PENGANEKARAGAMAN PANGAN indonesia Konsep Realitas

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KONSEP, REALITAS DAN APLIKASI

P R O S ID IN G S E R I S E M IN A R

“P E M A N T A P A N R O A D M A P P E N G A N E K A R A G A M A N P A N G A N ”

In s titu t P e r ta n ia n B o g o r , B o g o r 2 4 A p r il 2 0 0 4

U n iv e r s ita s M u h a m m a d iy a h M a la n g , M a la n g 2 6 A p r il 2 0 0 4 U n iv e r s ita s G a ja h M a d a , Y o g y a k a r ta 1 M e i 2 0 0 4

U n iv e r s ita s A n d a la s , P a d a n g 6 M e i 2 0 0 4 U n iv e r s ita s H a s a n u d d in , M a k a s s a r 1 1 M e i 2 0 0 4 U n iv e r s ita s T a n ju n g p u r a , P o n tia n a k 1 5 M e i 2 0 0 4

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Roadmap Penganekaragaman Pangan: konsep, realitas dan aplikasi

PENGANEKARAGAMAN PANGAN

k o n s e p , r e a lita s d a n a p lik a s i

P R O S ID IN G S E R I S E M IN A R

“ P E M A N T A P A N

ROADMAP

P E N G A N E K A R A G A M A N P A N G A N ”

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P u r w iy a tn o H a r iy a d i P u s p o E d i G ir iw o n o

H a k C ip ta @ 2 0 0 4

F o r u m K e r ja P e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n P a n g a n 2 0 0 4

P e r ta m a k a li d ite r b itk a n d a la m e d is i b a h a s a In d o n e s ia o le h F o r u m K e r ja P e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n P a n g a n 2 0 0 4

B o g o r , S e p te m b e r 2 0 0 4

P e r p u s ta k a a n N a s io n a l: K a ta lo g D a la m T e r b ita n ( K D T ) IS B N 9 7 9 - 9 8 9 5 0 - 0 - 6

Hak cipta dilindungi undang-undang. Dilarang mengutip, menjiplak, memfotokopi sebagian atau seluruh isi buku ini tanpa izin tertulis dari penerbit.

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S e r i s e m in a r “ P e m a n ta p a n R o a d m a p P e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n P a n g a n " m e r u p a k a n la n g k a h a w a l d a la m p r o s e s s o s ia lis a s i y a n g k r u s ia l te r h a d a p r e v ita lis a s i P e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n P a n g a n d i In d o n e s ia . S e m in a r u n tu k m e m b e r ik a n w a w a s a n d a n k e s a d a r a n b a h w a m a m b a n g u n k e m b a li p r o g r a m P e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n P a n g a n d e n g a n s u k s e s m e m e r lu k a n p e n d e k a ta n y a n g te r a r a h , k o m p r e h e n s if, m u ltid is ip lin e r d a n m u ltis e k to r a l s e r ta m e m b u tu h k a n p e m ik ir a n d a n d a y a im a jin a s i y a n g ta ja m u n tu k m e m u n g k in k a n p e r e n c a n a a n k e b u tu h a n d a n s o lu s in y a y a n g te p a t d i m a s a m e n d a ta n g . S e m u a a s p e k in ila h y a n g d ib u tu h k a n d a la m s e b u a h R o a d m a p P e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n P a n g a n u n tu k In d o n e s ia .

P e m b a n g u n a n k e ta h a n a n p a n g a n d a n k e a n e k a r a g a m a n p a n g a n n a s io n a l s u lit d ila k s a n a k a n s e c a r a te r p u s a t, s e h in g g a p e n d e k a ta n s e c a r a s p e s ifik d a e r a h m e n ja d i k u n c i k e b e r h a s ila n n y a . S e r i s e m in a r in i d is e le n g g a r a k a n b e r s a m a p r o g r a m s o s ia lis a s i b o g a s a r i n u g r a h a d i e n a m u n iv e r s ita s d i In d o n e s ia , d a r i S u m a te r a B a r a t h in g g a S u la w e s i S e la ta n . S e r a n g k a ia n s e m in a r in i b e r h a s il d ila k s a n a k a n b e r k a t d u k u n g a n p e n u h d a r i P T . In d o fo o d S u k s e s M a k m u r B o g a s a r i F lo u r M ills d a n u n iv e r s ita s y a n g b e r s a n g k u ta n . S e m in a r y a n g m e lib a tk a n a h li- a h li d a r i b e r b a g a i d a e r a h d a n b e r b a g a i b id a n g d ila k s a n a k a n p a d a ta n g g a i 2 4 A p r il 2 0 0 4 h in g g a 1 5 M e i 2 0 0 4 .

B o g a s a r i n u g r a h a a d a la h p r o g r a m b a n tu a n d a n a p e n e litia n d a r i P T . IS M b o g a s a r i flo u r m ills k e p a d a p a r a p e n e liti y a n g m e la k u k a n r is e t d a n m e m a ju k a n b id a n g p a n g a n . B o g a s a r i n u g r a h a m e m p u n y a i p o s is i y a n g s tr a te g is d a la m p r o g r a m r e v ita lis a s i k e m b a li p r o g r a m n a s io n a l P e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n P a n g a n s e h in g g a te m a p a d a p r o g r a m B o g a s a r i N u g r a h a V II - 2 0 0 4 a d a la h P e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n P a n g a n b e r b a s is te p u n g .

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Roadmap Penganekaragaman Pangan: konsep, rea/itas dan aplikasi

R o a d m a p P e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n P a n g a n b e r is ik a n k e p e d u lia n te r s e b u t, s e r ta b e r u s a h a m e n ja w a b b a g a ia m a n a k ita d a p a t m e n g a ta s i m a s a la h y a n g a k a n tim b u l d i m a s a m e n d a ta n g . P e r a n c a n g a n , p e m b u a ta n d a n k e m u d ia n m e n s o s ia lis a s ik a n p e ta m e n u ju p e n c a p a ia n k e ta h a n a n p a n g a n d e n g a n k e a n e k a r a g a m a n p a n g a n u n tu k s e lu r u h m a s y a r a k a t In d o n e s ia m e r u p a k a n tu g a s y a n g b e s a r d a n p e n u h d e n g a n ta n g g u n g ja w a b . P e ta b e r is ik a n p e tu n ju k - p e tu n ju k ja la n s o lu s i b e s e r ta r a m b u - r a m b u u n tu k m e m u n g k in k a n p e n g g u n a m e n g e ta h u i r in ta n g a n y a n g a k a n ia h a d a p i, m e r e n c a n a k a n tin d a k a n a p a y a n g a k a n ia p ilih , s e r ta m e n g a n ta r k a n s a m p a i p a d a tu ju a n . D e n g a n s e r a n g k a ia n a c a r a s e m in a r , fo r u m d is k u s i, d a n k e r ja s a m a y a n g te r e n c a n a m a k a R o a d m a p P e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n P a n g a n d a p a t d is u s u n d e n g a n te r p e r in c i, te k n is s e r ta d a p a t d ig u n a k a n o le h b a n g s a In d o n e s ia m e n c a p a i tu ju a n k e ta h a n a n p a n g a n y a n g m a n d ir i.

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-D a la m p e n y e le n g g a r a a n s e r i s e m in a r “ P e m a n ta p a n R o a d m a p P e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n P a n g a n ” y a n g b e r la n g s u n g s e la m a k u r a n g le b ih s a tu b u la n d a r i 2 4 A p r il h in g g a 1 5 M e i 2 0 0 4 . K a m i in g in m e n g u c a p k a n b a n y a k te r im a d a n p e n g h a r g a a n b a g i p a r a a h li d a n p a k a r y a n g te la h b e r s e d ia m e lu a n g k a n w a k tu b e r h a r g a n y a u n tu k m e m a n d u d a n b e r p e r a n s e r ta a k tif s e la m a a c a r a s e m in a r b e r la n g s u n g . P a r a a h li te r s e b u t ju g a a d a la h a n g g o ta tim p e n ila i B o g a s a r i N u g r a h a , y a itu : P r o f. D r . F .G . W in a r n o , s e b a g a i k e tu a d a n P a k a r T e k n o lo g i P a n g a n ; D r . A b d u r r a c h im , p a k a r te k n ik m e s in IT B ; D r . B a y u K r is n a m u r th i, p a k a r S o s ia l E k o n o m i d a n P o litik d a r i P S P - IP B ; Ir . B u d ia n to W ija y a , M .A p p .S c , a h li d a la m A p lik a s i In d u s tr y d a n M a r k e tin g B o g a s a r i; D r . B u d i P r a s e ty o W id y o b r o to , a h li d a la m P e te r n a k a n - U G M ; D r . P u r w iy a tn o H a r iy a d i, p a k a r R e k a y a s a P r o s e s P a n g a n , IP B ; d r . W id ja ja L u k ito , P h .D , d o k te r d a n a h li d a la m G iz i d a n K e s e h a ta n , U I.

