

22.26414

2.08507

24.04184 24.04191 24.04138

24.04171

1.77757

0.30750 14.74771

3

19.42982

2.03874

21.15199 21.15276 21.15034

21.15170

1.72188

0.31686 15.54212

4

24.49717

2.07175

26.26387 26.26586 26.26610

26.26528

1.76811

0.30364 14.65637

PT.KON

dried

Average =

14.35939

X

(2)

Samples With Sodium Bisulfite Pretreatment (PT. SB) Initial moisture content :

W3

Weight

Loss (g)

W2

Dried Sample

weight (g)

(W1-W2)

Moisture

Content

(

wet basis

)

%

Sample

Rep

Empty Cup

Weight (g)

W1

Initial Sample

Weight (g)

1

2

3

1

22.22973

2.03107

22.58625 22.58746 22.58439

22.58603

0.35630

1.67477

82.45736

2

17.19475

2.07196

17.57839 17.57602 17.57638

17.57693

0.38218

1.68978

81.55466

3

19.32199

2.01674

19.66082 19.65775 19.65834

19.65897

0.33698

1.67976

83.29086

4

16.10449

2.07007

16.47400 16.47269 16.47618

16.47429

0.36980

1.70027

82.13587

PT.SB fresh

Average =

82.35969

W3

Weight

Loss (g)

W2

Dried Sample

weight (g)

(W1-W2)

Moisture

Content

(

wet basis

)

%

Sample

Rep

Empty Cup

Weight (g)

W1

Initial Sample

Weight (g)

1

2

3

1

20.16638

2.06468

21.94313 21.94694 21.94628

21.94545

1.77907

0.28561

13.83314

2

22.25503

2.06218

24.00266 24.00210 24.00058

24.00178

1.74675

0.31543

15.29595

3

19.41730

2.02186

21.14311 21.14323 21.14490

21.14375

1.72645

0.29541

14.61097

4

24.48961

2.05564

26.22090 26.22598 26.22591

26.22426

1.73465

0.32099

15.61493

PT.SB dried

Average =

14.83875

X

(3)

Samples With Ascorbic Acid Pretreatment (PT. AA) Initial moisture content :

W3

Weight

Loss (g)

W2

Dried Sample

weight (g)

(W1-W2)

Moisture

Content

(

wet basis

)

%

Sample

Rep

Empty Cup

Weight (g)

W1

Initial Sample

Weight (g)

1

2

3

1

22.23160

2.01781

22.59892 22.60193 22.60280

22.60122

0.36962

1.64819

81.68229

2

17.18964

2.04735

17.59642 17.59750 17.59895

17.59762

0.40798

1.63937

80.07261

3

19.31859

2.01479

19.76511 19.76544 19.76600

19.76552

0.44693

1.56786

77.81770

4

16.10512

2.07264

16.46235 16.46251 16.46397

16.46294

0.35782

1.71482

82.73587

PT.AA fresh

Average =

80.57712

W3

Weight

Loss (g)

W2

Dried Sample

weight (g)

(W1-W2)

Moisture

Content

(

wet basis

)

%

Sample

Rep

Empty Cup

Weight (g)

W1

Initial

Sample

Weight (g)

1

2

3

1

20.16642

2.01190

21.87842 21.87947 21.87969

21.87919

1.71277

0.29913

14.86787

2

22.25373

2.03335

23.89099 23.89011 23.88680

23.88930

1.63557

0.39778

19.56279

3

19.41951

2.04665

21.13363 21.13477 21.13635

21.13492

1.71541

0.33124

16.18466

4

24.48683

2.00670

26.13342 26.13342 26.13504

26.13396

1.64713

0.35957

17.91847

PT.AA dried

Average =

17.13345

X

(4)

Samples With Citric Acid Pretreatment (PT. AS) Initial moisture content :

W3

Weight

Loss (g)

W2

Dried Sample

weight (g)

(W1-W2)

Moisture

Content

(

wet basis

)

%

Sample

Rep

Empty Cup

Weight (g)

W1

Initial

Sample

Weight (g)

1

2

3

1

22.23261

2.03681

22.48359 22.48453 22.48357

22.48390

0.25129

1.78552

87.66273

2

17.19212

2.02522

17.48509 17.48425 17.48562

17.48499

0.29287

1.73235

85.53902

3

19.31940

2.01620

19.56060 19.56264 19.56102

19.56142

0.24202

1.77418

87.99623

4

16.10362

2.04820

16.35431 16.35295 16.35650

16.35459

0.25097

1.79723

87.74696

PT.AS fresh

Average =

87.23624

W3

Weight

Loss (g)

W2

Dried Sample

weight (g)

(W1-W2)

Moisture

Content

(

wet basis

)

%

Sample

Rep

Empty Cup

Weight (g)

W1

Initial Sample

Weight (g)

1

2

3

1

20.16630

2.07600

21.97392 21.97197 21.97067

21.97219

1.80589

0.27011

13.01124

2

22.25434

2.02185

23.96166 23.96423 23.96603

23.96397

1.70963

0.31222

15.44213

3

19.42121

2.04836

21.19371 21.18430 21.18640

21.18814

1.76693

0.28143

13.73945

4

24.48868

2.07177

26.25240 26.22157 26.22227

26.23208

1.74340

0.32837

15.84973

PT.AS dried

Average =

14.51064

X

(5)

Appendix 2.

Drying Kinetics Observation Based on Mass Balance Equation

a. Drying Kinetics of Samples Without Pretreatment (PT. KON)

a.1) Replicate 1

Sample : PT. KON 1

Initial Weight : 250.09 gr Initial Moisture : 85.164 %

Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture(%) M. Ratio

1 9:30 250.09 85.16399557 1

2 10:00 205.56 81.95010533 0.962262336

3 10:35 176.51 78.97945528 0.927380811

4 11:10 152.17 75.61716272 0.8879006

5 11:45 128 71.01299728 0.833838253

6 12:20 110.81 66.51623185 0.781037003

7 12:55 97.46 61.92964961 0.727181119

8 13:30 83.76 55.70276565 0.654064729

9 14:05 72.41 48.75933782 0.572534643

10 14:40 63.15 41.24566352 0.484308695

11 15:15 56.73 34.59657414 0.406234746

12 15:50 53.02 30.02006132 0.352497098

13 16:25 50.62 26.70216616 0.313538203

14 17:00 49.11 24.44845553 0.287075018

15 17:35 48.03 22.74960756 0.267127058

16 18:10 47.2 21.39117905 0.251176321

Moisture Ratio

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

9:30 10:00 10:35 11:10 11:45 12:20 12:55 13:30 14:05 14:40 15:15 15:50 16:25 17:00 17:35 18:10 Time

