Population Structures observed by Small-areas in Indonesia

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Population Structures observed by

Small-areas in Indonesia

Yasuko Hayase, Dr.

JICA Expert

Population Structure

There are various types of population structure such as age and sex status, marital status, literacy and educational status, employment status,

religion status and etc., recorded as the results of a population census, which shows static aspects of a characteristics of a population in a small areas or in a country.

Age and sex structure constitutes most basic and fundamental structure among various types of population structure.

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Population size of Kecamatan in

D.I.Yogyakarta

Among 75 Kecamatan

1. Kecamatan with the largest population:

DEPOK: 158,264

2. Kecamatan with the smallest population:

PAKUALAMAN: 10,593

3. Median population size: 35,165

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．Sex composition of the population

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1.1 Uses of sex classification

The sex classification is very important and useful

in population and gender issues as well as in many types of planning, both public and private.

Educational status, labor force status, health status and etc. require separate population data for males and females for the planning.

The balance of the sexes affects social and economic

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1.2 Sex ratio

An important indicator to summarize the sex composition of a population is sex ratio.

Sex ratio = (M / F) x 100

where: M=the number of males F= the number of females

The ratio more than 100 means an excess of males

over females,

The ratio less than 100: means an excess of females

over males.

The sex ratio of a “closed” population, which is not

affected by the migratory movement of the population, is usually very close to 100 on the whole.

The sex ratio at birth:approximately 105.

: an excess of males over females by 5%.

Because of higher mortality rates among males than among females in general, this excess of males at birth is reduced gradually with advance in age.

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Table 1. Sex ratio in 2005 and sex ratios at birth in Indonesia and the world, 2000-05

(%)

Major area, region, country Sex ratio SRs at birth

World 101 105

More developed regions 94 106

Less developed regions 103 105

ASIA 104 106

China 105 110

Japan 96 106

Indonesia 100 105

Malaysia 103 106

Source:United Nations,World Population Prospects,The 2004 Revision.

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Table 2. Sex Ratio by Province 1971 and 2000, Urban and Rural Areas

Urban Rural

L a m p u n g 102 106 103 108

DKI Jakarta 102 103 102

-DI Yogyakarta 94 98 100 96

Nusa Tenggara Barat 97 94 95 95

Kalimantan Tengah 102 107 105 108

Kalimantan Timur 107 110 108 113

Sulawesi Selatan 95 95 96 95

Papua 141 110 116 111

INDONESIA 97 101 101 102

Source: 1971, 1980, 1990, 2000 Population Census, and 1995 Intercensal Population Census.

2000

1971 2000

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1.3 Sex ratio by Province in Indonesia

Provinces with high sex ratios (=> 105) in 1971

Riau, Jambi, Kalimantan Timur, Sulawesi Tengah and Papua

Provinces with low sex ratios (=< 95) in 1971

Sumatora Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Sulawesi Selatan and Sulawesi Tenggara

Provinces with high sex ratios (=> 105) in 2000

Lampung, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Sulawesi Utara, Sulawesi Tengah, Maluku Utara and Papua

Provinces with low sex ratios (=< 95) in 2000

Nusa Tenggara Barat and Sulawesi Selatan

1.4　　　　Sex ratio by Kecamatan in D.I.Yogyakarta, 2000

Among 75 Kecamatans

1. Kecamatans with high sex ratios (=> 105) :

DEPOK(112), MLATI and WIROBRAJAN

2. Kecamatans with median sex ratios(97)

:WONOSARI and other 6 kecamatans

3. Kecamatans with low sex ratios (=< 95) :GONDOMANAN(86) and other 19 kecamatans

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Table 3. Sex ratios for Population ages 25 and over by Educational Attainment in Indonesia, 2000

Educational level Indonesia D.I. Yogyakarta Did not completed primary school ₇₁₇₁₇₁₇₁ ₅₅₅₅₅₅₅₅ Primary school 98₉₈₉₈98 ₉₅9595₉₅ Junior high school 124124124124 115115115115 Senior high school 148148148148 137137137137 Total 98989898 90909090