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D aftar Isi

K ata P en g an tar _________________________________________ iii

I. R o ad m ap P en g an ekarag am an P an g an

P u rw iy a tn o H a riy a d i, B a y u K ris n a m u rth i, D a h ru l S y a h ,

d a n F . G . W in a rn o_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1

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S tr a te g i P e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n P a n g a n ... 2 P e n e litia n d a n p e n g k a jia n S e b a g a i S a la h S a tu U n s u r U ta m a C IP .... 7 -B a ta s a n R o a d m a p p in g... 8

-R o a d m a p P e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n P a n g a n . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 9 R o a d m a p G e n e r ik : P e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n P a n g a n ... 1 1 D r a ft R o a d m a p p e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n b e r b a s is u b i ja la r ... 1 7 D r a ft R o a d m a p p e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n b e r b a s is p is a n g ... 1 7 -A g e n d a P e n e litia n & P e n g e m b a n g a n P e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n P a n g a n .. - 1 9 - P r a k a r s a P e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n P a n g a n L o k a l ... 2 1

-II. P en g an ekarag am an P an g an d an P o litik P an g an In d o n esia

B a y u K ris n a m u rth i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - 25

P e n g a n ta r ... 2 5 K e ta h a n a n P a n g a n ... 2 5 K e m a n d ir ia n P a n g a n ... 2 6 P e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n P a n g a n ... 2 7 M a s a la h m a s a la h B e s a r d a n K e ta h a n a n P a n g a n ... 2 8 A r ti P e n tin g ( L a in ) P e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n P a n g a n . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 3 0 E v a lu a s i H in g g a S a a t In i d a n M e lih a t k e D e p a n : A s p e k P o litik P a n g a n ... 3 1

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III. A p likasi K o n sep P en g an ekarag am an P an g an : S tu d i K asu s In d u stri T iw u l In stan

A n to n D ju w a rd i_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 9

I. L a ta r B e la k a n g ... 3 9 M a s a la h P a n g a n d a n u p a y a m e n g a ta s i... 3 9 M e n g a p a T iw u l y a n g m e n ja d i p ilih a n ... 4 0 T u ju a n P e n d ir ia n In d u s tr i T iw u l In s ta n ... 4 1 II. K o n s e p d a n M o d e l ... 4 2 M o d e l K e m itr a a n ... 4 3 P r o s e s P e m b u a ta n T iw u l In s ta n ... 4 6 III. A p lik a s i T iw u l in s ta n m e n ja w a b M e g a tr e n d p a n g a n ... 4 9 M e g a T r e n d p a n g a n ... 4 9 K a r a k te r is tik T iw u l in s ta n ... 5 0

-IV . R u s n a s S e b a g a i A k s e le r a to r P e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n P a n g a n P o k o k

S la m e t B u d ija n to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 5

L a ta r B e la k a n g ... 5 5 T u ju a n R u s n a s D iv e r s ifik a s i P a n g a n P o k o k ... 5 6 In d u s tr ia lis a s i D iv e r s ifik a s i P a n g a n ... 5 7 P r o g r a m R is e t ... 5 8 K a s u s 1 : P e n g e m b a n g a n B a s s a n g ... 5 9 K a s u s 2 : P r o d u k b e r b a s is T e p u n g U b i J a la r . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 1 A p lik a s i D iv e r s ifik a s i P a n g a n P o k o k ... 6 2 B u tir B u tir D is k u s i... 6 4

-V P e lu a n g d a n T a n ta n g a n P e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n P a n g a n B e r b a s is P o te n s i L o k a l d i S u la w e s i S e la ta n

B a d ro n Z a k a ria h d a n A b u B a k a r T a w a li _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 5

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-V I. P ro sp ek sag u (M etro xylo n sp .) d alam P en g an ekarag am an P an g an

S a e ri S a g im a n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - 75

P e n d a h u lu a n ... 7 5 K e te r g a n tu n g a n p a n g a n In d o n e s ia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 7 6 P o te n s i S a g u ... 7 7 S y a r a t T u m b u h S a g u ... 7 8 B u d id a y a S a g u ... 7 9 K o m o d ita s P r o s p e k tif R o a d m a p P e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n P a n g a n . .. .. .. .. . 8 1

-V II. P ro g ram B o g asari N u g rah a: S eb u ah M o d el P eran S erta S w asta d alam U p aya

P en g an ekarag am an P an g an In d o n esia

P u rw iy a tn o H a riy a d i & P u s p o E d i G iriw o n o_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 85

P e r ja la n a n B o g a s a r i N u g r a h a ... 8 5 K e r a g a m a n C a k u p a n P e n e litia n ... 8 8 K o m itm e n P r o g r a m B o g a s a r i N u g r a h a ... 9 2 P e r k e m b a n g a n P e s e r ta P e n e litia n ... 9 3 P e r a n S w a s ta d a n P e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n P a n g a n . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 9 4

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"The majority of men meet with failure because of their lack of persistence in creating

new plans to take the place of those which fail."

Napoleon Hill

Pengantar

T u ju a n p e m b a n g u n a n n a s io n a l d i b id a n g p a n g a n , a n ta r a la in a d a la h te r c a p a in y a s u a tu k e ta h a n a n p a n g a n n a s io n a l y a n g k o k o h . D a la m U U N o 7 te n ta n g P a n g a n ( 1 9 9 6 ) d in y a ta k a n d a la m b a b V II, p a s a l 4 5 ( a y a t 1 ) b a h w a “ P e m e r in ta h b e r s a m a m a s y a r a k a t b e r ta n g g u n g ja w a b u n tu k m e w u ju d k a n k e ta h a n a n p a n g a n ” . K e ta h a n a n p a n g a n itu s e n d ir i d in y a ta k a n d a la m B A B I ( K e te n tu a n U m u m ) P a s a l 1 , titik 1 7 , y a n g b e r b u n y i “ K e ta h a n a n p a n g a n a d a la h k o n d is i te r p e n u h in y a p a n g a n b a g i r u m a h ta n g g a y a n g te r c e r m in d a r i te r s e d ia n y a p a n g a n y a n g c u k u p , b a ik ju m la h m a u p u n m u tu n y a , a m a n , m e r a ta , d a n te r ja n g k a u ” .

S e la n ju tn y a , d a la m p a s a l- p a s a l p a d a B A B V II ( K e ta h a n a n P a n g a n ) d iu r a ik a n m e n g e n a i p e r a n a n p e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n p a n g a n s e b a g a i s a la h s a tu p ila r s tr a te g is p e n c a p a ia n k e ta h a n a n p a n g a n ; d ia n ta r a n y a a d a la h :

P asal 46, y a n g m e n y a ta k a n b a h w a d a la m r a n g k a m e n c a p a i tu ju a n te r s e b u t m a k a p e m e r in ta h m e n e ta p k a n d a n m e n y e le n g g a r a k a n k e b ija k a n m u tu p a n g a n n a s io n a l d a n p en g an ekarag am an p an g an

1_{D r. P u rw iyatn o H ariyad i ad alah K ep ala D ep artem en T ekn o lo g i P an g an d an G izi, IP B d an}

S ekretaris Jen d eral F o ru m K erja P en g an ekarag am an P an g an

D r. B ayu K risn am u rth i ad alah K ep ala P u sat S tu d i P em b an g u n an , In stitu t P ertan ian B o g o r d an an g g o ta p en g u ru s F o ru m K erja P en g an ekarag am an P an g an .

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M e n c e r m a ti p r in s ip d a s a r , s e r ta p e lu a n g d a n ta n ta n g a n d ia ta s , p e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n p a n g a n p e r lu d ik e m b a n g k a n d a la m tig a la n g k a h s tr a te g is b e r ik u t:

1. S trateg i In tern alisasi d an S o sialisasi K ean ekarag am an P an g an

S a la h s a tu fa k to r p e n tin g y a n g m e n y e b a b k a n b e lu m m a k s im a ln y a p e n c a p a ia n k e a n e k a r a g a m a n p a n g a n a d a la h m a s ih m in im n y a p r o g r a m im p le m e n ta s i y a n g b e r h u b u n g a n d e n g a n p r o s e s in te r n a lis a s i d a n s o s ia lis a s i. P a d a h a l, s a la h s a tu fa k to r y a n g m e n e n tu k a n k e m a ju a n d a r i k e b ija k a n k e a n e k a r a g a m a n p a n g a n in i s e b e n a r n y a a d a la h d u k u n g a n p r o g r a m k o m u n ik a s i te r p a d u y a itu p r o g r a m k o m u n ik a s i y a n g s is te m a tis , e fe k tif d a n te r u s m e n e r u s .

G am b ar 1. A r a h P e n g e m b a n g a n P e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n P a n g a n .

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Prosiding Seri Seminar Pemantapan Roadmap Penganekaragaman Pangan I ndonesia

tin g k a t k e s e h a ta n . K o n s u m s i y a n g b e r a n e k a r a g a m d ic a p a i m e la lu i p e lib a ta n in d u s tr i d a la m m e m p r o d u k s i a n e k a r a g a m p a n g a n . O le h k a r e n a itu u p a y a in i d ih a r a p k a n d a p a t m e n im b u lk a n ta r ik a n k e h u lu s e s u a i d e n g a n k a r a k te r b a h a n y a n g d ib u tu h k a n o le h in d u s tr i.