M. Ratio

(6)

a.2) Replicate 2

Sample : PT. KON 2

Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture(%) M. Ratio

1 9:35 250.05 85.16399557 1

2 10:05 205.73 81.96790498 0.962471341

3 10:40 178.13 79.17395774 0.929664669

4 11:15 151.95 75.58576566 0.887531934

5 11:50 131.35 71.75681075 0.842572149

6 12:25 114.06 67.47551369 0.792300939

7 13:00 99.08 62.55810548 0.73456048

8 13:35 85.67 56.697293 0.66574252

9 14:10 76.51 51.51296682 0.604867896

10 14:45 67.72 45.21939001 0.530968395

11 15:20 61.37 39.55119914 0.464412207

12 15:55 57.36 35.3252631 0.414791049

13 16:30 54.8 32.30396152 0.379314772

14 17:05 53.17 30.22864569 0.354946307

15 17:40 51.99 28.64506812 0.336351858

16 18:15 51.11 27.41649563 0.321925897

Moisture Ratio

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

9:35 10:05 10:40 11:15 11:50 12:25 13:00 13:35 14:10 14:45 15:20 15:55 16:30 17:05 17:40 18:15 Time

M. Ratio

(7)

a.3) Replicate 3

Sample : PT. KON 3

Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio

1 9:40 250.09 85.16399557 1

2 10:10 206.94 82.07047285 0.963675698

3 10:45 183.04 79.72936872 0.936186333

4 11:20 156.58 76.30389354 0.895964228

5 11:55 134.42 72.39743826 0.85009443

6 12:30 117.09 68.31209882 0.802124165

7 13:05 101.91 63.59202876 0.74670086

8 13:40 87.18 57.44050988 0.67446941

9 14:15 76.69 51.61903314 0.606113332

10 14:50 68.27 45.6520236 0.5360484

11 15:25 62.08 40.23298407 0.472417761

12 16:00 58.21 36.25946833 0.425760535

13 16:35 55.82 33.5303413 0.393714986

14 17:10 54.27 31.63190807 0.371423486

15 17:45 53.17 30.21748451 0.354815252

16 18:20 52.2 28.9207596 0.339589041

Moisture Ratio

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

9:40 10:10 10:45 11:20 11:55 12:30 13:05 13:40 14:15 14:50 15:25 16:00 16:35 17:10 17:45 18:20 Time

M. Ratio

(8)

a.4) Replicate 4

Sample : PT. KON 4

Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio

1 9:45 201.24 85.16399557 1

2 10:15 168.55 82.28657649 0.966213198

3 10:50 144.81 79.38265636 0.932115219

4 11:25 125.01 76.11713037 0.893771245

5 12:00 104.64 71.46791349 0.839179902

6 12:35 90.73 67.09360154 0.787816507

7 13:10 78.38 61.90868165 0.726934912

8 13:45 67.68 55.88656129 0.656222866

9 14:20 58.67 49.11202434 0.576675906

10 14:55 52.08 42.67285844 0.501066891

11 15:30 47.88 37.64416182 0.442019677

12 16:05 45.13 33.84450405 0.397403901

13 16:40 43.41 31.2232773 0.366625322

14 17:15 42.2 29.25124331 0.343469598

15 17:50 41.33 27.76197599 0.325982545

16 18:25 40.63 26.51741245 0.311368816

Moisture Ratio

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

9:45 10:15 10:50 11:25 12:00 12:35 13:10 13:45 14:20 14:55 15:30 16:05 16:40 17:15 17:50 18:25 Time

M. Ratio

(9)

a.5) Drying Kinetics of PT.KON Based on The Average Moisture Ratio

Minute

_{Rep 1} M. Ratio

Rep 2 M. Ratio

Rep 3 M. Ratio

Rep 4 M. Ratio

Av. M .R atio

0' 1 1 1 1 1

30' 0.96226234 0.962471341 0.963675698 0.9662132 0.963655643

60' 0.92738081 0.929664669 0.936186333 0.93211522 0.931336758

90' 0.8879006 0.887531934 0.895964228 0.89377125 0.891292002

120' 0.83383825 0.842572149 0.85009443 0.8391799 0.841421184

150' 0.781037 0.792300939 0.802124165 0.78781651 0.790819654

180' 0.72718112 0.73456048 0.74670086 0.72693491 0.733844343

210' 0.65406473 0.66574252 0.67446941 0.65622287 0.662624881

240' 0.57253464 0.604867896 0.606113332 0.57667591 0.590047944

270' 0.48430869 0.530968395 0.5360484 0.50106689 0.513098095

300' 0.40623475 0.464412207 0.472417761 0.44201968 0.446271098

330' 0.3524971 0.414791049 0.425760535 0.3974039 0.397613146

360' 0.3135382 0.379314772 0.393714986 0.36662532 0.363298321

390' 0.28707502 0.354946307 0.371423486 0.3434696 0.339228602

420' 0.26712706 0.336351858 0.354815252 0.32598254 0.321069178

450' 0.25117632 0.321925897 0.339589041 0.31136882 0.306015019

Average Moisture Ratio KON

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

0' 30' 60' 90' 120' 150' 180' 210' 240' 270' 300' 330' 360' 390' 420' 450'

Time (minutes)

M. Ratio

(10)

b. Drying Kinetics of Samples With Sodium Bisulfite Pretreatment (PT. SB)

b.1) Replicate 1

Sample : PT. SB 1

Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio

1 9:30 250.15 82.35969 1

2 10:00 202.98 78.2603 0.95022582

3 10:35 178.63 75.29685 0.91424398

4 11:10 155.76 71.66973 0.87020393

5 11:45 131.48 66.43806 0.80668179

6 12:20 111.96 60.58661 0.73563422

7 12:55 93.74 52.92593 0.64261932

8 13:30 82.1 46.25184 0.56158352

9 14:05 71.45 38.2404 0.46430964

10 14:40 63.7 30.72647 0.37307662

11 15:15 57.67 23.48321 0.28512984

12 15:50 54.19 18.56941 0.22546724

13 16:25 51.95 15.05826 0.18283528

14 17:00 50.44 12.51539 0.15196018

15 17:35 49.39 10.65553 0.12937793

16 18:10 48.58 9.165839 0.11129035

Moisture Ratio

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

9:30 10:00 10:35 11:10 11:45 12:20 12:55 13:30 14:05 14:40 15:15 15:50 16:25 17:00 17:35 18:10

