iii
Maranatha Christian University
ABSTRACT
Apabila kita sebagai seorang figur yang dikenal masyarakat ingin mengutarakan sesuatu yang ada dalam pikiran kita, maka kita akan mencoba menyampaikannya melalui media yang mampu menyebarluaskan segala yang kita sampaikan dengan cepat. Salah satu contohnya adalah dengan menyampaikan pidato, khususnya untuk seseorang yang terkemuka seperti seorang presiden. Hal ini jugalah yang memicu George W. Bush, yang kala itu menjabat sebagai Presiden Amerika Serikat, untuk menyampaikan pidatonya berkaitan dengan serangkaian serangan teroris di Amerika yang baru saja menimpanya.
i
CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Textual Meaning ... 6
ii
Table 2. Cohesive Device: Conjunction ... 82
Table 3. The Use of Additive Conjunctions in Clauses about the Self (+) ... 88
Table 4. The Use of Additive Conjunctions in Clauses about the Other (-) . 89 Table 5. Repetition of the Word “military” ... 90
Table 11. Identification of Hyponymy ... 96
Table 12. The Use of Hyponymy ... 97
Table 13. The Use of Collocations ... 98
Table 14. Identification of Theme and Rheme ... 99
Table 15. Clauses that Have no Theme ... 110
Table 16. Transitivity Processes ... 111
Table 17. Clauses of Material Processes, with America and Taliban as the Actors ……… ... 119
Table 18. Clauses of Material Processes with the Self (+) as the Actor ... 122
Table 19. Clauses of Material Processes with the Other (-) as the Actor ... 126
Table 20. Clauses of Relational Processes ... 127
Table 21. Clauses of Relational Processes with the Self (+) as the Actor ... 130
Table 22. Clauses of Mood and Modality ... 132
Table 23. Clauses in Imperative Mood ... 141
Table 24. Modality: Clauses of Probability ... 141
Table 25. Clauses of Median Probabilities with America as the Actor ... 143
78
APPENDICES
Identification of Cohesive Devices Reference Chains
America The U.S. Military (The U.S. Military) I We (The U.S.
Military) We We Law enforcement agents in 38 countries We We The American Presidents We We We We Our
government All law enforcement and intelligence agencies Many
governors We (our patience) (our patience and understanding)
(our patience) Members of our Armed Forces (Members of our
Armed Forces) A commander-in-chief We We (I) I An
entire generation of young Americans We We We We I
Taliban (Taliban leader) (Taliban leader) (Taliban leader) (Taliban
leader) (The Taliban) The Taliban The terrorists (The terrorists)
Repetition
Military, military, military, military, military, military, military, military, military,
military (10 times)
79
America, America, America, America, America, America, America, America (8 times)
American, American, Americans, Americans (4 times)
Patient, patience, patience, patience, patience (5 times)
Freedom, freedoms, freedom, freedom, freedom (5 times)
Terrorist, terrorist, terrorist, terrorists, terrorists, terrorists (6 times)
Taliban, Taliban, Taliban, Taliban (4 times)
Sacrifices, sacrifices, sacrifice, sacrifice (4 times)
Synonymy
Citizen = people
Strike = attack
Friends = allies
Nation = country
Win = prevail
Reinforce = strengthen
Battle = conflict
Terror = fear
Best = greatest
Waver = falter
Antonymy
Enemy >< friend
Attack >< defend
Collocation
80 Meronymy
All the men and women in our military sailor, soldier, airman, coastguardsman, Marine
Hyponymy
81 Table 1. Table of Processes
Material doing bodily, physically, materially
Mental sensing emotionally, intellectually, sensorily
Verbal saying linguary, signaling
Existential existing there exists
Relational being equal to, or some attribute of
Behavioral behaving physiologically and psychologically
82 Table 2. Cohesive Device: Conjunction
NO. CLAUSE ADD COMP TEMP CONS
2 On my orders, the United States military
has begun strikes against al Qaeda
terrorist training camps and military
installations of the Taliban regime in
capability of the Taliban regime.
√
have granted air transit or landing rights. √
83 Taliban leaders a series of clear and
specific demands:
13 and return all foreign nationals, √ 16 And now the Taliban will pay a price. √
comprehensive and relentless operations
to drive them out and bring them to
justice.
√
20 At the same time, the oppressed people
of Afghanistan will know the generosity
of America and our allies.
√ √
84
been joined through diplomacy,
intelligence, the freezing of financial
assets and the arrests of known terrorists
by law enforcement agents in 38
countries.
√
31 Given the nature and reach of our
enemies, we will win this conflict by the
patient accumulation of successes, by
meeting a series of challenges with
determination and will and purpose.
√
33 but the battle is broader. √
85 and killers of innocents,
37 they have become outlaws and
people everywhere to live and raise their
children free from fear.
√ √
51 And our government is taking strong
precautions.
√
52 All law enforcement and intelligence
agencies are working aggressively
around America, around the world and
around the clock.
√
54 We have called up Reserves to reinforce
our military capability and strengthen
the protection of our homeland.
86 57 patience and understanding that it will
take time to achieve our goals,
√
60 who now defend us so far from home,
and by their proud and worried families
√
61 A Commander-in-Chief sends America's
sons and daughters into a battle in a
every airman, every coastguardsman,
every Marine -- I say this:
√
74 and you will have every tool you need to
carry out your duty
87
89 and we will not fail √
90 Peace and freedom will prevail √
ADD = Additive
COMP = Comparative
TEMP = Temporal
CONS = Consequential
88
Table 3. The Use of Additive Conjunctions in Clauses about the Self (+)
NO.
installations of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.
√
2 3 These carefully targeted actions are designed to disrupt the
use of Afghanistan as a terrorist base of operations, and to
attack the military capability of the Taliban regime.