P e s a tn y a k e m a ju a n ilm u p e n g e ta h u a n d a n te k n o lo g i ( IP T E K ) m e m b e r ik a n p e lu a n g p e n g e m b a n g a n te k n o lo g i d a la m r a n g k a p e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n p a n g a n d e n g a n le b ih lu a s . U p a y a in i s a n g a tla h p e n tin g te r u ta m a jik a d ik a itk a n d e n g a n u p a y a m e n in g k a tk a n n ila i g u n a s e s u a i d e n g a n p e r k e m b a n g a n k e b u tu h a n d a n p e r s o a la n d a n ta n ta n g a n y a n g c e n d e r u n g m a k in k o m p le k s .

U n tu k b is a m e m u la i s u a tu k e g ia ta n r o a d m a p p in g , m a k a p e r lu d ite ta p k a n te r le b ih d u lu tu ju a n y a n g in g in d ic a p a i. T u ju a n u ta m a p e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n p a n g a n a d a la h te r ja d in y a p o la k o n s u m s i m a s y a r a k a t y a n g b e r a n e k a r a g a m , b e r k e la n ju ta n , m e r a ta , s e s u a i d e n g a n k a r a k te r is tik d a e r a h . P e n g e r tia n b e r k e la n ju ta n d is in i m e n c a k u p k e b e r la n ju ta n k e te r s e d ia a n d a n s e k a lig u s k e te r ja n g k a u a n . A d a p u n k r ite r ia u ta m a te r c a p a in y a p e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n p a n g a n in i d iu k u r d e n g a n d u a to lo k u k u r k in e r ja u ta m a ; y a itu p o la p a n g a n h a r a p a n ( P P H ) d a n a n g k a k e c u k u p a n g iz i ( A K G ) .

D e n g a n d e m ik ia n , s e c a r a ilu s tr a tif, r o a d m a p y a n g p e r lu d ik e m b a n g k a n a d a la h s e p e r ti te r lih a t p a d a G a m b a r 2 A . D a r i ilu s tr a s i te r s e b u t, d ik e ta h u i b a h w a s a a t in i ( 2 0 0 3 ) k e d u a in d ik a to r p e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n p a n g a n b a r u m e n c a p a i P P H 6 9 ,7 d a n A K G 1 9 8 7 . D e n g a n r o a d m a p y a n g b a ik , m a k a d ih a r a p k a n p a d a ta h u n s a s a r a n ( 2 0 2 0 ) n ila i P P H a k a n m e n c a p a i 1 0 0 d a n n ila i A K G a k a n m e n c a p a i 2 2 0 0.

S a la h s a tu p e r m a s a la h a n y a n g d ih a d a p i o le h p e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n p a n g a n a d a la h p e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n p a n g a n p o k o k , d im a n a d ik e ta h u i b a h w a s a m p a i s a a t in i p a n g a n p o k o k k ita d id o m in a s i o le h b e r a s ( lih a t G a m b a r 2 B ) . K e m b a li k e p a d a ilu s tr a s i d ia ta s , m a k a p e r ta n y a a n n y a a d a la h b a g a im a n a k ita b is a m e n g e m b a n g k a n p e ta ja la n s e c a r a k h u s u s , y a n g a k a n m a m p u m e m a s u k k a n b e r b a g a i s u m b e r k a r b o h id r a t la in n y a ( u b ija la r , ja g u n g , d a n la in - la in s u m b e r s e s u a i d e n g a n p o te n s i d a e r a h ) b is a m a s u k k e d a la m m a in s tr e a m p a n g a n p o k o k .

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G am b ar 2. Ilu s tr a s i p e n g e m b a n g a n r o a d m a p m e n u ju k e a n a g e r a g a m a n p a n g a n .

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b e r b a s is s u m b e r p a n g a n lo k a l ( ja g u n g , u b i k a y u d a n u b i ja la r ) y a n g n a n tin y a b is a d ik e m b a n g k a n s e s u a i d e n g a n p o te n s i d a e r a h .. P r o d u k - p r o d u k in i d ih a r a p k a n d a p a t m e m p e r lu a s p ilih a n p e m e n u h a n b a h a n p a n g a n p o k o k m a s y a r a k a t In d o n e s ia ta n p a k e h ila n g a n n ila i- n ila i y a n g d id a p a tn y a p a d a s a a t m e n g k o n s u m s i b e r a s s e b a g a i p a n g a n p o k o k .

Roadmap Generik: Penganekaragaman Pangan

S e c a r a u m u m p e n y u s u n a n te c h n o lo g y ro a d m a p te r d ir i d a r i tig a ta h a p y a itu ta h a p in is ia s i, ta h a p p e n g e m b a n g a n d a n ta h a p tin d a h la n ju t. T a h a p in is ia s i a d a la h ta h a p p e n c ip ta a n k o n d is i k o n d u s if u n tu k p e n y u s u n a n r o a d m a p . K o n d is i k o n d u s if d ita n d a i d e n g a n k e ik u ts e r ta a n s e lu r u h p ih a k y a n g b e r k e p e n tin g a n d a la m p e r e n c a n a a n p e n g e m b a n g a n r o a d m a p p e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n p a n g a n p o k o k . S e la in itu d ite ta p k a n p u la c a k u p a n /lin g k u p d a n b a ta s a n te c h n o lo g y ro a d m a p y a n g b e r k e n a a n d e n g a n p e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n p a n g a n p o k o k . T a b e l 1 b e r ik u t in i m e n je la s k a n m e n g e n a i c a k u p a n k e g ia ta n y a n g d ip e r lu k a n d a la m r a n g k a p e n g e m b a n g a n te c h n o lo g y ro a d m a p s e c a r a le b ih d e ta il.

T ab el 1. T a h a p a n p e n y u s u n a n R o a d m a p

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*

(la n ju ta n ta b e l 1 .)

D is a m p in g itu , p e r lu p u la d iid e n tifik a s i d riv in g fo rc e s y a n g d a p a t m e m p e n g a r u h i k e s u k s e s a n p r o d u k , s e r ta a lte r n a tif- a lte r n a tif y a n g a d a d e n g a n m e m p e r tim b a n g k a n k o n tr ib u s i e k o n o m i d a n k a r a k te r p r o d u k . D e n g a n d e m ik ia n , p ilih a n - p ilih a n y a n g d is a jik a n d a la m r o a d m a p in i b e tu l- b e tu l te la h m e m p e r tim b a n g k a n s e m u a fa k to r k r itis y a n g m e m p e n g a r u h in y a .

S e la n ju tn y a ta h a p tin d a k la n ju t a d a la h m e n g k r itis i d a n m e m v a lid a s i r o a d m a p y a n g d ih a s ilk a n s e k a lig u s d e n g a n r e n c a n a im p le m e n ta s i. D a la m p e r ja la n a n n y a r o a d m a p m e r u p a k a n s u a tu ro llin g p la n y a n g d im u ta k h ir k a n te r u s - m e n e r u s s e s u a i d e n g a n k o n d is i te r a k h ir .

G a m b a r 3 . m e m p e r lih a tk a n b a h w a p r o s e s p e n y u s u n a n r o a d m a p m e r u p a k a n s u a tu k e g ia ta n lin ta s b id a n g y a n g m e lib a tk a n b a n y a k p ih a k . R o a d m a p u n tu k s u a tu k o m o d iti d ik e m b a n g k a n s e s u a i d e n g a n p e n g e m b a n g a n d a e r a h . P e n g e m b a n g a n s a tu k o m o d iti d i d a e r a h y a n g b e r b e d a te n tu s a ja a k a n m e m ilik i s tr a te g i d a n v is i y a n g b e r b e d a p u la . S e b a g a i c o n to h , r o a d m a p p e n g e m b a n g a n ja g u n g d e n g a n la ta r b e la k a n g G o r o n ta lo a k a n s a n g a t b e r b e d a d e n g a n r o a d m a p ja g u n g d e n g a n la ta r b e la k a n g p r o p in s i la in .

K e r a n g k a p r o s e s te c h n o lo g y ro a d m a p p in g u n tu k p e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n p a n g a n p o k o k d is a jik a n p a d a G a m b a r 3 b e r ik u t in i.

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G am b ar 3. K e r a n g k a p r o s e s te c h n o lo g y ro a d m a p p in g u n tu k p e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n p a n g a n ( T a u fik , 2 0 0 2 d e n g a n m o d ifik a s i)

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G am b ar 4. R o a d m a p g e n e r ik p e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n p a n g a n p o k o k .