Time

M. Ratio

(11)

b.2) Replicate 2

Sample : PT. SB 2

Initial Weight : 250.2 gr

Initial Moisture : 82.35969 %

Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio

1 9:35 250.2 82.35969 1

2 10:05 207.72 78.75214 0.95619762

3 10:40 181.23 75.64639 0.918487982

4 11:15 159.01 72.24322 0.877167218

5 11:50 136.95 67.77214 0.822879967

6 12:25 115.94 61.93199 0.751969633

7 13:00 99.93 55.83303 0.677916921

8 13:35 84.88 48.00182 0.582831474

9 14:10 74.52 40.77287 0.495058593

10 14:45 66.27 33.39964 0.405533878

11 15:20 60.28 26.78159 0.325178412

12 15:55 56.55 21.95216 0.266540055

13 16:30 54.03 18.31195 0.222341122

14 17:05 52.38 15.73873 0.191097434

15 17:40 51.27 13.91446 0.168947472

16 18:15 50.35 12.3415 0.14984877

Moisture Ratio

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

9:35 10:05 10:40 11:15 11:50 12:25 13:00 13:35 14:10 14:45 15:20 15:55 16:30 17:05 17:40 18:15 Time

M. Ratio

(12)

b.3) Replicate 3

Sample : PT. SB 3

Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio

1 9:40 250.08 82.35969 1

2 10:10 211.03 79.09544 0.960365959

3 10:45 182.51 75.82878 0.920702634

4 11:20 156.08 71.73572 0.871005229

5 11:55 132.81 66.78346 0.810875559

6 12:30 112.61 60.82507 0.738529629

7 13:05 95.5 53.8064 0.653309899

8 13:40 81.58 45.92438 0.557607543

9 14:15 75.74 41.75484 0.506981461

10 14:50 63.63 30.66967 0.372386937

11 15:25 58.54 24.64146 0.299193253

12 16:00 54.91 19.65965 0.238704736

13 16:35 52.52 16.00364 0.194314014

14 17:10 51 13.50022 0.163917823

15 17:45 50 11.77023 0.142912455

16 18:20 49.17 10.28089 0.124829128

Moisture Ratio

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

9:40 10:10 10:45 11:20 11:55 12:30 13:05 13:40 14:15 14:50 15:25 16:00 16:35 17:10 17:45 18:20

Time

M. Ratio

(13)

b.4) Replicate 4

Sample : PT. SB 4

Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio

1 9:45 250.16 82.35969 1

2 10:15 216.12 79.58125 0.966264581

3 10:50 189.15 76.66984 0.930914614

4 11:25 163.27 72.97176 0.886013108

5 12:00 138.82 68.21135 0.828212845

6 12:35 116.55 62.13728 0.754462293

7 13:10 99.56 55.67597 0.676010009

8 13:45 86.21 48.8122 0.592671043

9 14:20 75.53 41.57421 0.50478832

10 14:55 66.73 33.86932 0.411236673

11 15:30 59.54 25.88344 0.314273166

12 16:05 55.34 20.2584 0.245974742

13 16:40 52.41 15.80042 0.19184653

14 17:15 50.27 12.21603 0.148325406

15 17:50 49.09 10.10593 0.122704795

16 18:25 48.05 8.160251 0.09908064

Moisture Ratio

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

9:45 10:15 10:50 11:25 12:00 12:35 13:10 13:45 14:20 14:55 15:30 16:05 16:40 17:15 17:50 18:25 Time

M. Ratio

(14)

b.5) Drying Kinetics of PT.SB Based on The Average Moisture Ratio

Minute

_{Rep 1} M. Ratio

Rep 2 M. Ratio

Rep 3 M. Ratio

Rep 4 M. Ratio

Av. M .R atio

0' 1 1 1 1 1

30' 0.950226 0.956198 0.960366 0.966265 0.958263495

60' 0.914244 0.918488 0.920703 0.930915 0.921087302

90' 0.870204 0.877167 0.871005 0.886013 0.87609737

120' 0.806682 0.82288 0.810876 0.828213 0.817162541

150' 0.735634 0.75197 0.73853 0.754462 0.745148944

180' 0.642619 0.677917 0.65331 0.67601 0.662464036

210' 0.561584 0.582831 0.557608 0.592671 0.573673395

240' 0.46431 0.495059 0.506981 0.504788 0.492784504

270' 0.373077 0.405534 0.372387 0.411237 0.390558528

300' 0.28513 0.325178 0.299193 0.314273 0.305943668

330' 0.225467 0.26654 0.238705 0.245975 0.244171694

360' 0.182835 0.222341 0.194314 0.191847 0.197834237

390' 0.15196 0.191097 0.163918 0.148325 0.163825212

420' 0.129378 0.168947 0.142912 0.122705 0.140985664

450' 0.11129 0.149849 0.124829 0.099081 0.121262222

Average Moisture Ratio SB

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

0' 30' 60' 90' 120' 150' 180' 210' 240' 270' 300' 330' 360' 390' 420' 450'

Time (minutes)

M. Ratio

(15)

c. Drying Kinetics of Samples With Ascorbic Acid Pretreatment (PT. AA)

c.1) Replicate 1

Sample : PT.AA 1

Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio

1 9:30 250.14 80.57712 1

2 10:00 214.1 77.30761 0.95942392

3 10:35 187.13 74.03709 0.91883515

4 11:10 164.49 70.46362 0.87448668

5 11:45 144.7 66.42405 0.82435378

6 12:20 125.96 61.42871 0.76235923

7 12:55 111.23 56.32078 0.69896741

8 13:30 97.33 50.08281 0.62155132

9 14:05 86.58 43.88496 0.54463309

10 14:40 78.84 38.37595 0.47626368

11 15:15 73.61 33.99756 0.42192572

12 15:50 70.1 30.69273 0.38091122

13 16:25 67.73 28.26754 0.35081345

14 17:00 65.94 26.3203 0.32664727

15 17:35 64.63 24.82686 0.30811309

16 18:10 63.6 23.60944 0.29300425

Moisture Ratio

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

9:30 10:00 10:35 11:10 11:45 12:20 12:55 13:30 14:05 14:40 15:15 15:50 16:25 17:00 17:35 18:10 Time