√
3 17 By destroying camps and disrupting communications, we
will make it more difficult for the terror network to train new
recruits and coordinate their evil plans.
√
4 20 At the same time, the oppressed people of Afghanistan will
know the generosity of America and our allies.
√
5 23,24
,25
The United States of America is a friend to the Afghan
people, and we are the friends of almost a billion worldwide
who practice the Islamic faith.
√
6 26,27
,28
The United States of America is an enemy of those who aid
terrorists and of the barbaric criminals who profane a great
religion by committing murder in its name.
89
Table 4. The Use of Additive Conjunctions in Clauses about the Other (-)
NO. CL
NO.
CLAUSE
OTHER
(-)
1 15,16 None of these demands were met, and now the Taliban
will pay a price.
√
2 36,37
,38
If any government sponsors the outlaws and killers of
innocents, they have become outlaws and murderers,
themselves. And they will take that lonely path at their
own peril.
90 Table 5. Repetition of the Word “military”
NO
begun strikes against al Qaeda terrorist training
camps and military installations of the Taliban
regime in Afghanistan.
√
2 19 Our military action is also designed to clear the
way for sustained, comprehensive and relentless
operations to drive them out and bring them to
already been joined through diplomacy,
intelligence, the freezing of financial assets and
the arrests of known terrorists by law enforcement
agents in 38 countries.
√
4 48 The name of today's military operation is
Enduring Freedom.
91 Table 6. Repetition of the Word “America”
NO
Afghanistan will know the generosity of America
and our allies.
Afghan people, and we are the friends of almost a
billion worldwide who practice the Islamic faith.
√
committing murder in its name.
92 Table 7. Repetition of the Word “terrorist”
NO CL
NO.
CLAUSE
SELF
(+)
OTHER
(-)
1 2 On my orders, the United States military has
begun strikes against al Qaeda terrorist training
camps and military installations of the Taliban
regime in Afghanistan.
√
2 3 These carefully targeted actions are designed to
disrupt the use of Afghanistan as a terrorist base
of operations, and to attack the military capability
of the Taliban regime.
√
93 Table 8. The Use of Synonymy
NO. CLAUSE
win this conflict by the patient accumulation of successes,
by meeting a series of challenges with determination and
will and purpose.
(90) Peace and freedom will prevail.
√
2
Best = greatest
(67) They represent the best of our country,
(81) The greatest she could give.
94 Afghanistan.
(3) These carefully targeted actions are designed to
disrupt the use of Afghanistan as a terrorist base of
operations, and to attack the military capability of the
95 Table 9. The use of Antonymy
NO. CLAUSE
Afghan people, and we are the friends of almost a billion
worldwide who practice the Islamic faith.
(26) The United States of America is an enemy of those
(49) We defend not only our precious freedoms, but also
the freedom of people everywhere to live and raise their
children free from fear.
96 Table 10. The Use of Meronymy
NO. MERONYM CO-MERONYMS
1.
All the men and women in our
military
Every sailor
Every soldier
Every airman
Every coastguardsman
Every Marine
Table 11. Identification of Hyponymy
NO. HYPONYM CO-HYPONYMS
1.
Strike/attack
Destroy
97 Table 12. The Use of Hyponymy
NO. CLAUSE
SELF
(+)
OTHER
(-)
1.
Strike, Attack – Destroy, Disrupt
(2) On my orders, the United States military has begun
strikes against al Qaeda terrorist training camps and
military installations of the Taliban regime in
Afghanistan.
(3) These carefully targeted actions are designed to
disrupt the use of Afghanistan as a terrorist base of
operations, and to attack the military capability of the
Taliban regime.
(17) By destroying camps and disrupting
communications, we will make it more difficult for the
terror network to train new recruits and coordinate their
evil plans.
98 Table 13. The Use of Collocations
NO. CLAUSE
SELF
(+)
OTHER
(-)
1.
Military – Operation
(48) The name of today's military operation is Enduring
Freedom.
(48) The name of today's military operation is Enduring
Freedom.
Table 14. Identification of Theme and Rheme
NO. CL NO. TEXTUAL IDEATIONAL RHEME
1 2 On my orders, the United States military has begun strikes against al
Qaeda terrorist training camps and military installations
of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.
2 3 These carefully
targeted actions
are designed to disrupt the use of Afghanistan as a
terrorist base of operations, and to attack the military
capability of the Taliban regime.
3 4 We are joined in this operation by our staunch friend, Great
Britain.
4 5 Other close friends,
including Canada,
Australia, Germany
and France,
5 6 As the operation unfolds.
6 7 More than 40
countries in the
Middle East, Africa,
Europe and across
Asia
have granted air transit or landing rights.
7 8 Many more have shared intelligence.
8 9 We are supported by the collective will of the world.
9 10 More than two weeks
ago,
I gave Taliban leaders a series of clear and specific
demands:
10 13 and return all foreign nationals
11 14 including American
citizen
unjustly detained in our country.
demands
13 16 And now the Taliban will pay a price.
14 17 By destroying camps
and disrupting
communications,
we will make it more difficult for the terror network to
train new recruits and coordinate their evil plans.
15 18 Initially, the terrorists may burrow deeper into caves and other entrenched
hiding places.
16 19 Our military action is also designed to clear the way for sustained,
comprehensive and relentless operations to drive them
out and bring them to justice.
17 20 At the same time, the oppressed people
of Afghanistan
will know the generosity of America and our allies.
18 21 As we strike military targets,
starving and suffering men and women and children of
Afghanistan.
20 23 The United States of
America
is a friend to the Afghan people,
21 24 and we are the friends of almost a billion worldwide
22 25 who practice the Islamic faith.