R o a d m a p d i a ta s m e m p e r lih a tk a n k e lo m p o k - k e lo m p o k k a jia n y a n g h a r u s d ite k u n i d e m i k e b e r h a s ila n p e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n p a n g a n d i In d o n e s ia . J ik a d ir in c i le b ih la n ju t m a k a k e lo m p o k k a jia n te r s e b u t d i a ta s m e n c a k u p a s p e k - a s p e k b e r ik u t in i:

1

) K e lo m p o k lin g k u n g a n m e lip u ti a s p e k p e w ila y a h a n k o m o d iti, p e le s ta r ia n s u m b e r d a y a d a n lin g k u n g a n , s e r ta p e m e ta a n lo k a s i p o te n s ia l

2

) K e lo m p o k b e n ih m e lip u ti a s p e k S e le k s i d a n P e m u lia a n b e n ih , T e k n ik P e r b a ik a n g e n e tik a , T e k n ik p e r b e n ih a n , P e r a la ta n u n tu k p e r b e n ih a n d a n S a r a n a p r o d u k s i

3) K e lo m p o k B u d id a y a m e lip u ti a s p e k P o la b u d id a y a o p tim a l, P e n c e g a h a n d a n p e n a n g a n a n p e n y a k it, T e k n ik p a n e n d a n g r a d in g , P e n a n g a n a n P a s c a p a n e n

4) K e lo m p o k in d u s tr i m e lip u ti a s p e k P e n g o la h a n m e n ja d i a n e k a p r o d u k b e r k u a lita s s e s u a i tu n tu ta n p a s a r , P e r a la ta n p e n g o la h a n , S is te m p e n ja m in a n m u tu d a n P o la d is tr ib u s i o p tim a l

5) K e lo m p o k p e r d a g a n g a n m e lip u ti a s p e k P r o y e k s i d e m a n d /s u p p ly , A lu r ta ta n ia g a , s e r ta K e te r k a ita n k o m o d iti d e n g a n s e k to r e k o n o m i r il

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■

Draft Roadmap penganekaragaman berbasis ubi jalar

J ik a d ite la a h d e n g a n p a r a d ig m a in d u s tr i, p r o d u k p e r ta n ia n a k a n m e m ilik i p o s is i ta w a r y a n g le b ih k u a t jik a d a p a t d io la h te r le b ih d a h u lu m e n ja d i te p u n g . O le h k a r e n a itu p e n d e k a ta n in i d ia m b il d a la m r a n g k a p e n g e m b a n g a n r o a d m a p p e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n p a n g a n b e r b a s is u b i ja la r . K e r a n g k a a w a i r o a d m a p d is a jik a n p a d a g a m b a r 5 . b e r ik u t.

G am b ar 5. R o a d m a p p e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n b a h a n p a n g a n p o k o k

b e r b a s is u b i ja la r .

Draft Roadmap penganekaragaman berbasis pisang

P r o d u k p e r ta n ia n la in y a n g d a p a t d ig u n a k a n s e b a g a i b a h a n p a n g a n p o k o k a d a la h k e r a b a t d e k a t p is a n g y a n g d ik e n a l d e n g a n s e b u ta n P la n ta in (M u s a X p a ra d is ia c a ). D e n g a n s e b u ta n “ k e n ta n g u d a r a ” a ta u “ p is a n g u n tu k d im a s a k ” , P la n ta in te la h d ik e n a l d a n s a n g a t p o p u le r d i n e g a r a - n e g a r a A m e r ik a L a tin , d is a m p in g A fr ik a , A s ia d a n In d ia . N a m u n y a n g b e r b e d a d e n g a n p is a n g a d a la h c a r a m e n g k o n s u m s i, y a itu P la n ta in h a r u s m e n g a la m i p e m a s a k a n te r le b ih d a h u lu .

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P la n ta in d a p a t d ik o n s u m s i p a d a b e r b a g a i ta h a p a n k e m a ta n g a n b u a h , d e n g a n r a s a y a n g b e r b e d a te r g a n tu n g p a d a tin g k a t k e m a ta n g a n b u a h . P a d a s a a t k u lit b e r w a r n a h ija u k e k u n in g a n , d a g in g b u a h P la n ta in te r a s a h a m b a r d a n m e m ilik i te k s tu r s e p e r ti b e r p a ti (s ta rc h y ). N a m u n p a d a s a a t k u lit b e r u b a h w a r n a m e n ja d i c o k la t a ta u h ita m , d a g in g b u a h a k a n te r a s a le b ih m a n is d e n g a n a r o m a p is a n g , n a m u n te ta p m e m p e r ta h a n k a n k e te g a r a n b e n tu k n y a s e te la h d im a s a k . K a r e n a is tila h “ k e n ta n g u d a r a ” , m a k a P la n ta in y a n g m a s ih m u d a d a p a t d io la h s e p e r ti h a ln y a k e n ta n g , d ite p u n g k a n d a n d ija d ik a n p o to n g a n c h ip s . B e r b a g a i c a r a p e n g o la h a n P la n ta in y a n g te la h d ite r a p k a n a d a la h p e n g g o r e n g a n , p e r e b u s a n , m a s h in g , p u lp in g , p e m a n g a n g g a n (g rille d ), p e n g o v e n a n ( b a k e d ) .

T ab el 3 . N ila i G iz i P la n ta in m e n ta h d a n m a s a k ( p e r 1 0 0 g )

M en tah M atan g

E n e r g i ( K c a l) 1 2 2 1 1 6

K a r b o h id r a t ( g ) 3 1 .8 9 3 1 .1 5

P r o te in ( g ) 1 .3 0 .7 9

L e m a k ( g ) 0 .3 7 0 .1 8

S e r a t ( g ) 2 .3 2 .3

K a ls iu m ( m g ) 3 2

P o ta s s iu m ( m g ) 4 9 9 4 6 5

B e s i ( m g ) 0 .6 0 0 .5 8

V ita m in C ( m g ) 1 8 .4 1 0 .9

N ia c in ( m g ) 0 .6 8 6 0 .7 5 6

( U S D A , N u tr ie n t D a ta L a b , 2 0 0 4 )

S ifa t b a h a n p la n ta in y a n g m e n y e r u p a i k e n ta n g p a d a ta h a p p r a - m a s a k m e m u n g k in k a n a p lik a s i p e n g o la h a n d a n te c h n o lo g ic a l ro a d m a p

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G am b ar 6. R o a d m a p p e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n b a h a n p a n g a n p o k o k b e r b a s is P la n ta in .

Agenda Penelitian & Pengembangan Penganekaragaman

Pangan

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G am b ar 7. M a tr ik s P e r k e m b a n g a n P e n g e ta h u a n d a n T e k n o lo g i H a s il

R is e t d a la m K o n te k s K e m a n fa a ta n A p lik a s in y a .

U n tu k b is a m e n y u s u n a g e n d a R & D y a n g d ip e r lu k a n , m a k a p e r lu te r le b ih d a h u lu d ila k u k a n u p a y a p e m e ta a n k e g ia ta n p e n e litia n y a n g te la h d ila k u k a n s e la m a in i. P e n e litia n d a p a t d i- ‘p e ta ’- k a n p a d a m a tr ik s d ia ta s s e s u a i d e n g a n tin g k a t k e m a n fa a ta n a p lik a s in y a .s e r ta a r a h p e r k e m b a n g a n p e n e litia n s e la n ju tn y a . R e n c a n a r is e t s e la n ju tn y a ju g a d a p a t d ip e ta k a n u n tu k m e n g is i b e r b a g a i a s p e k y a n g b e lu m c u k u p k o m p r e h e n s if d ik e ta h u i m e la lu i p e n e litia n y a n g s e la m a in i te la h d ila k u k a n .

S e c a r a u m u m , b e r d a s a r k a n r o a d m a p d i a ta s , m a k a a r e a u ta m a p e n e litia n d a n p e n g e m b a n g a n y a n g a k a n d ila k u k a n a d a la h s e b a g a i b e r ik u t:

1

) P e m o tr e ta n ( e v a lu a s i d ir i) te n ta n g k o n d is i p e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n p a n g a n s a a t in i.

2

) K a jia n a s p e k s o s io lo g is , a n tr o p o lo g is u n tu k k e m a n d ir ia n p a n g a n . 3) K a jia n a s p e k a d v o k a s i, k a m p a n y e d a n p r o m o s i k e m a n d ir ia n p a n g a n . 4) K a jia n a s p e k p e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n p a n g a n d a n k e m a n d ir ia n p a n g a n

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“B e C a lifo rn ia n . B u y C a lifo rn ia G ro w n ” m e r u p a k a n u p a y a m e n g k a m p a n y e k a n k o n s u m s i h a s il- h a s il p e r ta n ia n w ila y a h C a lifo r n ia o le h p e n d u d u k C a lifo r n ia s e n d ir i. P r a k a r s a in i m e n g a ja k p a r a p r o d u s e n d a n p e n g u s a h a b id a n g p e r ta n ia n d a n h o r tik u ltu r , te r m a s u k ju g a p e te r n a k a n , h a s il p e r ik a n a n h in g g a a s o s ia s i h a s il p e r h u ta n a n , u n tu k b e r g a b u n g b e r s a m a d a n m e m ik ir k a n , y a n g p a d a d a s a r n y a a d a la h s tr a te g i m a r k e tin g k e p a d a p e n d u d u k w ila y a h n y a s e n d ir i. P r a k a r s a te r s e b u t m e n d o r o n g k e m a ju a n d a n b e r k e m b a n g b e r b a g a i b id a n g b u k a n h a n y a p e r ta n ia n d a n p e te r n a k a n , n a m u n ju g a r o d a p e r e k o n o m ia n w ila y a h d a n s o s ia l b u d a y a s e te m p a t, m e n g a ja k p e n d u d u k n y a b a n g g a m e n ja d i s e o r a n g “ C a lifo r n ia n ” .