M. Ratio

(16)

c.2) Replicate 2

Sample : PT.AA 2

Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio

1 9:35 250.18 80.57712 1

2 10:05 214.14 77.30823 0.959431502

3 10:40 188.03 74.15723 0.920326126

4 11:15 166.74 70.85752 0.879375245

5 11:50 148.15 67.2007 0.833992322

6 12:25 130.38 62.73035 0.778513232

7 13:00 114.79 57.66864 0.715695013

8 13:35 101.19 51.97928 0.645087358

9 14:10 90.17 46.1105 0.572252972

10 14:45 81.63 40.47266 0.502284798

11 15:20 75.28 35.45143 0.439968901

12 15:55 71.08 31.63736 0.39263451

13 16:30 68.16 28.70868 0.356288195

14 17:05 65.81 26.16294 0.324694464

15 17:40 64.4 24.54633 0.304631463

16 18:15 63.27 23.19873 0.287907112

Moisture Ratio

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

9:35 10:05 10:40 11:15 11:50 12:25 13:00 13:35 14:10 14:45 15:20 15:55 16:30 17:05 17:40 18:15

Time

M. Ratio

(17)

c.3) Replicate 3

Sample : PT.AA 3

Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio

1 9:40 250.17 80.57712 1

2 10:10 216.67 77.57409 0.96273098

3 10:45 192.43 74.74914 0.927672085

4 11:20 168.66 71.19043 0.883506755

5 11:55 146.84 66.90941 0.830377289

6 12:30 129.42 62.4554 0.775100915

7 13:05 112.04 56.63136 0.702821862

8 13:40 97.43 50.12807 0.622112933

9 14:15 86.16 43.60466 0.541154387

10 14:50 77.8 37.5447 0.465947405

11 15:25 72.07 32.57913 0.404322299

12 16:00 68.07 28.61727 0.355153807

13 16:35 65.54 25.86173 0.320956216

14 17:10 63.67 23.68427 0.293932972

15 17:45 62.28 21.98101 0.272794746

16 18:20 61.27 20.69492 0.256833674

Moisture Ratio

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

9:40 10:10 10:45 11:20 11:55 12:30 13:05 13:40 14:15 14:50 15:25 16:00 16:35 17:10 17:45 18:20 Time

M. Ratio

(18)

c.4) Replicate 4

Sample : PT.AA 4

Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio

1 9:45 250.12 80.57712 1

2 10:15 211.23 77.00113 0.955620307

3 10:50 183.64 73.54579 0.912737898

4 11:25 159.56 69.55345 0.863191106

5 12:00 137.97 64.78908 0.804062953

6 12:35 118.08 58.85797 0.730455102

7 13:10 103.47 53.0487 0.658359331

8 13:45 91.53 46.92395 0.582348273

9 14:20 81.79 40.60336 0.503906816

10 14:55 73.48 33.88607 0.420542146

11 15:30 68.56 29.14161 0.361661101

12 16:05 65.03 25.29523 0.313925707

13 16:40 62.73 22.55617 0.279932733

14 17:15 60.93 20.26832 0.251539398

15 17:50 59.68 18.59834 0.230814119

16 18:25 58.73 17.28161 0.214472874

Moisture Ratio

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

9:45 10:15 10:50 11:25 12:00 12:35 13:10 13:45 14:20 14:55 15:30 16:05 16:40 17:15 17:50 18:25

Time

M. Ratio

(19)

c.5) Drying Kinetics of PT.AA Based on The Average Moisture Ratio

Minute

_{Rep 1} M. Ratio

Rep 2 M. Ratio

Rep 3 M. Ratio

Rep 4 M. Ratio

Av. M .R atio

0' 1 1 1 1 1

30' 0.9594239 0.959432 0.962731 0.95562 0.959301678

60' 0.9188351 0.920326 0.927672 0.912738 0.919892814

90' 0.8744867 0.879375 0.883507 0.863191 0.875139947

120' 0.8243538 0.833992 0.830377 0.804063 0.823196586

150' 0.7623592 0.778513 0.775101 0.730455 0.76160712

180' 0.6989674 0.715695 0.702822 0.658359 0.693960903

210' 0.6215513 0.645087 0.622113 0.582348 0.61777497

240' 0.5446331 0.572253 0.541154 0.503907 0.540486817

270' 0.4762637 0.502285 0.465947 0.420542 0.466259507

300' 0.4219257 0.439969 0.404322 0.361661 0.406969505

330' 0.3809112 0.392635 0.355154 0.313926 0.360656312

360' 0.3508135 0.356288 0.320956 0.279933 0.326997649

390' 0.3266473 0.324694 0.293933 0.251539 0.299203525

420' 0.3081131 0.304631 0.272795 0.230814 0.279088354

450' 0.2930043 0.287907 0.256834 0.214473 0.263054478

Average Moisture Ratio AA

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

0' 30' 60' 90' 120' 150' 180' 210' 240' 270' 300' 330' 360' 390' 420' 450'

Time (minutes)

M. Ratio

(20)

d. Drying Kinetics of Samples With Citric Acid Pretreatment (PT. AS)

d.1) Replicate 1

Sample : PT. AS 1

Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio

1 9:30 250.12 87.23624 1

2 10:00 200.86 84.10599 0.964118

3 10:35 169.73 81.19088 0.930701

4 11:10 145.76 78.09775 0.895244

5 11:45 125.4 74.54169 0.854481

6 12:20 104.72 69.51421 0.79685

7 12:55 90.55 64.74355 0.742163

8 13:30 75.92 57.94953 0.664283

9 14:05 64.6 50.58093 0.579816

10 14:40 56.77 43.76481 0.501682

11 15:15 51.4 37.88966 0.434334

12 15:50 48.66 34.39228 0.394243

13 16:25 46.7 31.63872 0.362679

14 17:00 45.45 29.7586 0.341127

15 17:35 44.61 28.43596 0.325965

16 18:10 43.85 27.19563 0.311747

Moisture Ratio

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

9:30 _10:35 _11:45 _12:55 _14:05 _15:15 _16:25 _17:35

Time

M. Ratio

(21)