23 26 The United States of
America
is an enemy of those
24 27 who aid terrorists and of the barbaric criminals
25 28 who profane a great religion by committing murder in its
name.
26 29 This military action is a part of our campaign against terrorism,
27 30 another front in a war
that
has already been joined through diplomacy,
arrests of known terrorists by law enforcement agents
in 38 countries.
28 31 Given the nature and
reach of our enemies,
we will win this conflict by the patient accumulation of
successes, by meeting a series of challenges with
determination and will and purpose.
29 32 Today we focus on Afghanistan,
30 33 but the battle is broader.
31 34 Every nation has a choice to make.
32 35 In this conflict, there is no neutral ground.
33 36 If any government sponsors the outlaws and killers of innocents,
34 37 they have become outlaws and murderers, themselves.
35 38 And they will take that lonely path at their own peril.
36 39 I am speaking to you today from the Treaty Room of the
37 40 where American
Presidents
have worked for peace
38 41 We are a peaceful nation.
39 42 yet As we have learned, so suddenly and so tragically,
40 44 In the face of today's
new threat,
the only way to pursue peace is to pursue those
41 45 who threaten it.
42 46 We did not ask for this mission,
43 47 but we will fulfil it.
44 48 The name of today's
military operation
is Enduring Freedom.
45 49 We defend not only our precious freedoms, but also the
freedom of people everywhere to live and raise their
46 50 I know many Americans feel fear today.
47 51 And our government is taking strong precautions.
48 52 All law enforcement
and intelligence
agencies
are working aggressively around America, around the
world and around the clock.
49 53 At my request, many governors have activated the National Guard to
strengthen airport security.
50 54 We have called up Reserves to reinforce our military
capability and strengthen the protection of our
homeland.
51 55 In the months ahead, our patience will be one of our strengths
52 56 patience with the long
waits that
will result from tighter security,
understanding that it
54 58 patience in all the
sacrifices that
may come.
55 59 Today, those sacrifices are being made by members of our Armed Forces
56 60 who now defend us so far from home, and by their proud and
worried families.
57 61 A
Commander-in-Chief
sends America's sons and daughters into a battle in a
foreign land only after the greatest care and a lot of
prayer.
58 62 We ask a lot of those
59 63 who wear our uniform.
60 64 we ask them to leave their loved ones, to travel great
distances, to risk injury, even to be prepared to make
61 65 They are dedicated
62 66 They are honorable
63 67 They represent the best of our country,
64 68 and we are grateful.
65 69 To all the men and
women in our military
-- every sailor, every
soldier, every airman,
every coastguardsman,
every Marine --
I say this:
66 70 Your mission is defined
67 71 Your objectives are clear
68 72 Your goal is just
70 74 and you will have every tool you need to carry out your duty.
71 75 I recently received a touching letter, a letter from a
fourth grade girl, with a father in the military.
72 76 that says a lot about the state of America in these difficult
times
73 77 “As much as I don't want my Dad to fight,”
74 78 she wrote
75 79 “I am willing to give him to you.”
76 80 This is a precious gift.
77 82 This young girl knows
78 83 what America is all about
79 84 Since September 11 an entire generation of
young Americans
has gained new understanding of the value of freedom,
and its cost in duty and in sacrifice.
81 86 We will not waver,
82 87 we will not tire,
83 88 we will not falter,
84 89 and we will not fail
85 90 Peace and freedom will prevail.
86 92 May God continue to bless America.
Total of clauses: 92 clauses
Total of clauses with themes: 86 clauses
110 Table 15. Clauses that Have no Theme
NO. CL NO. CLAUSE
1 1 Good afternoon.
2 11 Close terrorist training camps.
3 12 Hand over leaders of the al-Qaeda network,
4 43 there can be no peace in a world of sudden terror.
5 81 The greatest she could give.
111 Table 16. Transitivity Processes
NO. CLAUSE PROCESS
1 Good afternoon. -
2 On my orders, the United States military has begun strikes
against al Qaeda terrorist training camps and military
installations of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.
Material
3 These carefully targeted actions are designed to disrupt the
use of Afghanistan as a terrorist base of operations, and to
attack the military capability of the Taliban regime.
Material
4 We are joined in this operation by our staunch friend, Great
Britain.
Material
5 Other close friends, including Canada, Australia, Germany
and France, have pledged forces
Material
6 as the operation unfolds. Material
7 More than 40 countries in the Middle East, Africa, Europe
and across Asia have granted air transit or landing rights.
Material
112
9 We are supported by the collective will of the world. Material
10 More than two weeks ago, I gave Taliban leaders a series of
clear and specific demands:
Material
11 Close terrorist training camps. Material
12 Hand over leaders of the al-Qaeda network, Material
13 and return all foreign nationals, Material
14 including American citizen unjustly detained in our country. Material
15 None of these demands were met. Material
16 And now the Taliban will pay a price. Material
17 By destroying camps and disrupting communications, we
will make it more difficult for the terror network to train new
recruits and coordinate their evil plans.
Material
18 Initially, the terrorists may burrow deeper into caves and
other entrenched hiding places.
Material
19 Our military action is also designed to clear the way for
sustained, comprehensive and relentless operations to drive
them out and bring them to justice.
Material
20 At the same time, the oppressed people of Afghanistan will
know the generosity of America and our allies.
Mental
113
22 we will also drop food, medicine and supplies to the starving
and suffering men and women and children of Afghanistan.
Material
23 The United States of America is a friend to the Afghan
people,
Relational
24 and we are the friends of almost a billion worldwide << >> Relational
25 <<who practice the Islamic faith.>> Material
26 The United States of America is an enemy of those << >> <<
>>
Relational
27 <<who aid terrorists and of the barbaric criminals>> Material
28 <<who profane a great religion by committing murder in its
name.>>
Material
29 This military action is a part of our campaign against
terrorism,
Relational
30 another front in a war that has already been joined through
diplomacy, intelligence, the freezing of financial assets and
the arrests of known terrorists by law enforcement agents in
38 countries.