A g e n d a p e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n p a n g a n u n tu k In d o n e s ia y a n g m e la lu i p e n d e k a ta n s p e s ifik w ila y a h d a p a t b e la ja r d a n m e n e r a p k a n p r a k a r s a s e p e r ti in i. D e n g a n m e m a n fa a tk a n m o m e n tu m o to n o m i d a e r a h y a n g m a s ih b e lu m o p tim a l a r a h d a n p r o g r a m p e n g e m b a n g a n n y a , p e m b e n tu k a n s e b u a h p r a k a r s a u n tu k m e n g k a m p a n y e k a n d a n m e m p r o m o s ik a n h a s il p e r ta n ia n d a e r a h m e r u p a k a n la n g k a h y a n g b a ik g u n a m e m a ju k a n p e r ta n ia n d a n p e r e k o n o m ia n w ila y a h . P e r k e m b a n g a n m e d ia p e n y ia r a n te le v is i lo k a l d i b e r b a g a i d a e r a h , s e p e r ti J a w a T im u r d a n B a li, m e m u n g k in k a n p r o m o s i d a n k a m p a n y e s a m p a i p a d a m a s y a r a k a t lu a s , n a m u n te ta p s p e s ifik .

S e p e r ti h a ln y a d e n g a n “ B u y C a lifo r n ia In itia tiv e ” p e r a n d a n d u k u n g a n p e m e r in ta h a d a la h s a n g a t p e n tin g , d e n g a n p a k e t- p a k e t b a n tu a n d a n h ib a h d ib e r ik a n u n tu k p e n g e m b a n g a n u s a h a , te r u ta m a u n tu k u s a h a k e c il m e n e n g a h d a n p a r a p e ta n i u n tu k o p e r a s io n a l p e n in g k a ta n p e r ta n ia n . P e r a n p e m e r in ta h y a n g d id a m p in g i o le h k e k u a ta n d a n p e r e n c a n a a n e k o n o m i re a l d a r i a s o s ia s i in d u s tr i a k a n m e la h ir k a n k e m a ju a n d i b e r b a g a i b id a n g k e h id u p a n p e n d u d u k . M e la lu i p r a k a r s a s e p e r ti in i m is i p e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n p a n g a n d a p a t ik u t d ir e n c a n a k a n d a n d ip e r h itu n g k a n d a n b e r p e lu a n g u n tu k m e n c a p a i r e a lis a s i y a n g n y a ta .

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Daftar Pustaka

H a r iy a d i, P ., K r is n a m u r ti, B ., d a n W in a r n o , F .G . E d s . 2 0 0 3 . P e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n P a n g a n ; p r a k a r s a s w a s ta d a n p e m e r in ta h d a e r a h . F o r u m K e r ja P e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n P a n g a n . J a k a r ta .

T a u fik , T .A ., d a n IG N S u b a g jo . 2 0 0 1 . M e n u m b u h k e m b a n g k a n P e m a n fa a ta n S u m b e r D a y a L o k a l. B P P T .

T im P e n g e lo la . 2 0 0 3 . L a p o r a n A k h ir R u s n a s D iv e r s ifik a s i P a n g a n P o k o k A lte r n a tif. P u s a t S tu d i P a n g a n d a n G iz i, In s titu t P e r ta n ia n B o g o r .

U S D A . 2 0 0 4 . N u tr ie n t D a ta L a b o r a to r y , N D B : 0 9 2 7 7 & 0 9 2 7 8

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II

P e n g a n e k a ra g a m a n P a n g a n d a n P o litik P a n g a n

In d o n e s ia

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

D r. B a y u K ris n a m u rth i *

Pengantar

P a n g a n m e r u p a k a n k e b u tu h a n p o k o k te r p e n tin g b a g i k e h id u p a n m a n u s ia , s e te la h u d a r a d a n a ir . T a n p a p a n g a n m a n u s ia tid a k d a p a t h id u p , b a h k a n ta n p a p a n g a n y a n g b a ik m a n u s ia tid a k d a p a t h id u p la y a k . O le h k a r e n a n y a , p e m e n u h a n k e b u tu h a n p a n g a n m e r u p a k a n h a k a z a s i u n tu k s e tia p m a n u s ia , y a n g h a r u s d ih o r m a ti d a n m e n d a p a t k e s e m p a ta n u n tu k d iw u ju d k a n . D is a m p in g itu , d a la m b e r b a g a i ta ta n a n s o s ia l- e k o n o m i- k u ltu r a l b a h k a n r e lig iu s , m e m a s tik a n b a h w a m a n u s ia m a m p u m e m e n u h i k e b u tu h a n p a n g a n n y a ju g a m e r u p a k a n k e w a jib a n a z a s i, b a ik b a g i in d iv id u m a n u s ia s e b a g a i a n g g o ta m a s y a r a k a t m a u p u n b a g i m a s y a r a k a t s e c a r a k e s e lu r u h a n .

H a l in i s e h a r u s n y a m e n ja d i d a s a r b e r p ik ir - d a n b e r s ik a p - d a la m s e tia p d is k u s i m e n g e n a i p a n g a n . P a n g a n tid a k d a p a t h a n y a d ip a n d a n g s e b a g a i ‘k o m o d iti’ a ta u s e b u a h a k tiv ita s m a ta p e n c a h a r ia n . P a n g a n h a r u s d ilih a t s e b a g a i s a la h s a tu e s e n s i k e h id u p a n m a n u s ia .

K e ta h a n a n P a n g a n

K e ta h a n a n p a n g a n d id e fin is ik a n s e b a g a i " u s a h a m e w u ju d k a n k e te r s e d ia a n p a n g a n b a g i s e lu r u h r u m a h ta n g g a , d a la m ju m la h y a n g c u k u p , m u tu d a n g iz i y a n g la y a k , a m a n d ik o n s u m s i, m e r a ta s e r ta te r ja n g k a u o le h s e tia p in d iv id u " , ( U n d a n g - u n d a n g n o m o r 7 , ta h u n 1 9 9 6 te n ta n g P a n g a n ) . D e fin is i in i m e n g a n d u n g e m p a t u n s u r p e n tin g y a itu : ( i) k e te r s e d ia a n , ( ii) ( je n is ) m u tu d a n g iz i y a n g la y a k , ( iii) k e a m a n a n ; d a n ( iv ) k e te r ja n g k a u a n p a n g a n .

K e te r s e d ia a n p a n g a n d a la m ju m la h y a n g c u k u p d a n s e tia p w a k tu m e r u p a k a n d im e n s i p e r ta m a k e ta h a n a n p a n g a n . P e n c a p a ia n n y a h a r u s

*

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K e m a n d iria n P a n g a n

K e ta h a n a n p a n g a n n a s io n a l s e c a r a b e r k e s in a m b u n g a n d a p a t d ic a p a i jik a k e m a n d ir ia n p a n g a n d a p a t d iw u ju d k a n . K e m a n d ir ia n p a n g a n tid a k h a r u s b e r a r ti s w a s e m b a d a d a la m p r o d u k s i s e m u a k o m o d ita s p a n g a n , m e la in k a n m a m p u m e n g u r a n g i a ta u b a h k a n tid a k b e r g a n tu n g p a d a p ih a k la in . K e te r g a n tu n g a n p a d a p ih a k a s in g y a n g s e la m a in i te r ja d i b e r p e n g a r u h s e c a r a n y a ta p a d a b a n y a k s e g i, d ia n ta r a n y a p a s o k a n b a h a n b a k u k o m o d ita s p a n g a n , te k n o lo g i p e n g o la h a n d a n p r o s e s , d a n p o la k o n s u m s i m a s y a r a k a t. B a h k a n s e c a r a tid a k la n g s u n g k e te r g a n tu n g a n p a n g a n p a d a p ih a k a s in g d a p a t m e m p e n g a r u h i p e m e r in ta h In d o n e s ia d a la m p e n g a m b ila n k e p u tu s a n d a n s ik a p y a n g e r a t k a ita n n y a d e n g a n a s p e k p o litik , e k o n o m i h in g g a p e r ta h a n a n d a n k e a m a n a n .

J ik a d ik a itk a n d e n g a n te o r i a w a i b a h w a d o m in a s i g lo b a l d a p a t m e n g g u n a k a n p a n g a n s e b a g a i in s tr u m e n p o litik , m a k a m e w u ju d k a n k e m a n d ir ia n p a n g a n s a n g a t b e r n ila i m e le b ih i h a n y a s e b a g a i c a r a m e n c a p a i k e ta h a n a n p a n g a n . K e m a n d ir ia n p a n g a n s a n g a t d ip e r lu k a n u n tu k te ta p d a p a t m e n ja g a k e d a u la ta n d a n in te g r ita s p o litik b a n g s a . P e m a s o k a n b a h a n b a k u d a n im p o r k o m o d ita s p a n g a n d a r i lu a r n e g e r i d a p a t d is ik a p i d e n g a n le b ih m a n d ir i d a n tid a k b e r g a n tu n g p a d a s a tu n e g a r a , u n tu k k o m o d ita s p a n g a n .

Penganekaragaman Pangan

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h in g g a a s p e k k e s in a m b u n g a n id e n tita s d a n " n ila i" n o r m a - s o s ia l- b u d a y a b a n g s a , s e r ta m e m p e r k o k o h k e ta h a n a n d a n k e d a u la ta n b a n g s a .

