13 & 14 SEPTEMBER 2018 3 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON REBUILDING PLACE (ICRP) 2018 PROCEEDING OF

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3 ^rd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON REBUILDING PLACE (ICRP) 2018

Towards Safe Cities & Resilient Communities

13 & 14 SEPTEMBER 2018

IMPIANA HOTEL, IPOH, PERAK

https://icrp2018.wixsite.com/icrp18

ORGANIZED BY :

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Towards Safe Cities & Resilient Communities

13 & 14 SEPTEMBER 2018 | IMPIANA HOTEL, IPOH, PERAK

ORGANIZED BY

Faculty of Architecture Planning and Surveying Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perak Branch Seri Iskandar Campus,

32610, Seri Iskandar,

Perak Darul Ridzuan, MALAYSIA eISBN 978-967-5741-63-0

COPYRIGHT

Faculty of Architecture Planning and Surveying

3 ^rd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

ON REBUILDING PLACE (ICRP) 2018

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Malaysia (USM), Penang Malaysia. The theme of this event reflects growing recognition of having safe cities and the vital role of resilient communities plays in making this possible. I am very delighted that ICRP2018 has selected “Towards Safe Cities & Resilient Communities” as the theme of the conference. This is in line with the University’s mission to enhance the knowledge and expertise of Bumiputera's in all fields of study through professional programmers, research work and community service based on moral values and professional ethics.

We will need more of this kind of platform because we need to be proactive in recognising the strategies in maintaining safe cities and its implications if such strategies were not met due to radical changes ahead. Addressing this future will call for the kind of foresight when dealing with the emergence of diversity of population in big cities and the importance of having a resilient community.

ICRP 2018 will be the perfect venue for delegates from different parts of the world to come together and deliberate issues on the safe cities and community sustainability for the purpose of transforming the socio-economic well-being and to disseminate their new research finding and exchange information to the field of environment. Therefore, with this conference as a platform to explore these ideas it is hoped a new perspective in improving and sustaining the safety of the cities as well as the ability of a community to regain functionality as resilient community can be established.

I would like to congratulate the Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying (FSPU) for the excellent effort in organising this conference. To all speakers, presenters and participants, I wish you a successful and memorable conference. To the international participant, do take time out to enjoy the many attractions in Ipoh. Enjoy our hospitality.

Sincerely

Assoc. Prof. Sr. Dr. Md Yusof Hamid, AMP Rector

Universiti Teknologi MARA Perak Branch

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ii FOREWORD

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON REBUILDING PLACE TOWARDS SAFE CITIES AND RESILIENT COMMUNITIES

BismillahirRahmanir Rahim

In the name of Allah, the beneficent, the merciful

‘Selamatdatang’ or Welcome

It is my pleasure and privilege to welcome all of you to this unique

gathering, which brings together key representatives from multilateral organisations and national authorities on a most timely topic of common interest: that is, towards safe cities and resilient communities.

This is our third International Conference on Rebuilding Place (ICRP). The first in 2011 was conducted with the collaboration between Department of Architecture, Syiah Kuala University and Jeju University, while the second conference involved the collaboration between ICRP and Asian Vernacular Architecture Network (AVAN) and in conjunction with Aceh International Conference (AIC 2017) as well as with Syiah Kuala University, Indonesia. This conference once again sees a strengthen union between Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Perak Branch and Syiah Kuala University, Kyoto Institute Technology, Japan and Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang Malaysiaas the main organisers.

Global migration to urban areas improves the living standards, health and financial prosperity of these citizens. Nevertheless, it brings challenges to a city’s infrastructure, resources, security procedures and emergency response systems. Meeting these challenges is critical to the success of cities. The safe city concept has been developed to help government stakeholders, and police departments assuage these demands. One way to do this is having communities who are resilient. This is because resilient communities minimize any disaster’s disruption to everyday life and their local economies. Resilient communities are not only prepared to help prevent or minimize the loss or damage to life, property, and the environment, but they also have the ability to quickly return people to work, reopen businesses, and restore other essential services needed for a full and timely economic recovery.

Therefore, the 2018 International Conference aims to explore the understanding of safe cities as well as investigate the strategies in enhancing safe cities. Thus, this year’s theme focusses on “Towards Safe Cities and Resilient Communities”.