Material
31 Given the nature and reach of our enemies, we will win this
conflict by the patient accumulation of successes, by meeting
a series of challenges with determination and will and
purpose.
114
32 Today we focus on Afghanistan, Material
33 but the battle is broader. Relational
34 Every nation has a choice to make. Relational
35 In this conflict, there is no neutral ground. Existential
36 If any government sponsors the outlaws and killers of
innocents,
Material
37 they have become outlaws and murderers, themselves. Relational
38 And they will take that lonely path at their own peril. Material
39 I am speaking to you today from the Treaty Room of the
White House, a place << >>
Verbal
40 <<where American Presidents have worked for peace.>> Material
41 We are a peaceful nation. Relational
42 Yet, as we have learned, so suddenly and so tragically, Material
43 there can be no peace in a world of sudden terror. Existential
44 In the face of today's new threat, the only way to pursue
peace is to pursue those << >>
Relational
45 <<who threaten it.>> Material
46 We did not ask for this mission, Material
47 but we will fulfil it. Material
48 The name of today's military operation is Enduring Freedom. Relational
115
freedom of people everywhere to live and raise their children
free from fear.
50 I know many Americans feel fear today. Mental
51 And our government is taking strong precautions. Material
52 All law enforcement and intelligence agencies are working
aggressively around America, around the world and around
the clock.
Material
53 At my request, many governors have activated the National
Guard to strengthen airport security.
Material
54 We have called up Reserves to reinforce our military
capability and strengthen the protection of our homeland.
Material
55 In the months ahead, our patience will be one of our
strengths
Relational
56 patience with the long waits that will result from tighter
security,
Material
57 patience and understanding that it will take time to achieve
our goals,
Material
58 patience in all the sacrifices that may come. Material
59 Today, those sacrifices are being made by members of our
Armed Forces << >>
116
60 <<who now defend us so far from home, and by their proud
and worried families.>>
Material
61 A Commander-in-Chief sends America's sons and daughters
into a battle in a foreign land only after the greatest care and
a lot of prayer.
Material
62 We ask a lot of those << >> Material
63 <<who wear our uniform.>> Material
64 We ask them to leave their loved ones, to travel great
distances, to risk injury, even to be prepared to make the
ultimate sacrifice of their lives.
Material
65 They are dedicated. Relational
66 They are honorable. Relational
67 They represent the best of our country, Relational
68 and we are grateful. Relational
69 To all the men and women in our military -- every sailor,
every soldier, every airman, every coastguardsman, every
Marine -- I say this:
Verbal
70 Your mission is defined. Material
71 Your objectives are clear. Relational
72 Your goal is just. Relational
117
74 and you will have every tool you need to carry out your duty. Relational
75 I recently received a touching letter << >>, a letter from a
fourth grade girl, with a father in the military.
Material
76 <<that says a lot about the state of America in these difficult
times>>
Verbal
77 “As much as I don't want my Dad to fight,” Mental
78 she wrote, Material
79 “I am willing to give him to you.” Relational
80 This is a precious gift. Relational
81 The greatest she could give. Material
82 This young girl knows << >>. Mental
83 <<what America is all about>> Relational
84 Since September 11, an entire generation of young
Americans has gained new understanding of the value of
freedom, and its cost in duty and in sacrifice.
Material
85 The battle is now joined in many fronts. Material
86 We will not waver, Material
87 we will not tire, Material
88 we will not falter, Material
89 and we will not fail. Material
118
91 Thank you. Material
92 May God continue to bless America. Material
91 clauses 60 Material processes
22 Relational processes
3 Verbal processes
4 Mental processes
119
Table 17. Clauses of Material Processes, with America and Taliban as the Actors
NO. ACTOR
30 Law enforcement agents in 38
countries
have already
joined
120
31 We will win √
32 We focus √
40 American Presidents have worked √
42 We have learned √
46 We did not ask for √
47 We will fulfill √
49 We defend √
51 Our government is taking √
52 All law enforcement and
intelligence agencies
are working √
53 Many governors have activated √
54 We have called up √
56 (our patience) that will result √
57 (our patience and understanding) will take time √
58 (our patience) that may come √
59 Members of our Armed Forces are making √
60 (Member of our Armed Forces) who now defend √
61 A Commander-in-Chief sends √
62 We ask √
64 We ask √
121
75 I received √
84 An entire generation of young
Americans
has gained √
86 We will not waver √
87 We will not tire √
88 We will not falter √
89 We will not tire √
91 (I) thank you √
SELF (America): Total 35 clauses with America as the actor.
- The U.S. Military 6
processes
- I 5 processes
- We 16 processes
- Law enforcement agents in 38
countries 2 processes
- Our 4 processes
- Many governors
- An entire generation of young
122
OTHER (Taliban): Total 8 clauses with Taliban as the actor.
- Taliban leaders 4 processes
- The Taliban 2 processes
- The terrorists 2 processes
Table 18. Clauses of Material Processes with the Self (+) as the Actor
No.
begun strikes against al Qaeda terrorist training
camps and military installations of the Taliban
regime in Afghanistan.
+
2 3 These carefully targeted actions are designed to
disrupt the use of Afghanistan as a terrorist base
of operations, and to attack the military
capability of the Taliban regime.
+
3 10 More than two weeks ago, I gave Taliban
leaders a series of clear and specific demands:
+
4 17 By destroying camps and disrupting
communications, we will make it more difficult
for the terror network to train new recruits and
123 coordinate their evil plans.