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Table 4. Sex ratios of various indicators by

Kecamatans in D.I. Yogyakarta, 2000

Total Total Total Total Population PopulationPopulation Population Compleing Compleing Compleing Compleing junior high junior highjunior high junior high or higher or higher or higher or higher education educationeducation education Working WorkingWorking Working population population population

population Un-paidUn-paidUn-paidUn-paidworkerworkerworkerworker MANTRIJERON MANTRIJERONMANTRIJERON MANTRIJERON 97979797 109109109109 131131131131 26262626 93.893.893.893.8 PAKUALAMAN PAKUALAMAN PAKUALAMAN PAKUALAMAN 96969696 104104104104 121121121121 26262626 92.592.592.592.5 KOTAGEDE KOTAGEDE KOTAGEDE KOTAGEDE 100100100100 113113113113 133133133133 28282828 91.891.891.891.8 GEDANG SARI GEDANG SARI GEDANG SARI GEDANG SARI 97979797 157157157157 94949494 25252525 13.213.213.213.2 SAPTO SARI SAPTO SARI SAPTO SARI SAPTO SARI 96969696 169169169169 90909090 23232323 9.39.39.39.3 TEPUS TEPUS TEPUS TEPUS 92929292 144144144144 88888888 31313131 5.65.65.65.6 Kecamatan Kecamatan Kecamatan Kecamatan Sex SexSex

Sex　　　　ratio Mratio Mratio Mratio M／／／／FFFF****100 100 100 100

% of industry % of industry % of industry % of industry and andand

and　　　　servicesservicesservicesservices to total to total to total to total workers workers workers workers

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Fig. 1. Sex ratio of population and completing junior high or higher education by selected Kecamatans in

Yogyakarta, 2000 0 50 100 150 200 MANTRIJERON PAKUALAMAN KOTAGEDE GEDANG SARI SAPTO SARI TEPUS (%) population higher education

Fig. 2. Sex ratio of population and working population by selected Kecamatans in Yogyakarta, 2000

0 50 100 150 MANTRIJERON PAKUALAMAN KOTAGEDE GEDANG SARI SAPTO SARI TEPUS (%) population working population

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Fig.3. Sex ratio by age for Indonesia, D.K.I.

Jakarta and D.I. Yogyakarta, 2000

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 - 4 5 - 9 10 - 14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 - 69 70 - 74 75 + Indonesia D.K.I.Jakarta D.I. Yogyakarta (%) 16

2. Age composition of the population

Fig. 4. Age Composition in the Asian countries, 2005

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Indonesia China Japan India 0 - 14 15 - 64 65 +

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Fig. 5. Age structure in Indonesia by Province, 2000 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Indonesia D.K.I Jakarta Papua D.I Yogyakarta 0 - 14 15 - 64 65 and over

2.2 Child –woman Ratio

Child –woman ratio= P_{0 – 4} / F_{15 – 49}x 100 where P_{0 – 4} : population at ages 0 – 4

F_{15 – 49}: females at ages 15 – 49

Child–woman ratio is useful as an indicator of a

certain aspect of the age structure in connection with fertility potential. It is an alternate indicator for the fertility in the country where vital statistics is not available.

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Table 5. Child Woman Ratio and Total

Fertility Rate, 2000

C WR (% ) C WR (% ) C WR (% ) C WR (% ) TFRTFRTFRTFR I n do n e si a I n do n e si a I n do n e si a I n do n e si a 3 63 63 63 6 2 .5 92 .5 92 .5 92 .5 9 D.K .I J a ka r t a D.K .I J a ka r t a D.K .I J a ka r t a D.K .I J a ka r t a 2 62 62 62 6 2 .0 02 .0 02 .0 02 .0 0 Pa pu a Pa pu a Pa pu a Pa pu a 4 74 74 74 7 2 .9 62 .9 62 .9 62 .9 6 D.I Yo gy a ka r t a D.I Yo gy a ka r t a D.I Yo gy a ka r t a D.I Yo gy a ka r t a 2 62 62 62 6 2 .0 02 .0 02 .0 02 .0 0 20

Table 6. Child Woman Ratio and Children

ever-born

　

　for females ages 15 and over,

Kecamatan in Yogyakarta, 2000

Selected Mean Kecamatans CEB (F15+) MANTRIJERON 22 1.76 94 PAKUALAMAN 18 1.63 93 KOTAGEDE 26 1.77 92 GEDANG SARI 33 2.54 13 SAPTO SARI 32 2.38 9 TEPUS 24 2.25 6 Child Woman Ratio (%) % industry & services to total workers

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3. Sex

–age composition of a

population

One of the common methods of representing the sex-age composition of a population for a general

comparison is population pyramid or age pyramid. Two types of population pyramids:

1. Absolute number of population by age

and sex

2. Percentage of population by age and sex

Fig. 6. Population pyramid by sex and 5-year age

group,Indonesia and other selected countries, 2005

Indone sia 1500 0 1000 0 5000 0 5000 1000 0 1500 0 0 - 4 5 - 9 10 - 14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 - 69 70 - 74 75 + Male Fwmale Th a ila n d 4000 2000 0 2000 4000 0 - 4 5 - 9 10 - 14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 - 69 70 - 74 75 - 79 80+ Male Female J apan 10000 5000 0 5000 10000 0 - 4 5 - 9 10 - 14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 - 69 70 - 74 75 - 79 80+ Male _Female Ken ya 4000 2000 0 2000 4000 0 - 4 5 - 9 10 - 14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 - 69 70 - 74 75 + Male Female

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3.1 Types of Population Pyramid

Volcano type: with broader foot. (Rapidly increasing

population with high fertility and declining mortality): Kenya

Pot type: with narrower bottom

(Population with rapid declining fertility and declining mortality): Thailand

Verse or Bell type: (Increasing population aged 65 or

more and decreasing child population) :Japan, and other developed countries

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Fig. 7. Population pyramid, D.K.I. Jakarta, Papua and D.I. Yogyakarta, 2000

D.K.I Jakarta Papua D.I YogyakartaD.I YogyakartaD.I YogyakartaD.I Yogyakarta

750 000600000450000300000150000 0 150000300000450000600000750000 0 - 4 10 - 14 20 - 24 30 - 34 40 - 44 50 - 54 60 - 64 70 - 74 150000 100000 50000 0 50000 100000 150000 0 - 4 10 - 14 20 - 24 30 - 34 40 - 44 50 - 54 60 - 64 70 - 74 2000 00 150000100000 50000 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 0 - 4 10 - 14 20 - 24 30 - 34 40 - 44 50 - 54 60 - 64 70 - 74

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Fig. 8. Population

pyramid

, Kecamatans in

Yogyakarta, 2000

MANTRIJERON, Pop= 32557 MANTRIJERON, Pop= 32557 MANTRIJERON, Pop= 32557

MANTRIJERON, Pop= 32557 TEPUS, Pop=58809 TEPUS, Pop=58809 TEPUS, Pop=58809 TEPUS, Pop=58809

KOTAGEDE, Pop=27000 KOTAGEDE, Pop=27000 KOTAGEDE, Pop=27000

KOTAGEDE, Pop=27000 SAPTO SARI, Pop=34666 SAPTO SARI, Pop=34666 SAPTO SARI, Pop=34666 SAPTO SARI, Pop=34666

8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 0 - 4 5 - 9 10 -14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 - 69 70 - 7475+ Male Female (%) SR=97 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 0 - 4 5 - 9 10 -14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 - 69 70 - 7475+ Male Female (%) SR=92 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 0 - 4 5 - 9 10 -14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 - 69 70 - 7475+ Male Female (%) SR=100 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 0 - 4 5 - 9 10 -14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 - 69 70 - 7475+ Male Female (%) SR=96

Conclusion

The features and uses of age and sex structure which constitutes most basic structure are illustrated here mainly based on kecamatans in D.I.Yogyakarta.

We can also utilize other types of population structure such as marital status, literacy and educational status observed in small areas for the local planning in both public and private sectors.