d.2) Replicate 2

Sample : PT. AS 2

Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio

1 9:35 250.11 87.23624 1

2 10:05 207.89 84.64407 0.970285644

3 10:40 178.9 82.15571 0.941761211

4 11:15 156.52 79.60424 0.912513448

5 11:50 131.76 75.77152 0.868578516

6 12:25 114.26 72.0607 0.826040915

7 13:00 97.42 67.23112 0.770678824

8 13:35 81.85 60.99763 0.699223507

9 14:10 69.67 54.17907 0.621061529

10 14:45 59.98 46.77653 0.536205197

11 15:20 53.1 39.88053 0.457155502

12 15:55 49.08 34.95632 0.40070865

13 16:30 46.54 31.40645 0.360016041

14 17:05 44.87 28.85349 0.33075116

15 17:40 43.95 27.36419 0.313679112

16 18:15 43.11 25.94887 0.297455216

Moisture Ratio

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

9:35 10:05 10:40 11:15 11:50 12:25 13:00 13:35 14:10 14:45 15:20 15:55 16:30 17:05 17:40 18:15

Time

M. Ratio

(22)

d.3) Replicate 3

Sample : PT. AS 3

Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio

1 9:40 250.12 87.23624 1

2 10:10 212.33 84.96458 0.973959626

3 10:45 184.47 82.69382 0.947929629

4 11:20 159.73 80.01332 0.917202812

5 11:55 137.96 76.85944 0.881049436

6 12:30 116.66 72.63439 0.832617196

7 13:05 97.11 67.1252 0.769464638

8 13:40 81.18 60.67416 0.695515539

9 14:15 68 53.05189 0.608140464

10 14:50 58.89 45.78924 0.524887823

11 15:25 51.95 38.54723 0.441871695

12 16:00 47.89 33.33741 0.382150875

13 16:35 45.33 29.57265 0.338995041

14 17:10 43.78 27.07922 0.310412533

15 17:45 42.72 25.26986 0.289671567

16 18:20 41.99 23.97067 0.274778784

Moisture Ratio

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

9:40 10:10 10:45 11:20 11:55 12:30 13:05 13:40 14:15 14:50 15:25 16:00 16:35 17:10 17:45 18:20 Time

M. Ratio

(23)

d.4) Replicate 4

Sample : PT. AS 4

Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio

1 9:45 250.11 87.23624 1

2 10:15 212.08 84.94745 0.973763355

3 10:50 187.19 82.94597 0.950820087

4 11:25 162.58 80.36447 0.921228068

5 12:00 138.51 76.95225 0.882113315

6 12:35 116.6 72.62141 0.832468323

7 13:10 97.7 67.32504 0.771755359

8 13:45 82.54 61.32367 0.702960985

9 14:20 69.56 54.10661 0.620230913

10 14:55 60.56 47.28626 0.542048366

11 15:30 53.88 40.75085 0.467132163

12 16:05 49.15 35.04895 0.401770548

13 16:40 46.33 31.09553 0.356451995

14 17:15 44.6 28.42278 0.325813904

15 17:50 43.62 26.81467 0.307379959

16 18:25 42.55 24.97429 0.286283416

Moisture Ratio

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

9:45 10:15 10:50 11:25 12:00 12:35 13:10 13:45 14:20 14:55 15:30 16:05 16:40 17:15 17:50 18:25 Time

M. Ratio

(24)

d.5) Drying Kinetics of PT.AS Based on The Average Moisture Ratio

Minute

_{Rep 1} M. Ratio

Rep 2 M. Ratio

Rep 3 M. Ratio

Rep 4 M. Ratio

Av. M .R atio

0' 1 1 1 1 1

30' 0.964117504 0.970285644 0.97395963 0.97376335 0.970531532

60' 0.930701297 0.941761211 0.94792963 0.95082009 0.942803056

90' 0.895244363 0.912513448 0.91720281 0.92122807 0.911547173

120' 0.854480814 0.868578516 0.88104944 0.88211331 0.87155552

150' 0.79685017 0.826040915 0.8326172 0.83246832 0.821994151

180' 0.74216345 0.770678824 0.76946464 0.77175536 0.763515568

210' 0.664282762 0.699223507 0.69551554 0.70296099 0.690495698

240' 0.579815616 0.621061529 0.60814046 0.62023091 0.60731213

270' 0.501681543 0.536205197 0.52488782 0.54204837 0.526205732

300' 0.434333903 0.457155502 0.44187169 0.46713216 0.450123316

330' 0.394243036 0.40070865 0.38215088 0.40177055 0.394718277

360' 0.362678661 0.360016041 0.33899504 0.35645199 0.354535434

390' 0.341126572 0.33075116 0.31041253 0.3258139 0.327026042

420' 0.325965033 0.313679112 0.28967157 0.30737996 0.309173918

450' 0.311746923 0.297455216 0.27477878 0.28628342 0.292566085

Average Moisture Ratio AS

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

0' _60'

120' 180' 240' 300' 360' 420'

Time (minutes)

M. Ratio

(25)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

0' 30' 60' 90' 120' 150' 180' 210' 240' 270' 300' 330' 360' 390' 420' 450'

Time (minutes)

M. Ratio

e. The Comparison of Drying Kinetics Between Pretreatments

ϒ

= Average Moisture Ratio for PTKON.

♦

= Average Moisture Ratio for PTSB.

↓

= Average Moisture Ratio for PTAA.

(26)

Appendix 3. Model Fitting of Drying Kinetics

Note : The experiment for the drying of each pretreatment was repeated four times and

the average of the moisture ratio at each value was used for drawing the drying curves.

a. For Drying Kinetics of Samples Without Pretreatment (PT.KON)

a.1) PT.KON-Single Exponential

◊◊

MR = exp(-

kt

)

Time

MRatio

Predicted Values

.000

1.000

1.00

.500

.964

.93

1.000

.931

.87

1.500

.891

.81

2.000

.841

.75

2.500

.791

.70

3.000

.734

.65

3.500

.663

.61

4.000

.590

.57

4.500

.513

.53

5.000

.446

.49

5.500

.398

.46

6.000

.363

.42

6.500

.339

.40

7.000

.321

.37

7.500

.306

.34

Non-linear Regression

All the derivatives will be calculated numerically.