5 19 Our military action is also designed to clear the
way for sustained, comprehensive and relentless
operations to drive them out and bring them to
and children of Afghanistan.
+
8 30 another front in a war that has already been
joined through diplomacy, intelligence, the
124
15 49 We defend not only our precious freedoms, but
also the freedom of people everywhere to live
and raise their children free from fear.
+
16 51 And our government is taking strong
precautions.
+
17 52 All law enforcement and intelligence agencies
are working aggressively around America,
around the world and around the clock.
+
21 57 patience and understanding that it will take time
to achieve our goals,
+
125
23 59 Today, those sacrifices are being made by
members of our Armed Forces
+
24 60 who now defend us so far from home, and by
their proud and worried families.
+
25 61 A Commander-in-Chief sends America's sons
and daughters into a battle in a foreign land
only after the greatest care and a lot of prayer.
+
26 62 We ask a lot of those +
27 64 We ask them to leave their loved ones, to travel
great distances, to risk injury, even to be
prepared to make the ultimate sacrifice of their
lives.
cost in duty and in sacrifice.
+
31 86 We will not waver, +
126
33 88 we will not falter, +
34 89 and we will not fail. +
35 91 Thank you. +
Table 19. Clauses of Material Processes with the Other (-) as the Actor
No.
4 14 including American citizen unjustly detained in
our country.
-
5 15 None of these demands were met. -
6 16 And now the Taliban will pay a price. -
7 18 Initially, the terrorists may burrow deeper into
caves and other entrenched hiding places.
-
8 28 who profane a great religion by committing
murder in its name.
127 Table 20. Clauses of Relational Processes
NO. TOKEN / CARRIER
RELATIONAL SELF OTHER
PROCESS (+) (-)
23 The United States of America is a friend to Afghan
people.
48 The name of today's military
operation
is Enduring Freedom. √
55 our patience will be one of our
strengths
√
128
66 They are honorable. √
67 They represent the best of
our country,
√
68 we are grateful. √
71 Your objectives are clear. √
72 Your goal is just. √
73 You have my full
confidence,
√
74 you will have every tool
you need to carry out
your duty.
√
83 America is all about √
SELF (America), total 16 clauses with America as the actor :
- The United States of America
- We
- This military action
- The name of today’s military operation
- Our patience
129
- Your objectives
- Your goal
- You (all the men and women in our military)
- America
OTHER (Taliban) :
130
Table 21. Clauses of Relational Processes with the Self (+) as the Actor
No.
worldwide who practice the Islamic faith.
+
3 26 The United States of America is an enemy of
those who aid terrorists and of the barbaric
criminals who profane a great religion by
committing murder in its name.
131
12 71 Your objectives are clear. +
13 72 Your goal is just. +
14 73 You have my full confidence, +
15 74 and you will have every tool you need to carry
out your duty.
+
132 Table 22. Clauses of Mood and Modality
NO. CLAUSE MOOD MODALITY
1 Good afternoon. Declarative -
2 On my orders, the United States military has
begun strikes against al Qaeda terrorist training
camps and military installations of the Taliban
regime in Afghanistan.
Declarative -
3 These carefully targeted actions are designed to
disrupt the use of Afghanistan as a terrorist base
of operations, and to attack the military
capability of the Taliban regime.
Declarative -
4 We are joined in this operation by our staunch
friend, Great Britain.
Declarative -
5 Other close friends, including Canada,
Australia, Germany and France, have pledged
forces
Declarative -
6 as the operation unfolds. Declarative -
7 More than 40 countries in the Middle East,
Africa, Europe and across Asia have granted air
transit or landing rights.
Declarative -
8 Many more have shared intelligence. Declarative -
133 world.
10 More than two weeks ago, I gave Taliban
leaders a series of clear and specific demands:
Declarative -
11 Close terrorist training camps. Imperative -
12 Hand over leaders of the al-Qaeda network, Imperative -
13 and return all foreign nationals, Imperative -
14 including American citizen unjustly detained in
our country.
Declarative -
15 None of these demands were met. Declarative -
16 And now the Taliban will pay a price. Declarative Probability
(Median)
17 By destroying camps and disrupting
communications, we will make it more difficult
for the terror network to train new recruits and
coordinate their evil plans.
Declarative Probability
(Median)
18 Initially, the terrorists may burrow deeper into
caves and other entrenched hiding places.
Declarative Probability
(Low)
19 Our military action is also designed to clear the
way for sustained, comprehensive and relentless
operations to drive them out and bring them to
justice.
134
20 At the same time, the oppressed people of
Afghanistan will know the generosity of
America and our allies.
Declarative Probability
(Median)
21 As we strike military targets, Declarative -
22 we will also drop food, medicine and supplies
to the starving and suffering men and women
and children of Afghanistan.
Declarative Probability
(Median)
23 The United States of America is a friend to the
Afghan people,
Declarative -
24 and we are the friends of almost a billion
worldwide << >>
Declarative -
25 <<who practice the Islamic faith.>> Declarative -
26 The United States of America is an enemy of
those << >> << >>
Declarative -
27 <<who aid terrorists and of the barbaric
criminals>>
Declarative -
28 <<who profane a great religion by committing
murder in its name.>>
Declarative -
29 This military action is a part of our campaign
against terrorism,
Declarative -
30 another front in a war that has already been
joined through diplomacy, intelligence, the
135 freezing of financial assets and the arrests of
known terrorists by law enforcement agents in
38 countries.
31 Given the nature and reach of our enemies, we
will win this conflict by the patient
accumulation of successes, by meeting a series
of challenges with determination and will and
purpose.
Declarative Probability
(Median)
32 Today we focus on Afghanistan, Declarative -
33 but the battle is broader. Declarative -
34 Every nation has a choice to make. Declarative -
35 In this conflict, there is no neutral ground. Declarative -
36 If any government sponsors the outlaws and
killers of innocents,
Declarative -
37 they have become outlaws and murderers,
themselves.