It is our distinct pleasure to thank all the keynote and invited speakers, and all other speakers for attending and sharing your research findings, insights and knowledge. We hope all of you have a productive and insightful discussion throughout this two-day conference and do take this opportunity to uncover “Malaysia’s Beauty - Perak”

Sincerely

Dr. Siti Rasidah Md Sakip

Chairman of the Conference Committee

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iii

ORGANISING COMMITTEE

Patron : Prof. Madya Sr.Dr. Md Yusof Hamid Advisor : Prof.Madya Dr. Siti Norlizaiha Harun Chairman : Dr. Siti Rasidah Md Sakip

Secretary : Pn. Suriati Ahmad Treasurer : Dr. Nadiyanti Mat Nayan

: Pn. Wan Noor Anira Wan Hj Ali @ Yaacob

MAIN SECRETERIAT

1) Event Manager – Seminar :Pn Ruwaidah Borhan (L)

Pn Wan Nurhasyimah bt Wan Mohd Apandi Pn Norsyazlin Mohd Rosli

2) Event Manager – Dinner :En Ahmad Haqqi Nazli b. Abdul Razak (L) Pn Jazmin Zulkifli

Pn Noorul Nadya Shaharum

3) EDAS system :Dr. Nor Nazida Awang (L)

Cik Siti Syamimi Omar 4) Sponsorship :Dr. Alia Abdullah Saleh (L)

Dr. Nor Eeda Haji Ali

Pn Noorazlina Kamarulzaman Pn Nurain Mohd Talmizi 5) Graphic & Printing :En Mohd Zulhaili Teh (L)

Pn Marina Abdullah

En Anwar Fikri b. Abdullah En Azlan Zainal

6) Touring :Cik Siti Syamimi Omar (L)

Dr. Noor Nazida Awang 7) Media and Documentation :En Khairul Anuar Ibrahim (L)

En Mohammad Firdaus Azman En Mohamad Zaidi Sulaiman

8) Website :Pn Shahirah Mohamed Hatim (L)

Pn Nur Azmina Mohamad Zamani 9) Scientific Reviewer :Dr. Kartina Alauddin (L)

Dr. Azizah Md Ajis

10) Souveniers :Cik Noor Faiza Rasol (L)

Pn Norhayati bt. Kassim Pn Mudirah bt. Shaharudin

11) Logistics :En Esham Mamat (L)

En Mohd Hafiz Sabri

En Zaiwannizar b. Zainal Abidin En Mohammad Nasharudine Syuib

12) Promotion :Pn Suzanah Abdullah

13) Publishing :Dr. Atikah Fukaihah Amir (L)

Dr. Puteri Rohani Megat Abdul Rahim 14) Profesional CPD Point :Dr. Nor Eeda Haji Ali (L)

Pn Ana Kashfi Muhamad

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iv SECRETERIAT FROM UNSYIAH KUALA

1) Dr Ir. Izziah Hassan 2) Dr Irin Caisarina 3) Dr Cut Dewi 4) Erna Meutia 5) Zulhadi Sahputra 6) M. Haiqal

7) M. Heru Arie Edytia

JAWATANKUASA PELAKSANA UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA (USM) 1) Dr Jestin Nordin

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v

SCIENTIFIC REVIEWER

Dr Peng Zhang (Deakin University, Australia) Dr Cut Dewi (UNSYIAH, Indonesia)

Dr Abdul Munir (UNSYIAH, Indonesia)

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ismail bin Samsuddin (UiTM Perak)

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Sabrizaa bin Abd Rashid (UiTM Perak) Associate Professor Dr Siti Norlizaiha Harun (UiTM Perak) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Haji Halmi bin Zainol (UiTM Perak)

Sr Dr Kartina Alauddin (UiTM Perak) Sr Dr Yuhainis Abdul Talib (UiTM Perak) Sr Dr Asmalia Che Ahmad (UiTM Perak) Sr Dr Nur Azfahani Ahmad (UiTM Perak) Dr Siti Norsazlina bt Harun (UiTM Perak) Dr Kharizam Ismail (UiTM Perak)