The following new variables are being created:

Name Label

PRED_ Predicted Values _

Iteration Residual SS K

(27)

5.1 .0550735787 .142756162 6 .0550735787 .142756162 6.1 .0550734589 .142712391 7 .0550734589 .142712391 7.1 .0550734587 .142714346 8 .0550734587 .142714346 8.1 .0550734587 .142714259

Run stopped after 17 model evaluations and 8 derivative evaluations.

Iterations have been stopped because the relative reduction between successive residual sums of squares is at most SSCON = 1.000E-10

Nonlinear Regression Summary Statistics Dependent Variable MRATIO

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square

Regression 1 7.25881 7.25881 Residual 15 .05507 3.671564E-03 Uncorrected Total 16 7.31388

(Corrected Total) 15 .94881

R squared = 1 - Residual SS / Corrected SS = .94196

Asymptotic 95 % Asymptotic Confidence Interval Parameter Estimate Std. Error Lower Upper

K .142714259 .007489294 .126751207 .158677311

Graph

8 6 4 2 0 -2 1.1

1.0

.9

.8

.7

.6

.5

.4

.3

Observation

(28)

a.2) PT.KON-Page

◊

MR = exp(-

kt

y

)

Time

MRatio

Predicted Values

.000

1.000

1.00

.500

.964

.98

1.000

.931

.94

1.500

.891

.89

2.000

.841

.83

2.500

.791

.77

3.000

.734

.71

3.500

.663

.65

4.000

.590

.59

4.500

.513

.54

5.000

.446

.48

5.500

.398

.43

6.000

.363

.38

6.500

.339

.34

7.000

.321

.30

7.500

.306

.26

Name Label

Iteration Residual SS K Y

(29)

8 .0070434062 .066714987 1.48645070 8.1 .0070196740 .065969644 1.49529884 9 .0070196740 .065969644 1.49529884 9.1 .0070196499 .065967134 1.49540639 10 .0070196499 .065967134 1.49540639 10.1 .0070196499 .065966545 1.49541278 11 .0070196499 .065966545 1.49541278 11.1 .0070196499 .065966546 1.49541280

Run stopped after 24 model evaluations and 11 derivative evaluations. Iterations have been stopped because the relative reduction between successive residual sums of squares is at most SSCON = 1.000E-10

Regression 2 7.30686 3.65343 Residual 14 7.019650E-03 5.014036E-04 Uncorrected Total 16 7.31388

K .065966546 .006300953 .052452346 .079480745 Y 1.495412802 .057855324 1.371325475 1.619500130 _

Asymptotic Correlation Matrix of the Parameter Estimates

K Y

K 1.0000 -.9769 Y -.9769 1.0000

Graph

8 6 4 2 0 -2 1.2

1.0

.8

.6

.4

.2

Observation

(30)

a.3) PT.KON-Henderson & Pabis

◊◊

MR =

a

exp(-

kt

)

Time

MRatio

Predicted Values

.000

1.000

1.09

.500

.964

1.00

1.000

.931

.92

1.500

.891

.85

2.000

.841

.78

2.500

.791

.72

3.000

.734

.67

3.500

.663

.62

4.000

.590

.57

4.500

.513

.52

5.000

.446

.48

5.500

.398

.44

6.000

.363

.41

6.500

.339

.38

7.000

.321

.35

7.500

.306

.32

Name Label

Iteration Residual SS A K

(31)

A 1.085582024 .029479695 1.022354367 1.148809680 K .162299927 .009199531 .142568895 .182030959

A K

A 1.0000 .7431 K .7431 1.0000 _

Graph

8 6 4 2 0 -2 1.2

1.0

.8

.6

.4

.2

Observation

(32)

a.4) PT.KON-Wang & Singh

◊◊

MR = 1+

at + bt

2

Time

MRatio

Predicted Values

.000

1.000

1.00

.500

.964

.95

1.000

.931

.90

1.500

.891

.85

2.000

.841

.80

2.500

.791

.75

3.000

.734

.70

3.500

.663

.65

4.000

.590

.60

4.500

.513

.55

5.000

.446

.50

5.500

.398

.45

6.000

.363

.40

6.500

.339

.35

7.000

.321

.30

7.500

.306

.25

Name Label

Iteration Residual SS A B

1 3978.229979 .500000000 .500000000 1.1 .0196719539 -.09931228 -.00014875 2 .0196719539 -.09931228 -.00014875 2.1 .0196719539 -.09931230 -.00014874

(33)

A -.099312275 .008538433 -.117625392 -.080999159 B -.000148748 .001424061 -.003203056 .002905560

A B

A 1.0000 -.9684 B -.9684 1.0000

Graph

8 6 4 2 0 -2 1.2

1.0

.8

.6

.4

.2

Observation

Model

b. For Drying Kinetics of Samples With Sodium Bisulfite Pretreatment (PT.SB)

b.1) PT.SB-Single Exponential

◊

MR = exp(-kt)

Time

MRatio

Predicted Values

.000

1.000

1.00

.500

.958

.91

1.000

.921

.82

1.500

.876

.74

2.000

.817

.67

2.500

.745

.61

3.000

.662

.55

3.500

.574

.50

4.000

.493

.45

4.500

.391

.41

5.000

.306

.37

5.500

.244

.33

6.000

.198

.30

6.500

.164

.27

7.000

.141

.25

(34)

Name Label

1 1.410364963 .500000000 1.1 20.19674995 -.09592776 1.2 1.121665545 .440407224 2 1.121665545 .440407224 2.1 .6201430365 .341022614 3 .6201430365 .341022614 3.1 .1491858294 .200502691 4 .1491858294 .200502691 4.1 .1491317896 .199226625 5 .1491317896 .199226625 5.1 .1491311130 .199368464 6 .1491311130 .199368464 6.1 .1491311051 .199353165 7 .1491311051 .199353165 7.1 .1491311050 .199354820 8 .1491311050 .199354820 8.1 .1491311050 .199354641

Run stopped after 17 model evaluations and 8 derivative evaluations. Iterations have been stopped because the relative reduction between successive

residual sums of squares is at most SSCON = 1.000E-10

(Corrected Total) 15 1.53972

(35)

Graph

8 6 4 2 0 -2 1.2

1.0

.8

.6

.4

.2

0.0

Model

Observation

b.2) PT.SB-Page

◊

MR = exp(-

kt

y

)

Time

MRatio

Predicted Values

.000

1.000

1.00

.500

.958

.98

1.000

.921

.94

1.500

.876

.89

2.000

.817

.81

2.500

.745

.73

3.000

.662

.65

3.500

.574

.56

4.000

.493

.48

4.500

.391

.40

5.000

.306

.33

5.500

.244

.27

6.000

.198

.21

6.500

.164

.16

7.000

.141

.13

7.500

.121

.10

Name Label

(36)

1.2 .4966409408 .417923622 .541049212 2 .4966409408 .417923622 .541049212 2.1 .3247171556 .308409205 .703756970 3 .3247171556 .308409205 .703756970 3.1 .1596518779 .156752587 1.06316498 4 .1596518779 .156752587 1.06316498 4.1 .5452575173 .037174657 1.67994784 4.2 .0608861859 .135764719 1.27215330 5 .0608861859 .135764719 1.27215330 5.1 .0547803020 .068157819 1.60669592 6 .0547803020 .068157819 1.60669592 6.1 .0045643886 .060006293 1.80371508 7 .0045643886 .060006293 1.80371508 7.1 .0041278753 .057326516 1.84223558 8 .0041278753 .057326516 1.84223558 8.1 .0041249514 .057154729 1.84504714 9 .0041249514 .057154729 1.84504714 9.1 .0041249463 .057139678 1.84523176 10 .0041249463 .057139678 1.84523176 10.1 .0041249463 .057138844 1.84524183 11 .0041249463 .057138844 1.84524183 11.1 .0041249463 .057138799 1.84524237

K .057138799 .004190394 .048151298 .066126301 Y 1.845242369 .047134761 1.744148361 1.946336376 _

K Y

(37)

Graph

8 6 4 2 0 -2 1.2

1.0

.8

.6

.4

.2

0.0

Observation

Model

b.3) PT.SB-Henderson & Pabis

◊◊

MR =

a

exp(-

kt

)

Time

MRatio

Predicted Values

.000

1.000

1.13

.500

.958

1.01

1.000

.921

.90

1.500

.876

.80

2.000

.817

.71

2.500

.745

.64

3.000

.662

.57

3.500

.574

.50

4.000

.493

.45

4.500

.391

.40

5.000

.306

.36

5.500

.244

.32

6.000

.198

.28

6.500

.164

.25

7.000

.141

.22

7.500

.121

.20

Name Label

(38)

1.1 94505.00423 .967428435 -.72418014 1.2 2.455293768 .559189512 .392394700 2 2.455293768 .559189512 .392394700 2.1 1.265437273 .673863782 .263161742 3 1.265437273 .673863782 .263161742 3.1 .2334815634 .915269268 .170679798 4 .2334815634 .915269268 .170679798 4.1 .1046184933 1.14284291 .242774446 5 .1046184933 1.14284291 .242774446 5.1 .1014696037 1.13140057 .229826487 6 .1014696037 1.13140057 .229826487 6.1 .1013908297 1.13543642 .232067363 7 .1013908297 1.13543642 .232067363 7.1 .1013891680 1.13479443 .231738854 8 .1013891680 1.13479443 .231738854 8.1 .1013891308 1.13489005 .231787971 9 .1013891308 1.13489005 .231787971 9.1 .1013891300 1.13487579 .231780646 10 .1013891300 1.13487579 .231780646 10.1 .1013891300 1.13487791 .231781739 11 .1013891300 1.13487791 .231781739 11.1 .1013891300 1.13487760 .231781575

A 1.134877595 .055237774 1.016404354 1.253350836 K .231781575 .019990925 .188905305 .274657846 _

A K

(39)

Graph

8 6 4 2 0 -2 1.2

1.0

.8

.6

.4

.2

0.0

Observation

Model

b.4) PT.SB-Wang & Singh

◊◊

MR = 1+

at + bt

2

Time

MRatio

Predicted Values

.000

1.000

1.00

.500

.958

.94

1.000

.921

.88

1.500

.876

.82

2.000

.817

.76

2.500

.745

.69

3.000

.662

.63

3.500

.574

.57

4.000

.493

.50

4.500

.391

.44

5.000

.306

.37

5.500

.244

.31

6.000

.198

.24

6.500

.164

.18

7.000

.141

.11

7.500

.121

.04

Name Label

(40)

1.1 .0337643829 -.12052926 -.00093309 2 .0337643829 -.12052926 -.00093309

Run stopped after 3 model evaluations and 2 derivative evaluations. Iterations have been stopped because the magnitude of the largest correlation

between the residuals and any derivative column is at most RCON = 1.000E-08

A -.120529257 .011186225 -.144521324 -.096537189 B -.000933094 .001865667 -.004934552 .003068364

A B

A 1.0000 -.9684 B -.9684 1.0000

Graph

8 6 4 2 0 -2 1.2

1.0

.8

.6

.4

.2

0.0

Observation

(41)

c. For Drying Kinetics of Samples With Ascorbic Acid Pretreatment (PT.AA)

c.1) PT.AA-Single Exponential

◊◊

MR = exp(-

kt

)

Time

MRatio

Predicted Values

.000

1.000

1.00

.500

.959

.92

1.000

.920

.85

1.500

.875

.79

2.000

.823

.73

2.500

.762

.67

3.000

.694

.62

3.500

.618

.57

4.000

.540

.53

4.500

.466

.49

5.000

.407

.45

5.500

.361

.42

6.000

.327

.38

6.500

.299

.35

7.000

.279

.33

7.500

.263

.30

Name Label

(42)

K .159606553 .008096974 .142348262 .176864843

Graph

8 6 4 2 0 -2 1.2

1.0

.8

.6

.4

.2

Obsevation

Model

c.2) PT.AA-Page

◊

MR = exp(-

kt

y

)

Time

MRatio

Predicted Values

.000

1.000

1.00

.500

.959

.97

1.000

.920

.93

1.500

.875

.87

2.000

.823

.81

2.500

.762

.74

3.000

.694

.68

3.500

.618

.61

4.000

.540

.55

(43)