Declarative -
38 And they will take that lonely path at their own
peril.
Declarative Probability
(Median)
39 I am speaking to you today from the Treaty
Room of the White House, a place << >>
Declarative -
40 <<where American Presidents have worked for
peace.>>
136
41 We are a peaceful nation. Declarative -
42 Yet, as we have learned, so suddenly and so
to pursue peace is to pursue those << >>
Declarative -
45 <<who threaten it.>> Declarative -
46 We did not ask for this mission, Declarative -
47 but we will fulfill it. Declarative Probability
(Median)
48 The name of today's military operation is
Enduring Freedom.
Declarative -
49 We defend not only our precious freedoms, but
also the freedom of people everywhere to live
and raise their children free from fear.
Declarative -
50 I know many Americans feel fear today. Declarative -
51 And our government is taking strong
precautions.
Declarative -
52 All law enforcement and intelligence agencies
are working aggressively around America,
around the world and around the clock.
137
53 At my request, many governors have activated
the National Guard to strengthen airport
security.
Declarative -
54 We have called up Reserves to reinforce our
military capability and strengthen the protection
of our homeland.
Declarative -
55 In the months ahead, our patience will be one of
our strengths
Declarative Probability
(Median)
56 patience with the long waits that will result
from tighter security,
Declarative Probability
(Median)
57 patience and understanding that it will take time
to achieve our goals,
Declarative Probability
(Median)
58 patience in all the sacrifices that may come. Declarative Probability
(Low)
59 Today, those sacrifices are being made by
members of our Armed Forces << >>
Declarative -
60 <<who now defend us so far from home, and by
their proud and worried families.>>
Declarative -
61 A Commander-in-Chief sends America's sons
and daughters into a battle in a foreign land
only after the greatest care and a lot of prayer.
138
62 We ask a lot of those << >> Declarative -
63 <<who wear our uniform.>> Declarative -
64 We ask them to leave their loved ones, to travel
great distances, to risk injury, even to be
prepared to make the ultimate sacrifice of their
lives.
Declarative -
65 They are dedicated. Declarative -
66 They are honorable. Declarative -
67 They represent the best of our country, Declarative -
68 and we are grateful. Declarative -
69 To all the men and women in our military --
every sailor, every soldier, every airman, every
coastguardsman, every Marine -- I say this:
Declarative -
70 Your mission is defined. Declarative -
71 Your objectives are clear. Declarative -
72 Your goal is just. Declarative -
73 You have my full confidence, Declarative -
74 and you will have every tool you need to carry
out your duty.
Declarative Probability
(Median)
75 I recently received a touching letter << >>, a
letter from a fourth grade girl, with a father in
the military.
139
76 <<that says a lot about the state of America in
these difficult times>>
81 The greatest she could give. Declarative Probability
(Low)
82 This young girl knows << >>. Declarative -
83 <<what America is all about>> Declarative -
84 Since September 11, an entire generation of
young Americans has gained new
understanding of the value of freedom, and its
cost in duty and in sacrifice.
Declarative -
85 The battle is now joined in many fronts. Declarative -
86 We will not waver, Declarative Probability
(Median)
87 we will not tire, Declarative Probability
(Median)
88 we will not falter, Declarative Probability
(Median)
140
(Median)
90 Peace and freedom will prevail. Declarative Probability
(Median)
91 Thank you. Declarative -
92 May God continue to bless America. Declarative -
Out of 92 clauses in the speech:
1. Mood: - 89 clauses Declaratives
- 3 clauses Imperatives
2. Modality: - 16 Median Probabilities
141 Table 23. Clauses in Imperative Mood
No. Clause No. Clause Mood
1 11 Close terrorist training camps. Imperative
2 12 Hand over leaders of the al-Qaeda network, Imperative
3 13 and return all foreign nationals, Imperative
Table 24. Modality: Clauses of Probability
No. Clause No. Clause Probability
1 16 And now the Taliban will pay a price. Median
2 17 By destroying camps and disrupting
communications, we will make it more
difficult for the terror network to train new
recruits and coordinate their evil plans.
Median
3 18 Initially, the terrorists may burrow deeper
into caves and other entrenched hiding
places.
Low
4 20 At the same time, the oppressed people of
Afghanistan will know the generosity of
America and our allies.
Median
5 22 we will also drop food, medicine and
supplies to the starving and suffering men
142
and women and children of Afghanistan.
6 31 Given the nature and reach of our enemies,
we will win this conflict by the patient
accumulation of successes, by meeting a
series of challenges with determination and
will and purpose.
one of our strengths
Median
11 56 patience with the long waits that will result
from tighter security,
Median
12 57 patience and understanding that it will take
time to achieve our goals,
Median
13 58 patience in all the sacrifices that may come. Low
14 74 and you will have every tool you need to
carry out your duty.
Median
15 81 The greatest she could give. Low
143
17 87 we will not tire, Median
18 88 we will not falter, Median
19 89 and we will not fail. Median
20 90 Peace and freedom will prevail. Median
20 clauses of probability: - 16 Median probabilities
- 4 Low probabilities
Table 25. Clauses of Median Probabilities with America as the Actor
No. Clause No. Clause Probability
1 17 By destroying camps and disrupting
communications, we will make it more
difficult for the terror network to train new
recruits and coordinate their evil plans.
Median
2 22 we will also drop food, medicine and
supplies to the starving and suffering men
and women and children of Afghanistan.
Median
3 31 Given the nature and reach of our enemies,
we will win this conflict by the patient
accumulation of successes, by meeting a
series of challenges with determination and
will and purpose.