Dr Nor Aini Salleh (UiTM Perak) Dr Haryati Mohd Isa (UiTM Perak) Dr Siti Rasidah Md Sakip (UiTM Perak) Dr Atikah Fukaihah Amir (UiTM Perak) Dr Siti Akhtar binti Mahayuddin (UiTM Perak) Dr Izham Abdul Ghani (UiTM Perak)

Dr Azizah Md Ajis (UiTM Perak)

Dr Puteri Rohani Megat Abdul Rahim (UiTM Perak) Dr Nadiyanti Mat Nayan (UiTM Perak)

Dr Lilawati Ab Wahab (UiTM Perak)

Dr Mohd Fadzil Hj. Mat Yasin (UiTM Perak) Dr Ida Nianti Mohd Zin (UiTM Perak) Dr Nor Nazida Awang (UiTM Perak) Dr Anis Sazira Bakri (UiTM Shah Alam)

Dr Nur Maizura bt Ahmad Noorhani (UiTM Shah Alam) Dr Shamsida Saidan Khaderi (UiTM Shah Alam) Dr Yong Adilah binti Shamsul Harumain (UM) Dr Riduan bin Yunus (UTHM)

Dr Tong Yean Ghing (UTHM) Dr Azizi Bahauddin (USM) Dr Ruhizal Roosli (USM) Dr Radzi Ismail (USM)

Dr Muna Hanim Abdul Samad (USM) Dr Abdul Naser Abdul Ghani (USM)

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377 ICRP2018

3rd International Conference on Rebuilding Place

13-14 September 2018

ISBN 978-967-5741-62-3 eISBN 978-967-5741-63-0

ACEH ORNAMENTS EXPLORATION

AS IDEAS OF CONTEMPORARY BUILDING FORM THROUGH DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

Zulhadi Sahputra¹*, Muhammad Heru Arie Edytia ², Mirza ³

1,2,3 Architecture and Planning Department, Faculty of Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Indonesia

Email of corresponding author *: [email protected]

Abstract - Aceh is one of the Provinces that is rich in motives and ornaments. The richnes of Aceh motives and ornaments can be observed in Aceh craft works such as perforative art crafts at Rumoh Aceh, hand-weaving crafts, embroidery crafts, and plaiting crafts found all arround different parts of Aceh. These ornaments can inspire creative ideas of the developing contemporary building oriented in locality.One approach to develop creative and innovative exploration of ornaments is by utilizing fractal methods. The use of jBatik software as one of the innovations in digital technologies can be used as tools in the process of exploration and transformation of Aceh ornaments with fractal method approach. The use of jBatik software is considered suitable to create similar pattern or motives observed between Aceh ornaments and batik.The chosen study case in this study was the development of the terminal building of Sultan Iskandar Muda Airport in Aceh. The steps of transformation process are: analysis and improvement of ornament geometry, interpretation of fractal principles on ornaments, interpretation of ornament variants with jBatik and exploration of interpretation results of ornament with fractal application. The application of ornament transformation into architectural design is done in 3 ways, i.e. development of alternative design of building study case, application of ornament exploration in designs, and finalization of the designs. Aceh ornament exploration through this digital transformation process is expected to re-actualize the traditional architectural heritages into a contemporary context and to contribute in the enrichment and preservation of local ornaments using technologies.

Keywords - exploration, Aceh ornaments, digital transformation, jBatik, design method.

1 INTRODUCTION

Aceh is one of the Provinces that is rich in motives and ornaments. The province is located at the tip of the Sumatera island with 23 Regencies/Cities in which every Regency/City has a distinctive motives and ornaments respectively.

Figure 1 Map locations of Aceh Province (Sources: https://bit.ly/2zDbJ2x, 2018)

The richness of Aceh motives and ornaments can be observed in Aceh craft works such as perforative art crafts at Rumoh Aceh (figure 2a), hand-weaving crafts (figure 2b), embroidery crafts (figure 2c), and plaiting crafts (figure 2d) found different Regency/City in Aceh.

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378 Figure 2 The richnes of Aceh motives and ornaments

(Sources: https://bit.ly/1eT8c0L, https://bit.ly/2JpcXOo, https://bit.ly/2uBEjf7, 2018)

In this study, the focus is perforative art crafts (ornament in Rumoh Aceh). These ornaments can inspire creative ideas of the developing contemporary building oriented in locality. The use and application of Aceh ornaments in the current architectural designs generally still look stereotypical, i.e. form tracing without further elaboration process. Nevertheless, it should be appreciated as one of the efforts in maintaining and preserving the existence of Aceh ornaments which gradually became rare as lesser Acehness build this kind of traditional house.

Here are some examples of the use and application of Aceh ornaments in building design, among others: The Regent of Aceh Jaya Office, that is located on the roof and wall elements (figure 3a), Bank Mandiri Office Banda Aceh, located on the roof and wall elements (figure 3b), Governor’s Office of Aceh, is located on the roof, wall and column elements (figure 3c), and Sultan Iskandar Muda Aceh Airport, which is located in the interior (figure 3d, 3e, 3f).

Figure 3 Application of Aceh ornament on public building (Sources: https://bit.ly/2LfbsHJ, https://bit.ly/2NkJcky, 2018)

One approach to develop creative and innovative exploration of ornaments is by utilizing fractal methods. Utilization of the method is performed by using jBatik software to transform Aceh ornaments applied into building design elements. The transformation can regenerate the new and more dynamic, aesthetic formations and patterns of modern Aceh ornaments. The study case in this study was the development of the terminal building of Sultan Iskandar Muda Airport in Aceh. This explorative study was conducted to develop a new approach in codifying local ornaments with the

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(a) (b) (c) (d)

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379 advancement of computational processes. Aceh ornament exploration through this digital transformation process is expected to re-actualize the traditional architectural heritages into a contemporary context and to contribute in the enrichment and preservation of local ornaments using technologies.

Figure 4 Sultan Iskandar Muda Airport (Sources: Firman Hidayat, 2011)

As architects, we must have a frame of mind adapted to the times and conditions of today's ideal, rather than being forced to think with outdated structures from the past. Local culture should be able to synergize with modernization as a collaboration to complement each other. In its development, the local culture must utilize sustainable technologies in building a new path of knowledge.

2 ACEH ORNAMENT

In the context of architecture, ornaments are elements of decorations used to beautify parts of a building or an object. Acehnese cultures are strongly influenced by Islamic culture. Therefore, most motives, ornaments, and Aceh craft designs are derivated from Islamic cultures. According to Barbara Leigh, (1989) the motives used in Aceh are divided into 5 categories: (1) geometric patterns, (2) floral patterns, (3) bird patterns, (4) other animals patterns, and (5) islamic calligraphy patterns.

If investigated further, they contained mathematical logic in created patterns based on Aceh ornaments geometry. Basically Aceh ornaments is simple geometry that contains not only repetition (iteration), recursion, movement, rotation, scale, but also the reflection which combined with each other in a variety of scales and positions. Aceh ornaments can be created both generatively and iteratively. Generatively means it can be reconstructed using the same technique, and iteratively refers to its construction that is done in a similar repeated pseudo-algorithmic pattern.

Figure 5 Aceh ornament (Sources: Seni Rupa Aceh)

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380 In this study, the ornaments to be transformed is Bungong Seulanga ornaments. This ornament was chosen after going through the transformation process in trial and error to three ornaments selected earlier, among others: 1) Pucok Reubong ornaments, 2) Bungong Seulanga ornaments, and 3) Bungong Jeumpa Keumang ornaments.

Tabel 1 List of chosen Aceh ornaments

Name of Ornament Origin of Ornament Basic shape Geometrical Tracing

Bungong Seulanga

3 FORM TRANSFORMATIONS IN ARCHITECTURE

In simpler word, transformation is a process of change from an initial form into a new form.

Transformation is strongly tied to the creativity of changing the shape of "origin" into a "new" form tailored to the corresponding context. The creativity inherent in architectural transformation is the process of how to explore the essence of the original form and how to reconstruct the original form into a new form.

The highest level of creativity in architectural transformation occurs when the designer successfully explores the essence of the original form and transforms it into new forms as a result of more innovative design exploration. Actualizing Aceh ornaments richness as a legacy of the past into the current context can be tailored to the goals to be achieved such as representing the Acehnese identity, the value to be displayed, the functional aspects, and the use of technology.

According to Slamet Wirasonjaya "The world is transformed from one form to another and from one adventure to another. While the design should be able to transform themselves remarkably from original to futuristic".

In design theory, Antoniades (1992) said that the transformation is the channel of creativity.

Antoniades (1992) explains that there are three forms of transformation strategies in design:

traditional, borrowing, and decomposition/deconstruction. The traditional strategy is to emphasize the step-by-step form of transformation through adjustment to external factors, internal and aesthetic elements. Borrowing strategy refers to elements or components of objects around which were studied and interpreted as metaphorical or analogical references. Decomposition/deconstruction strategy suggests a process to interpret objects apart and then find a new way to recombine the parts to find a new order in a different composition.

4 JBATIK AS TRANSFORMATION TOOLS

The rapid architecture growth has caused the appearance of new methods, trends, and paradigms. Those changes are influenced by the development of engineering technology intensively.

The architecture world has undergone a progressive development in the use of digital technology to assist in the creative process of architectural design.

The use of jBatik software as one of digital technology innovations can be used as tools in the process of exploration and transformation of Aceh ornaments with fractal method approach.

Mathematical logics is in the form of Aceh ornaments patterns that can be translated into the software to create new combinations of patterns that are more innovative.

jBatik is a software that can produce patterns by using mathematical formula (fractal). From one fractal formula, the software can generate various patterns simply by changing the parameters. A pattern can be modified and combined with other patterns or create different new patterns.

The use of jBatik software is perceived suitable because of the similarity between pattern or motives of Aceh ornaments with batik. Blending technology with the locality gives the understanding

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381 that the locality, in this case, the Aceh ornaments, are able to be adapted to the technological advancements that represents the dynamic basic of Aceh ornaments.

5 FRACTAL APPLICATIONS ON JBATIK SOFTWARE

jBatik is a software to make batik pattern by using fractal formula. jBatik uses one type of fractal that is an L-system language to create forms of batik motifs. L-systems are part of the mathematical sciences that deal with iteration, recursition, movement, rotation, scale, and reflection.

Figure 6 Example of variables and rules in jbatik (Sources: Preserving local ornament through algorithm)

In L-system language, the structure of the language consists only of the main formula (axiom) and the detail formula. The main formula is the initial symbol used. While the detail formula is the symbols used to replace the initial symbol of the main.

For example:

Main Formula: A Detail Formula: A = AB

The meaning of iteration is to replace A with A = BA repeatedly. For example, if Iiterate Axiom: A as many as n times the following sequence will be generated:

n = 0  iteration 0: A n = 1  iteration 1: AB n = 2  iteration 2: ABB n = 3  iteration 3: ABBB n = 4  iteration 4: ABBBB n = 5  iteration 5: ABBBBB n = 6  iteration 6: ABBBBBB n = 7  iteration 7: ABBBBBBB

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382 6 ALGORITHM OF ORNAMENT TRANSFORMATION

Simply put, the notion of algorithm is the process of trace instruction in the description of ornament transformation by using jBatik software. The process of transformation digitally using a computer cannot codify something that is abstract like the value and meaning of the socio-cultural elements which exist in the ornaments of Aceh. The process of transforming Aceh ornaments using fractal-based digital technology such as:

6.1 Analysis and Improvement of Geometry of Bungong Seulanga Ornament

This refinement step is done by using AutoCAD based on the original geometry of structure and shape of Bungong Seulanga ornament. The analysis is on how the basic form and the transformation rules take place on the geometry form of Bungong Seulanga ornament as reference for further transformation process using fractal methods.

Figure 7 Analysis of Bungong Seulanga ornaments geometry

6.2 Interpretation of Fractal Principles on Ornaments

This stage is done to acquire the principles and parameters of fractal and geometry on Seunga bungong ornament. The fractal principles present in the Bungong Seulanga ornament is self- similarity (fractal made from different parts of one another) and self affinity (fractal as in series of interconnected parts of one another). Fractal parameters that affect the formation process are the number of iterations (repetition), the angle and the length of the initiator (preliminary) and the generator (ornament).

Figure 8 Interpretation of the principle of fractal ornament

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383 6.3 Interpretation of Variant Ornaments with jBatik

This stage was tackled by interpreting Bungong Seulanga ornament variants as much as 3 (three) pieces to get the results close to the ornament form of reference in the database. This stage was done by interpreting the smallest elements of the ornamental structure formers and the iteration structure of the ornamental structure-forming elements. Afterwards, the iteration structures of the ornamental structure-forming elements are combined into a whole ornament based on the results of the analysis and improvement of its geometry. Ornament interpretation process was done by using the rules of depiction with jBatik software, i.e. by using the L-system language.

Figure 9 Ornament interpretation variant with jBatik

6.4 Exploration of Ornament Interpretation Results with Fractal Application

This stage begins by sorting the structures and substructure of the ornaments, and the ornament-forming elements along with the algorithm process. One element of the ornament structures was chosen as the basic concept for exploration in the development of various architectural forms with jBatik. A consideration in determining the elements of ornaments used, among others, is the suitability of the shape with the figure of the building to be designed, the complexity of the results of transformation associated with the application process on the design, and the aesthetic value resulting from the transformation process.

Figure 10 Transformation of ornaments interpretation results into fractal interpretation

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384 7 EXPLORATION OF SHAPE IN BUILDING DESIGNS

The process of exploring the shape of the building with a study case of Sultan Iskandar Muda Airport in Aceh is accomplished in 3 ways:

7.1 Developing Alternative Designs for the Building in this Case Study

This stage was done by studying the conditions of existing design of the airport terminal Sultan Iskandar Muda Aceh. From the interpretation of the basic geometry of the existing design, geometry development of new building figures was adapted to the concept of exploration result and interpretation of ornament with fractal application.

Figure 11 Development of building figure design

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385 7.2 Application of Ornament Exploration Results on Design

This stage was the stage of application / application of exploration which resulted from the ornament interpretation with jbatik after the simplification and the completion of the designs.

Figure 12 Application of ornaments exploration results on design case study

7.3 Finalisation of the Designs

This stage was the final stage of the Aceh transformation process using fractal-based digital technologies (jBatik software) and its application to the designs.

Figure 13 Finalization of the designs 8 CONCLUSIONS

Exploration of ornaments with fractal method is novelty in architectural design. With the help of digital technology, Aceh ornaments can be re-explored in variants of new, unimaginable forms to be developed into contemporary building designs.

Transformation with jBatik tends to lead to the decomposition method and will eliminate the

"spirit" of the original form of the ornament, therefore it is necessary to combine borrowing method to keep the original shape visible. The use of fractal methods with jBatik software should be used

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386 under the supervision of local cultural experts to preserve the identity and meaning of local ornaments.

This explorative study was undertaken to develop new approaches in the execution and codification of local ornaments with the advancement of computing processes that contribute to the enrichment and preservation of local ornaments using digital technology.

REFERENCES

Antoniades, AC (1992). Poetics of Architecture: Theory of Design,Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York

Edgar. Gerald., (2008) Measure, Topology, and Fractal Geometry, Second Edition, Springer Science+Business Media, New York.

Ekomadyo. AS. (2013). Fractal Parametric Design for Transforming Traditional Patterns into Contemporary Building”, International Conference on Digital Architecture, DADA 2013 Series of Events “Digital Infiltration”, Beijing.

Indraprastha, Aswin,. (2013). Preserving Local Ornament Through Algorithm”, International Conference on Advanced Computer Science and Information Systems (ICACSIS), Journal of Computer Science and Information, Volume 6, Issue 2.

Kasim, MS., (1996). Seni Rupa Aceh, CV Sepakat Baru, Banda Aceh.

Kenneth Falconer., (2003). Fractal Geometry, Mathematical Foundations and Applications, Second Edition., John Wiley & Sons Ltd, England.

Leigh, Barbara., (1989). Tangan-tangan Terampil Seni Kerajinan Aceh, Penerbit Djambatan, Jakarta.

Moussavi, Farshid and Michael Kubo., (2008), The Function of Ornament, Harvard university, Graduate School of Design.

Stiny, G and Gips, J., (1978). Algorithmic Aesthetics: Computer Model for Critism and Design in the Art, University of California Press, Berkeley Los Angeles, London.

13 & 14 SEPTEMBER 2018 3 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON REBUILDING PLACE (ICRP) 2018 PROCEEDING OF

3 rd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON REBUILDING PLACE (ICRP) 2018

Towards Safe Cities & Resilient Communities