K o n s is te n s i k e b ija k a n d a n p r o g r a m p e m b a n g u n a n s o s io - e k o n o m i n a s io n a l m e lip u ti b e r b a g a i h a lo P r o te k s i d a n s is te m te r tu tu p h a r u s m u la i te r b u k a d a n b e r s a m a n y a d ila k u k a n p r o m o s i p a n g a n , p r o d u k s i p e r ta n ia n h in g g a p e r ta n ia n In d o n e s ia . K e b ija k a n d ib u a t s e c a r a te r in te g r a s i d a n d is ip iin d a la m k e b ija k a n p u s a t d a n d a e r a h , d a la m d a n lu a r b id a n g p e r ta n ia n , k e b ija k a n u n tu k k e p e n tin g a n d o m e s tik d a n k a ita n n y a d e n g a n in te r n a s io n a l, s e r ta in te g r ita s p e r a n p e m e r in ta h , p e n g u s a h a d a n m a s y a r a k a t. P e m b a n g u n a n s o s io - e k o n o m i p e r lu d ila k u k a n m e la lu i p e n d e k a ta n p e n in g k a ta n p e n d a p a ta n b u k a n la g i p e n in g k a ta n p r o d u k s i d e n g a n p e r e n c a n a a n b e r o r ie n ta s i a n tis ip a s i te r h a d a p tr e n d m a s a d a ta n g , s e r ta m e m b e r ik a n a p r e s ia s i d a n m e n d o r o n g p e n g e m b a n g a n k e r a g a m a n d a la m b id a n g p a n g a n m a u p u n p e r ta n ia n .

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R a v a llio n , M ( 1 9 9 5 ) , " G r o w th a n d P o v e r ty : E v id e n c e fo r th e D e v e lo p in g W o r ld ” , E c o n o m ic s L e tte rs

R o s e g r a n t, M .W , M . A g c a o ili- S o m b illa , a n d N .D . P e r e z ( 1 9 9 5 ) , “ G lo b a l F o o d P r o je c tio n s to 2 0 2 0 : Im p lic a tio n s fo r In v e s tm e n t” F o o d , A g ric u ltu re , a n d th e E n v iro n m e n t D is c u s s io n P a p e r n o .5 , IF P R I: W a s h in g to n D C .

S im a tu p a n g , I.W . R u s a s tr a , a n d M . M a u la n a ( 2 0 0 4 ) , “ H o w to S o lv e S u p p ly B o ttle n e c k in A g r ic u ltu r a l S e c to r ” , p a p e r p r e s e n te d a t th e T h e m a tic W o r k s h o p o n A g r ic u ltu r e P o lic y fo r T h e F u tu r e ” , o r g a n is e d b y B a p p e n a s , F A O a n d U N D P ( p r o je c t U N S F IR ) , J a k a r ta 1 2 - 1 3 F e b r u a r y 2 0 0 4 .

S im a tu p a n g , P d a n A . P u r w o to ( 1 9 9 0 ) , “ P e n g e m b a n g a n A g r o In d u s tr i s e b a g a i P e n g g e r a k P e m b a n g u n a n D e s a ” d a la m P . S im a tu p a n g d k k ( e d s .) , A g ro In d u s tri F a k to r P e n u n ja n g P e m b a n g u n a n P e rta n ia n d i In d o n s ia , P S E B a d a n L itb a n g P e r ta n ia n : B o g o r

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III

A p lik a s i K o n s e p P e n g a n e k a ra g a m a n P a n g a n :

S tu d i K a s u s In d u s tri T iw u l In s ta n

1

D rs . A n to n D ju w a rd i

2

P e rta m a -ta m a m a rila h k ita m e re n u n g i k e b ia s a a n s e rin g m e n g o lo k -o lo k b u d a y a s e n d iri, te rla lu m e n g a g u n g -a g u n g k a n b u d a y a o ra n g la in , s e h in g g a tid a k m e n g h a rg a i a p a y a n g te la h d ic ip ta k a n o le h tra d is i d a n

b u d a y a k ita s e n d iri. A k ib a tn y a d a ri p e rila k u in i m a k a ta n p a d is a d a ri m e m p e n g a ru h i p o la p ik ir, p e rs e p s i s a m p a i p e rila k u k e s e h a ria n y a n g

p e n u h ra g u , tid a k p e rc a y a d iri, d is o rie n ta s i s e rta m e n ja d ik a n k ita b e rm e n ta l le m a h u n tu k m e m b a n g u n k e m a n d iria n d a n k re a s i.

( R e fle k s i p e n u lis te r in s p ir a s i d a r i b u k u P r o f. D r . K o e n tja r a n in g r a t, K e b u d a y a a n , M e n ta lita s d a n P e m b a n g u n a n , p e n e r b it G r a m e d ia , c e ta k a n k e 1 5 , J a k a r ta 1 9 9 2 )

I. Latar Belakang

M a s a la h P a n g a n d a n u p a y a m e n g a ta s i

M a s a la h u ta m a p a d a k e te r s e d ia a n p a n g a n n a s io n a l a d a la h ju m la h p e n d u d u k In d o n e s ia y a n g s a n g a t b e s a r . P a d a ta h u n 2 0 0 2 te r c a ta t p e n d u d u k In d o n e s ia s e b a n y a k k u r a n g le b ih 2 0 5 ju ta jiw a . D ip e r k ir a k a n p a d a ta h u n 2 0 1 2 a n g k a te r s e b u t a k a n m e n c a p a i 2 5 0 ju ta jiw a , jik a p e r ta m b a h a n p o p u la s i d ih itu n g s e c a r a lin ie r s e b e s a r 1 ,6 % p e r ta h u n . H a l in i m e n a n d a k a n d ib u tu h k a n n y a p e r s e d ia a n p a n g a n y a n g c u k u p b e s a r .

B e r b a g a i u p a y a y a n g te la h d a n d a p a t d ila k u k a n u n tu k m e n g a ta s i m a s a la h in i m e lip u ti b e r b a g a i h a l. P e rta m a a d a la h m e n g h ila n g k a n p e r s e p s i p a n g a n y a n g id e n tik d e n g a n b e r a s . H a l in i d in ila i s a n g a t n y a ta d e n g a n s e r in g te r d e n g a r n y a k a lim a t y a n g b e r b u n y i “b e lu m m a k a n k a la u b e lu m m a k a n n a s i.” D e n g a n m u la i m e n g h ila n g k a n p e r s e p s i te r s e b u t, m a k a k o n s u m s i b a h a n p a n g a n p o k o k la in n y a u n tu k m e m e n u h i r a s a la p a r m e n d a p a t p e lu a n g y a n g le b ih b e s a r .

' P a p e r y a n g s a m a ju g a te la h D ip r e s e n ta s ik a n p a d a a c a r a W id y a k a r y a N a s io n a l P a n g a n d a n g iz i, J a k a r ta 1 7 - 1 9 M e i 2 0 0 4

2_{D r s . A n to n D ju w a r d i a d a la h D ir e k tu r P T . S in a r S u k s e s S e n to s a}

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U p a y a k e d u a a d a la h m e n g k o r e k s i k e b ija k s a n a a n m a s a la lu y a n g s a n g a t b e r tu m p u p a d a b e r a s , u n tu k b e r a lih p a d a k e a n e k a r a g a m a n p a n g a n . B e r tu m p u p a d a s a tu je n is b a h a n p a n g a n s u d a h te r lih a t tid a k s e h a t d a n tid a k d a p a t m e n d u k u n g b e r k e la n ju ta n b a g i p e r ta n ia n d i In d o n e s ia .

U p a y a k e tig a a d a la h p e n g e m b a n g a n te k n o lo g i p e n g o la h a n p a n g a n , m e n ja d ik a n m a n u fa c tu r in g p a n g a n le b ih e fis ie n d e n g a n h a s il y a n g tin g g i. P e r k e m b a n g a n te k n o lo g i m e m u n g k in k a n m e n ja w a b m a s a la h k e te r s e d ia a n p a n g a n d e n g a n m e n g h a s ilk a n b e r b a g a i je n is p r o d u k p a n g a n y a n g m a m p u d ip r o d u k s i s e c a r a m a s s a l, d is im p a n d a la m ja n g k a w a k tu y a n g r e la tiv e la m a ta n p a k e r u s a k a n , d a n m u d a h u n tu k d id is tr ib u s ik a n s e c a r a m e lu a s .

M e n g a p a T iw u l y a n g m e n ja d i p ilih a n

S e b a g a i u p a y a k e e m p a t a d a la h u p a y a y a n g n y a ta d a la m m e m b e r ik a n d u k u n g a n m e n g a ta s i k e r a w a n a n p a n g a n , d e n g a n

m e n g ’in d u s tria lis a s i’ T iw u l. S e b a g a i s a la h s a tu ja w a b a n u n tu k m e n g a ta s i m a s a la h k e te r s e d ia a n p a n g a n , T iw u l d a p a t d ija d ik a n s e b a g a i s a la h s a tu m a k a n a n u n tu k b e r a lih d a r i b e r a s k e p a n g a n y a n g le b ih b e r a g a m . T iw u l a d a la h m a k a n a n y a n g s e m a ta d a r i g a p le k s in g k o n g y a n g d itu m b u k a ta u d ih a lu s k a n , k e m u d ia n d ik u k u s . T iw u l itu , a d a la h : T iw u l tra d is io n a l, w a r is a n b u d a y a y a n g s u d a h d ik e n a l b a ik o le h p e n d u d u k d i p u la u J a w a s e b a g a i m a k a n a n p o k o k .

T iw u l m e m p u n y a i p r o fil y a n g c o c o k u n tu k d ija d ik a n m a k a n a n a lte r n a tiv e b e r a s , k a r e n a d ib u a t d a r i b a h a n b a k u y a n g te r s e d ia d a n te r s e b a r s e c a r a lu a s d i p u la u - p u la u s e lu r u h In d o n e s ia ,y a n g n a m a n y a p u n m a c a m m a c a m a .l. y a itu U b i K a y u , K a s p e , T e lo P u h u n g a ta u S in g k o n g . ( U n tu k s e la n ju tn y a k ita s e b u t S in g k o n g s a ja ) . S in g k o n g te la h d ik e n a l b a ik o le h p a r a p e ta n i a k a n p e m b u d id a y a a n n y a y a n g m u d a h . S in g k o n g d a p a t h id u p d i ta n a h y a n g r e la tiv e tid a k s u b u r , tid a k m e m e r lu k a n b a n y a k p u p u k a ta u p u n p e s tis id a , s e r ta d a p a t m e n g h a s ilk a n 7 -9 to n p e rh e k ta r. “H a s il y a n g d ic a p a i p e r h a S in g k o n g ja u h le b ih b a n y a k d a rip a d a p a d i d a n g a n d u m . P a d i le b ih k u ra n g 3 ,8

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r a n g k a ia n k e g ia ta n ( in p u t, p r o s e s d a n o u tp u t) d a la m In d u s tr i T iw u l In s ta n , m a s in g m a s in g k e g ia ta n a g a r d a p a t m e m e tik m a n fa a t, m e m p e r o le h n ila i t a m b a h s e s u a i d e n g a n k o n tr ib u s i y a n g d ib e r ik a n . ► M e n g a p lik a s ik a n p o la k e r ja s a m a k e m itr a a n d id a s a r k a n p a d a ta ta

n ila i u n tu k m e m b a n g u n k e m a n d ir ia n d a la m s u a s a n a k e te r b u k a a n d a n k e b e r s a m a a n ( k e g o to n g r o y o n g a n ) , s e r ta m e n e ta p k a n k e b e r h a s ila n y a n g te r u k u r p a d a p e n c a p a ia n n ila i ta m b a h y a n g d id a p a t p a r a p ih a k y a n g te r lib a t s e c a r a fa ir & w a ja r

M o d e l K e m itra a n

D a la m m e n g e m b a n g k a n in d u s tr i T iw u l In s ta n in i, S S S b e r p e d o m a n m e n e r a p k a n “ c lu s te r s y s te m ” ; o le h k a r e n a itu d a la m m e n ja la n k a n b is n is n y a b e r o r ie n ta s i p a d a p o la h u b u n g a n k e rja s a m a k e m itra a n u s a h a y a n g k o k o h d a n m e n d a la m , m e m b a n g u n u s a h a y a n g b e r k e la n ju ta n , u n tu k tu m b u h b e r s a m a d a la m k e m a n d ir ia n , b e r ja n g k a p a n ja n g , s a lin g p e r c a y a d a n d a la m k e d u d u k a n y a n g s e ta r a . M o d e l k e m itr a a n d ib a w a h in i, k ir a n y a a k a n m e n g a m b a r k a n s e c a r a n y a ta , a p a y a n g k a m i m a k s u d .

G am b ar 8. c o n to h s k e m a p e r s e r o a n d e n g a n s ta k e h o ld e r s lo k a l

P e la k s a n a a n k e r ja s a m a k e m itr a a n m e n g a n u t n ila i- n ila i k e te r b u k a a n , k e b e r s a m a a n , k e s e ja h te r a a n d a n in te g r ita s .

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G am b ar 9. T ig a je n is m o d e l k e m itr a a n p e r s e r o a n d e n g a n p e ta n i

s in g k o n g

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P ro s e s P e m b u a ta n T iw u l In s ta n

P r o s e s p e m b u a ta n tiw u l in s ta n ,s e c a r a s in g k a t d a p a t d ip a p a r k a n s e b a g a i b e r ik u t in i; d e n g a n fo r m u la d a n k o m p o s is i y a n g te la h d ite ta p k a n y a n g b a h a n - b a h a n n y a a d a la h : te p u n g s in g k o n g , te p u n g ja g u n g , te p u n g te r ig u , v ita m in , m in e r a l d a n a ir , m a k a d ila k u k a n p e n g a d u k a n ( m ix in g ) , s e le s a i p r o s e s m ix in g “ b a h a n a d u k a n ” y a n g a d a la h tiw u l m e n ta h , k e m u d ia n d ik u k u s s a m p a i ta n a k . D a r i p e n g u k u s a n ( s te a m in g ) d ila k u k a n p e n g e r in g a n ( d r y in g ) . S e le p a s p e n g e r in g a n , la n g k a h s e la n ju tn y a d ila k u k a n p e n g h a n c u r a n , d ia y a k , s ia p d ik e m a s s e b a g a i p r o s e s te r a k h ir ( lih a t G a m b a r 1 0 ) .

G am b ar 1 0 . P r o s e s p e m b u a ta n tiw u l in s ta n

P e m b u a ta n te p u n g s in g k o n g (te p u n g k a s a v a ) m e r u p a k a n p r o s e s te r s e n d ir i d a n d a p a t d ila k u k a n o le h k e lo m p o k p e ta n i s e b a g a i p e m a s o k b a h a n b a k u d a s a r .

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P e m b u a ta n te p u n g s in g k o n g d a p a t d ila k u k a n d e n g a n d u a c a r a .

C a ra p e rta m a ( lih a t G a m b a r 1 1 a ) d ia w a li d e n g a n p e n c u c ia n s in g k o n g s e g a r , u n tu k m e m b e r s ih k a n ta n a h d a n k o to r a n y a n g m e n e m p e l. S in g k o n g y a n g te la h d ib e r s ih k a n k e m u d ia n d ik u p a s d a n d ir e n d a m s e la m a k u r a n g le b ih 1 5 m e n it, k e m u d ia n d ila n ju tk a n d e n g a n p e n c u c ia n u la n g s e b a n y a k tig a k a li. S e te la h p e m b ila s a n , s in g k o n g d ip a r u t a ta u d ir a ja n g u n tu k m e n g h a s ilk a n s a w u t b a s a h . S a w u t b a s a h te r s e b u t d itir is k a n u n tu k m e n g h ila n g k a n s is a a ir b e r le b ih s e b e lu m d ik e r in g k a n , u n tu k m e n g h a s ilk a n s a w u t k e r in g . P r o s e s p e n g e r in g a n d a p a t d ila k u k a n d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n s o la r c e ll, r o ta r y d r y e r a ta u o v e n h in g g a m e n c a p a i b a ta s k a d a r a ir m in im u m y a n g te la h d ite n tu k a n o le h p e r s e r o a n . S a w u t k e r in g y a n g d ih a s ilk a n k e m u d ia n d ig ilin g d a n d is a r in g s e h in g g a m e n g h a s ilk a n te p u n g s in g k o n g d e n g a n u k u r a n y a n g r e la tif s e r a g a m .

P e m b u a ta n te p u n g s in g k o n g d e n g a n c a ra k e d u a m e n y e r u p a i c a r a p e r ta m a ( lih a t G a m b a r 1 1 b ) , n a m u n d e n g a n p e n a m b a h a n p r o s e s p e m e r a s a n d a n p e n y a r in g a n s e b a g a i u s a h a a w a i u n tu k m e n g h ila n g k a n a ir . P r o s e s p e m b u a ta n te p u n g s a m a s e p e r ti c a r a p e r ta m a d im u la i d a r i p e n c u c ia n h in g g a p e r a ja n g a n s in g k o n g u n tu k m e n g h a s ilk a n s a w u t b a s a h . S e te la h d ih a s ilk a n s a w u t b a s a h , s a w u t te r s e b u t d ip e r a s d a n d is a r in g u n tu k m e m is a h k a n a ir d a r i a m p a s n y a . A m p a s y a n g te r k u m p u l d is im p a n k a r e n a m e r u p a k a n b a g ia n y a n g d iin g in k a n . C a ir a n h a s il p e m e r a s a n d ib ia r k a n te r le b ih d a h u lu u n tu k m e m is a h k a n b a g ia n y a n g m e n g e n d a p ( p a ti) d a r i a ir . P a ti y a n g m e n g e n d a p d ita h a n u n tu k k e m u d ia n d ic a m p u r k e m b a li d e n g a n a m p a s s in g k o n g y a n g te la h te r u r a i te r le b ih d a h u lu . C a m p u r a n p a ti d a n a m p a s ( s e r a t) k e m u d ia n m e n g a la m i p r o s e s p e n g e r in g a n s e p e r ti p a d a c a r a p e r ta m a , y a itu d e n g a n b a n tu a n s in a r m a ta h a r i, r o ta r y d r y e r a ta u p u n o v e n . S e te la h m e n c a p a i b a ta s k a d a r a ir m a k s im u m , k e m u d ia n d ig ilin g d a n d is a r in g u n tu k m e n g h a s ilk a n te p u n g s in g k o n g . T e p u n g s in g k o n g y a n g d ih a s ilk a n o le h k e d u a c a r a d ik e m a s d a la m k e m a s a n p la s tik y a n g r a p a t d a n d a p a t d is im p a n h in g g a le b ih d a r i e n a m b u la n .

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T ab el 8. P e r b a n d in g a n n ila i g iz i T iw u l In s ta n , T iw a u l T r a d is io n a l d a n N a s i P u tih

P E R B A N D IN G A N N IL A I G IZ I

T IW U L IN S T A N , T IW U L T R A D IS IO N A L D A N N A S I P U T IH

K A N D U N G A N G IZ I

P E R 100 G r T IW U L IN S T A N

T IW U L

T R A D IS IO N A L N A S I P U T IH

K . A b u (g ) M ax. 4 M ax. 3 M ax. 3

P ro tein (g ) 5 1,5 2,1

L em ak (g ) 1,4-5 0,7 0,1

K arb o h id rat (g ) 76,4 - 80 80 6 5 - 7 0

G u la (g ) 7 - 1 3

-S erat M akan an (g ) 4,6 1-2 < 1

V itam in A (l/i) 1.300 -

-V itam in B 6 (m g ) 0,8 -

-V itam in B 12 (m cg ) 0,5 -

-A sam F o lat (m cg ) 100 -

-B esi (m g ) 20 1,9 0,5

S en g (m g ) 7 -

-lo d iu m (m cg ) 20 -

-S u m b e r : U ji la b . P T In d o fo o d -S u k s e s M a k m u r T b k , D iv . B o g a s a r i flo u r m ills

B e r b a g a i je n is p r o d u k tiw u l in s ta n b e s e r ta k a r a k te r is tik m a s in g - m a s in g p r o d u k y a n g te la h d ik e m b a n g k a n d a n d ip a s a r k a n o le h S S S ( lih a t T a b e l 9 ) . B e b e r a p a k e u n g g u la n d a r i p r o d u k S a r itiw u l, d a n D e w i R a tih a d a la h s e b a g a i te p u n g tiw u l d a p a t d ig u n a k a n u n tu k r e s e p m a k a n a n la in s e p e r ti a r e m - a r e m , n a g a s a r i tiw u l, c a k e tiw u l s u k a d e , n a s ta r tiw u l, p e r k e d e l tiw u l, k r o k e t tiw u l is i d a g in g , b o lu tiw u l la p is v la c o k la t d a n s e b a g a in y a .

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T ab el 9 . A n e k a P r o d u k T iw u l In s ta n p r o d u k s i P T . S S S

Aneka Produk Tiwul Instan

Persembahan PT SSS

D e m ik ia n la h , k ir a n y a p e n d ir ia n in d u s tr i tiw u l in s ta n m e r u p a k a n la n g k a h y a n g b a ik d a n s tr a te g is u n tu k m e n in g k a tk a n k e m b a li c itr a p r o d u k tiw u l tr a d is io n a l y a n g s e la m a in i d ip a n d a n g s e b a g a i p r o d u k in fe r io r d a n m e n ja d i m a k a n a n d a r u r a t a ta u k e lo m p o k m a r jin a l, b is a m e n ja d i m a k a n a n o la h a n y a n g b e r m u tu , b e r g iz i, s e h a t d a n d a p a t d ip a n d a n g s e b a g a i p r o d u k b e r g e n g s i. H a l m a n a , g u n a m e m b e r i g a m b a r a n b a h w a p e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n p a n g a n a lte r n a tif te r h a d a p b e r a s d a p a t te r u s d ik e m b a n g k a n d a n m e m p u n y a i p r o s p e k y a n g s a n g a t n y a ta . B e r s e r ta k o n s e p k e r ja s a m a k e m itr a a n n y a d a n r a s a r a s a ta n g g u n g ja w a b s o s ia l te r h a d a p m a s y a r a k a t lo k a l, p e r w u ju d a n k e ta h a n a n p a n g a n d a n e k o n o m i b a n g s a m e n ja d i s e m a k in d e k a t u n tu k d ic a p a i.

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Daftar Pustaka

A n o n im , 2 0 0 1 . P a n g a n , K e a r ifa n L o k a l & K e a n e k a r a g a m a n H a y a ti. C in d e la r a s P u s ta k a R a k y a t C e r d a s ( C P R C ) , Y o g y a k a r ta .

A n o n im , 2 0 0 2 . P r o s p e k d a n P e lu a n g A g r ib is n is U b i K a y u . D it. J e n . B in a P r o d u k s i T a n a m a n P a n g a n , D ir e k to r a t K a c a n g - k a c a n g a n d a n U m b i- u m b ia n , D e p a r te m e n P e r ta n ia n R l, J a k a r ta .

K o e n tja r a n in g r a t, 1 9 9 2 . K e b u d a y a a n ,M e n ta lita s , d a n P e m b a n g u n a n . G r a m e d ia , c e ta k a n k e lim a b e la s , J a k a r ta .

K o e n tja r a n in g r a t, 2 0 0 2 . M a n u s ia d a n K e b u d a y a a n d i In d o n e s ia . D ja m b a ta n C e ta k a n k e - 1 9 , J a k a r ta .

L in lo n , I., 1 9 9 7 . K e m itr a a n M e r a ih K e u n tu n g a n B e r s a m a . H a lir a n g B is n is , J a k a r ta .

M a k a la h - m a k a la h S e m in a r K e ta h a n a n P a n g a n .

M a ja la h In d o n e s ia n F o o d & B e v e r a g e ( F & B ) . G A P M M I, J a k a r ta d a n K lip in g K o r a n

S e b r e ll, H . d a n J . J . H a g g e r ty , 1 9 8 1 . M a k a n a n d a n g iz i, P u s ta k a llm u “ L ife ” . T ir a P u s ta k a , e d is i K e d u a , J a k a r ta .

S u p r a p ti, M . L , 2 0 0 2 . T e k n o lo g i T e p a t G u n a , T e p u n g K a s a v a , P e m b u a ta n d a n P e m a n fa a ta n n y a . K a n is iu s c e ta k a n K e 5 , Y o g y a k a r ta .

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IV

R u s n a s S e b a g a i A k s e le ra to r P e n g a n e k a ra g a m a n

P a n g a n P o k o k

D r. S la m e t B u d ija n to *

Latar Belakang

R is e t U n g g u la n S tr a te g is N a s io n a l ( R u s n a s ) s e b a g a i s a la h s a tu in s tr u m e n k e b ija k a n K e m e n te r ia n R is e t d a n T e k n o lo g i m e r u p a k a n u p a y a s is te m a tis u n tu k m e n in g k a tk a n k o m p le m e n ta r ita s a n ta r a k e g ia ta n litb a n g d e n g a n k e g ia ta n p r o d u k s i. P r o g r a m R u s n a s d ila ta r b e la k a n g i o le h k e n y a ta a n b a h w a d a la m s itu a s i p e r s a in g a n g lo b a l y a n g s e m a k in te r b u k a , k e m a m p u a n in o v a s i d a n d ifu s i te k n o lo g i m e n ja d i p e n e n tu p e r k e m b a n g a n e k o n o m i s u a tu n e g a r a . K e m a m p u a n in o v a s i te r s e b u t s a n g a t d ite n tu k a n o le h in te n s ita s k e g ia ta n r is e t d a n p e n g e m b a n g a n ( R & D ) b a ik o le h s w a s ta m a u p u n p e m e r in ta h .

D a la m G B H N 1 9 9 9 p e m b a n g u n a n p a n g a n m e r u p a k a n s a la h s a tu p r io r ita s p e m b a n g u n a n n a s io n a l d a la m r a n g k a m e w u ju d k a n k e ta h a n a n p a n g a n d a n k e ta h a n a n e k o n o m i, S a m p a i s a a t in i k e ta h a n a n p a n g a n d i In d o n e s ia m a s ih b e r tu m p u p a d a b e r a s . D i In d o n e s ia , b e r a s m e n y u m b a n g 5 3 % k e b u tu h a n k a lo r i d a n 4 7 % k e b u tu h a n p r o te in p e n d u d u k p e r h a r i. P e n in g k a ta n p r o d u k s i b e r a s s e n d ir i tid a k s e p e s a t p e n in g k a ta n ju m la h p e n d u d u k y a n g m e n g a k ib a tk a n te r ja d in y a p e n in g k a ta n im p o r b e r a s , d a n p a d a a k h ir n y a b e r m u a r a p a d a k e te r g a n tu n g a n te r h a d a p im p o r p a n g a n .

U s a h a d iv e r s ifik a s i p e r ta n ia n a d a la h u s a h a u n tu k m e n y e d ia k a n b e r b a g a i r a g a m p r o d u k p a n g a n b a ik d a la m je n is m a u p u n b e n tu k , s e h in g g a te r s e d ia b a n y a k p ilih a n b a g i k o n s u m e n u n tu k m e n u m a k a n a n h a r ia n . K o n s e p d iv e r s ifik a s i p a n g a n m e lip u ti 3 h a l, y a itu : D iv e r s ifik a s i h o r iz o n ta l ( u s a h a m e n g u b a h u s a h a ta n i y a n b e r b a s is i p a d i m e n ja d i u s a h a ta n i b e r b a s is ta n a m a n p a n g a n la in n y a ) , d iv e r s ifik a s i v e r tik a l ( p e n g e m b a n g a n p r o d u k s i s e te la h p a n e n ) d a n d iv e r s ifik a s i r e g io n a l ( p e n g a n e k a r a g a m a n k o m o d iti p a n g a n b e d a s a r k a n p e n d e k a ta n w ila y a h d a n k e r a g a m a n s o s ia l b u d a y a ) .

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