144
4 47 but we will fulfill it. Median
5 55 In the months ahead, our patience will be
one of our strengths
Median
6 56 patience with the long waits that will result
from tighter security,
Median
7 57 patience and understanding that it will take
time to achieve our goals,
Median
8 74 and you will have every tool you need to
carry out your duty.
Median
9 86 We will not waver, Median
10 87 we will not tire, Median
11 88 we will not falter, Median
12 89 and we will not fail. Median
145 Table 26. Clauses of Low Probabilities
No. Clause No. Clause Probability
1 18 Initially, the terrorists may burrow deeper
into caves and other entrenched hiding
places.
Low
2 43 there can be no peace in a world of sudden
terror.
Low
3 58 patience in all the sacrifices that may come. Low
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Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
When someone delivers an opinion, a speech, commentary, or any kind of
communication, he or she is trying to put forward a message. In a communication, the
speaker and the hearer should understand each other, so the message of the speaker’s
speech can be delivered to the hearer. However, the real meaning of what the speaker
wants to convey is not always uttered explicitly; sometimes the intention of his or her
speech is instead, implicit, especially when it contains a rather controversial issue.
Although a speech may be controversial – whether it is because of the topic
that is rather discriminative or anything else that can fuel anger to a lot of people –
one can make one’s speech more acceptable in a certain way so that the hearer will
agree to what he says. Moreover, a speaker can make the hearer support him in what
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Maranatha Christian University of the United States of America, to express his thoughts and expressions towards the
Al-Qaeda terrorists and the Taliban regime in Afghanistan through his speech on
Sunday, 7th October 2001 to make several countries agree and support him to do
military strikes on targets in Afghanistan. The countries that support America are
namely Great Britain, Canada, Australia, Germany, and France. More than 40
countries in the Middle East, Europe, and across Asia are also known as America’s
allies.
I believe it is clear that Bush has a special message in delivering his speech, as
the main focuses in the speech are all about America and the actions that will be
taken to the Taliban regime. He has a negative perspective towards the terrorists, by
judging that some of the people in Afghanistan are connected to the Taliban regime,
which also makes Afghanistan be the military installations of the Al-Qaeda terrorists.
He tries to position himself as the hero, the positive side that is battling against the
negative side, which is the Al-Qaeda terrorists, by giving some negative judgments to
others, saying that Al-Qaeda is a threat to the world if he and his allies do not do
military actions as soon as possible. In his speech, Bush deliberately uses some
negative terms which give a negative representation about the terrorists to make his
allies believe him, and also have a bad perspective and grow hatred toward the
Al-Qaeda terrorists or the Taliban regime.
Believing that Bush’s speech has a special message that is implicitly exposed
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Maranatha Christian University Bush uses in his speech to create meanings which are not explicitly said in his speech.
This study is conducted by using an approach called textual analysis.
Textual analysis is an analysis to create meaning within a text (Gerot and
Wignell 14). I will apply Systemic Functional Grammar as the basic theory in
conducting the textual analysis. This is because Systemic Functional Grammar
focuses on the purposes and plays an essential role in the study of language in use and
its effect, which involves text and context. Furthermore, it is very useful to examine
how people choose some particular linguistic features in constructing a text to create
meanings, which are divided into three kinds: textual, ideational, and interpersonal
meanings. More specifically, from the three kinds of meanings previously mentioned,
I will apply the theory of Cohesion and Theme and Rheme, Transitivity, and Mood to
analyze a discourse. The analysis is about what is and is not in the speech, which is in
the written form, so that it becomes a textual analysis. All those theories will be
explained further in the next chapter.
I believe the text reconstruction of the Systemic Functional Grammar will be
very useful to help me analyze the elements that Bush uses in his speech to become a
textual analysis. By doing this textual analysis, we can know certainly what the
speaker is trying to communicate.
The source of data that I will use is an online source entitled “President Bush
Launches Attack on Afghanistan,” presented by Pierre Tristam. The source contains a
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Maranatha Christian University Eastern Time, on Oct 7, 2001. I choose the data because it has an implicit message
that contains what Bush really thinks about, which is interesting for me to analyze.
My analysis is significant because people or readers will become more critical
in getting the underlying message in the analyzed speech or any kind of text. I also
believe that using Systemic Functional Grammar in a textual analysis will help us be
more critical in studying a discourse. In the end, I hope my analysis can give some
contribution to the application of Systemic Functional Grammar to textual analysis
(786 words)
1.2 Statement of the Problems
This study analyzes the problems in a text entitled “President Bush Launches
Attack on Afghanistan,” which contains a speech of President Bush’s. The problems I
am going to analyze in my thesis are formulated in the following questions:
1. What is the textual meaning of the speech?
2. What is the ideational meaning of the speech?
3. What is the interpersonal meaning of the speech?
4. What are the linguistic instruments used in the text to create these meanings?
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The purposes of this analysis are explained as follows:
1. To reveal the textual, ideational, and interpersonal meanings in a text entitled
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Maranatha Christian University 2. To find out the linguistic instruments used to create the meanings in the text.
1.4 Method of Research
Firstly, I browsed the Internet for some data about Bush’s speeches and chose
one that I was interested in. Then I read some sources which are related to the topic of
the speech. Next, I started doing the analysis and finally, I wrote the research report.
1.5 Organization of the Thesis
The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is the Introduction,
which consists of five parts – Background of the Study, Statement of the Problem,
Purpose of the Study, Method of Research, and Organization of the Thesis. Chapter
Two contains the theoretical framework, which are the theories and approaches used
to analyze the data. Chapter Three contains the textual analysis of the chosen speech.