5.000

.407

.44

5.500

.361

.39

6.000

.327

.34

6.500

.299

.30

7.000

.279

.26

7.500

.263

.22

Name Label

1 .6595493052 .500000000 .500000000 1.1 12.08025343 -.06887473 1.02518760 1.2 .4362797543 .432444621 .469208366 2 .4362797543 .432444621 .469208366 2.1 .2517219117 .311886458 .553579665 3 .2517219117 .311886458 .553579665 3.1 .1126211817 .175159170 .860422381 4 .1126211817 .175159170 .860422381 4.1 .2400876934 .056769839 1.38607450 4.2 .0360749213 .137509905 1.09078838 5 .0360749213 .137509905 1.09078838 5.1 .0543964742 .067887820 1.43022513 5.2 .0158474672 .107982020 1.24650517 6 .0158474672 .107982020 1.24650517 6.1 .0104312409 .074751836 1.45658730 7 .0104312409 .074751836 1.45658730 7.1 .0058313041 .078344790 1.46449781 8 .0058313041 .078344790 1.46449781 8.1 .0058257254 .077886892 1.46899922 9 .0058257254 .077886892 1.46899922 9.1 .0058257210 .077884641 1.46905284 10 .0058257210 .077884641 1.46905284 10.1 .0058257210 .077884355 1.46905559 11 .0058257210 .077884355 1.46905559 11.1 .0058257210 .077884353 1.46905562

(44)

K .077884353 .006243507 .064493362 .091275345 Y 1.469055616 .049412495 1.363076353 1.575034878 _

K Y

K 1.0000 -.9738 Y -.9738 1.0000

Graph

8 6 4 2 0 -2 1.2

1.0

.8

.6

.4

.2

Observation

Model

c.3) PT.AA-Henderson & Pabis

◊◊

MR =

a

exp(-

kt

)

Time

MRatio

Predicted Values

.000

1.000

1.09

.500

.959

.99

1.000

.920

.91

1.500

.875

.83

2.000

.823

.76

2.500

.762

.69

3.000

.694

.63

3.500

.618

.58

4.000

.540

.53

4.500

.466

.48

(45)

5.500

.361

.40

6.000

.327

.37

6.500

.299

.34

7.000

.279

.31

7.500

.263

.28

Name Label

1 3.714256583 .500000000 .500000000 1.1 2198911.625 .906875464 -.95423448 1.2 2.849716273 .562984475 .376813840 2 2.849716273 .562984475 .376813840 2.1 1.352554258 .682327592 .235899463 3 1.352554258 .682327592 .235899463 3.1 .1198885447 .919993431 .130106321 4 .1198885447 .919993431 .130106321 4.1 .0336328687 1.08748135 .183737938 5 .0336328687 1.08748135 .183737938 5.1 .0329622915 1.08674508 .179898404 6 .0329622915 1.08674508 .179898404 6.1 .0329603377 1.08733272 .180187099 7 .0329603377 1.08733272 .180187099 7.1 .0329603297 1.08729124 .180168568 8 .0329603297 1.08729124 .180168568 8.1 .0329603297 1.08729391 .180169764 9 .0329603297 1.08729391 .180169764 9.1 .0329603297 1.08729374 .180169686

(46)

A 1.087293739 .029783697 1.023414061 1.151173417 K .180169686 .009747875 .159262573 .201076800

A K

A 1.0000 .7324 K .7324 1.0000 _

Graph

8 6 4 2 0 -2 1.2

1.0

.8

.6

.4

.2

Observation

Model

c.4) PT.AA-Wang & Singh

◊◊

MR = 1+

at + bt

2

Time

MRatio

Predicted Values

.000

1.000

1.00

.500

.959

.94

1.000

.920

.89

1.500

.875

.83

2.000

.823

.77

2.500

.762

.72

3.000

.694

.67

3.500

.618

.61

4.000

.540

.56

4.500

.466

.51

5.000

.407

.46

5.500

.361

.41

6.000

.327

.36

6.500

.299

.31

7.000

.279

.26

7.500

.263

.21

(47)

Name Label

1 3993.567121 .500000000 .500000000 1.1 .0191573342 -.11506573 .001271692 2 .0191573342 -.11506573 .001271692

Run stopped after 3 model evaluations and 2 derivative evaluations. Iterations have been stopped because the magnitude of the largest correlation

between the residuals and any derivative column is at most RCON = 1.000E-08

A -.115065733 .008426005 -.133137716 -.096993750 B .001271692 .001405310 -.001742399 .004285783

A B

(48)

Graph

8 6 4 2 0 -2 1.2

1.0

.8

.6

.4

.2

0.0

Model

Observation

d. For Drying Kinetics of Samples With Citric Acid Pretreatment (PT.AA)

d.1) PT.AS-Single Exponential

◊◊

MR = exp(-

kt

)

Time

MRatio

Predicted Values

.000

1.000

1.00

.500

.971

.93

1.000

.943

.87

1.500

.912

.81

2.000

.872

.76

2.500

.822

.71

3.000

.764

.66

3.500

.690

.61

4.000

.607

.57

4.500

.526

.53

5.000

.450

.50

5.500

.395

.46

6.000

.355

.43

6.500

.327

.40

7.000

.309

.38

7.500

.293

.35

Name Label

(49)

1 2.413065988 .500000000 1.1 184.0946948 -.26603974 1.2 1.917371806 .423396026 2 1.917371806 .423396026 2.1 1.014683353 .302514726 3 1.014683353 .302514726 3.1 .0928552034 .147133131 4 .0928552034 .147133131 4.1 .0891130151 .139151159 5 .0891130151 .139151159 5.1 .0890888830 .139765220 6 .0890888830 .139765220 6.1 .0890888086 .139731017 7 .0890888086 .139731017 7.1 .0890888084 .139732978 8 .0890888084 .139732978 8.1 .0890888084 .139732866

K .139732866 .009382670 .119734179 .159731553

Graph

8 6 4 2 0 -2 1.2

1.0

.8

.6

.4

.2

Observation

(50)

d.2) PT.AS-Page

◊

MR = exp(-

kt

y

)

Time

MRatio

Predicted Values

.000

1.000

1.00

.500

.971

.99

1.000

.943

.95

1.500

.912

.91

2.000

.872

.86

2.500

.822

.80

3.000

.764

.74

3.500

.690

.67

4.000

.607

.61

4.500

.526

.55

5.000

.450

.49

5.500

.395

.43

6.000

.355

.38

6.500

.327

.33

7.000

.309

.28

7.500

.293

.24

Name Label

(51)

10 .0089389148 .048290630 1.67726051 10.1 .0089388969 .048296626 1.67726051 11 .0089388969 .048296626 1.67726051