Chapter Four is the conclusion of the analysis. The Bibliography and Appendices are
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Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSION
After doing a textual analysis on a speech entitled “President Bush Launches
Attack on Afghanistan,” I get three kinds of meanings analyzed: textual, ideational,
and interpersonal. Based on those three kinds of meanings, no matter what linguistic
instrument is used, the speech usually leads to Bush representing America, the
American citizens, and himself as the positive self. On the other hand, the Al-Qaeda
terrorists, which are also known as the Taliban, are represented negatively. By
presenting such a negative representation, Bush wants to urge the American people to
think about the terrorists, especially about the threat of the terrorists’ attacks so as to
make the people have the same negative perception of the terrorists as he thinks. It is
very obvious that Bush, who was the President of the United States at that time, was
trying to indoctrinate his people regarding the issue of terrorist attack.
The linguistic instruments that are used in the textual meaning are Reference,
Conjunction, Repetition, Synonymy, Antonymy, Meronymy, Hyponymy,
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Maranatha Christian University third chapter, I find that in terms of textual analysis, there are some points we can
conclude. Firstly, there are two kinds of representation: positive representation, which
is most likely attributed to the self, and negative representation which is most likely
attributed to the other. In this speech, America is the self, and the terrorist is the other.
Secondly, by the use of Theme and Rheme, we can see that Bush’s intention
throughout his speech is more to convey his flow of ideas that correlate with each
other. I believe the use of textual meaning and its instruments show the clear division
of the representations as well as Bush’s intention that is going to be conveyed in the
speech.
Ideational meaning is used to analyze the text using Transitivity. Based on
Chapter Three, the analysis of Transitivity focuses only on the representation of the
self and other seen from the processes of each clause. This speech of Bush’s is
dominated by the material processes, which cover more than half of the speech.
Material process shows an action that is done by the actor. Thus, I believe the process
shows that in Bush’s speech, he is mainly speaking about the action that will be taken
or has been taken in response to the terrorist attack issue. One of the actions is to
declare the Operation Enduring Freedom, which is to do a military strike against the
terrorists in Afghanistan. All the actions that are taken by America and its
components are considered to be positive, since Bush always represents himself and
his country as the positive self. Then again, the terrorists, which are considered in
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Maranatha Christian University In the analysis using Interpersonal meaning, I employ the linguistic
instruments such as Mood, Modality, Polarity, and Tenses. In terms of Mood, I can
conclude that in the speech, Bush provides information to the hearer (the American
citizens) and seeks agreement from them through the major use of declarative mood.
Modality is used to analyze the probability that will be used further to show Bush’s
attitude and judgment towards the terrorists. Through Polarity and Tenses, it is
showed that the speech mostly consists of positive polarity and it is in present tense.
In my opinion, at first the interpersonal meaning is used by Bush to communicate his
judgment towards the terrorists in Afghanistan who have threatened his country and
his citizens by attacking the United States of America. Next, I also think that by the
use of interpersonal meaning Bush wants to convey his attitude towards the American
citizens who have suffered from the terrorist attack. Moreover, in using interpersonal
meaning, Bush wants to show that he is considerate towards the victims, who consist
mostly of the American people.
As I have written in the first chapter, Bush delivered this speech from Treaty
Room of the White House at 01:00 p.m. Eastern Time, on October 7th, 2001. The
speech was then made in the written form by Pierre Tristam. To support the right
justification of Bush’s strike, I assert a fact that the speech is delivered in reaction to
the series of terrorist attacks done by the Taliban and Al-Qaeda to America, which is
also called the 9/11 attack. Then Bush announced the beginning of Operation
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Maranatha Christian University Afghanistan. I believe Bush delivers this speech in order to get agreement from other
countries which are America’s allies, for he will do a military aggression to another
country in the name of subjugating the terrorists, which will also result in losing
innocent people’s lives in Afghanistan. For that reason, Bush tried to convince the
other countries that he did not do something bad, because the one that he wanted to
destroy was the terrorists, not the Afghanistan or its people. It was just unfortunate
that most of the terrorists resided in Afghanistan; therefore, Afghanistan would also
suffer structural damage from the attack.
For further studies using textual analysis, I recommend analyzing other
speeches of Bush to analyze, because I know that some of Bush’s speeches are rather
controversial; either the issues delivered in his speech are controversial, or the speech
itself contains some controversial statements that bring the impressions that he
discredits some people from a certain group. Some examples are Bush’s speech on
announcing war against Iraq and his first speech delivered right after the attacks on
the two towers of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Such studies will be very
interesting as by analyzing the speech of Bush announcing war against Iraq, we can
see how Bush portrays another country such as Iraq from his point of view as the
President of the United States at that time. As for the first speech delivered by Bush
after the first attack of the terrorists, the speech conveys more or less Bush’s quick
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Maranatha Christian University By writing this thesis, I am assured that behind some speeches lay some
underlying messages. These underlying messages are purposely hidden to create
confusion or a misleading impression. However, if we analyze further, we can find
the hidden messages that are deliberately put in the speech. By using this Systemic
Functional Grammar as the instrument of the analysis, we can find the true intention
behind one’s speech and uncover the underlying messages so that they become clear.
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Maranatha Christian University
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary Text
Tristam, Pierre. President Bush’s Afghanistan Speech. A part of the New York Times
Company, 2011. Web. 31 October 2011.
References
Gerrot, Linda and Peter Wignell. Making Sense of Functional Grammar. 1994.
Australia: Antipodean Educational Enterprises (AEE), 1995. Print.
Halliday, Michael A.K. and Ruqaiya Hasan, Cohesion in English. London: Longman
Inc., 1976. Print.
Louwerse, M.M. & Graesser, A.C. Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Chicago. 2005. Print.
McCarthy, M. Discourse Analysis for Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1991. Print.
Toolan, Michael. Language in Literature: An Introduction to Stylistics. London:
