2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Literature
Literature as the core of artistic writing always becomes the object of analysis or research for those related to the scope of academics. The analysis of the literature can be very wide; then people attempt to analyze it through its genres.
Commonly, many people know that literature genres can be divided into three parts, they are: poetry, prose, and drama. But, this is not proper to be a reference in a scientific analysis, since the division does not cover all forms of literary genres universally. Robert (1995:2) said that “Literature may be classified into four categories or genres: (1) prose fiction, (2) poetry, (3) drama, and (4) non fiction prose. Usually the first three are classed as imaginative literature.”
Shortly, Taylor (1981: 50) divided the prose fiction into seven sub division, they are: the folk tale, the romance, allegory, satire novel, epic, and short story. Through the quotations above, it is known that the prose fiction is divided into some sub divisions; one of them is the short story.
2.2 Novel
Taylor said that novel is a prose work of quite some length and complexity, which attempts to reflect and express the quality or value of human experience or conduct. It means novel as a genre of literature isn’t merely an irrational imagination but it is a reflection of human experience to learn the value of human experience itself. There are number of elements in a novel. They are plot, character, setting, point of view, and style. Plot is event and their sequence of occurrence; character is agent of motivation and reactions to events; setting is point of reference for character and action; point of view focus of the narrator’s knowledge and values; style focus of the author’s attitudes and values.
defined by events. The conception and presentation of character therefore has a great effect on the significance of a novel as the selection of events and their ordering.
particular attribute or quality. Taylor (1981: 78) also stated that there are two kinds of character. The first include those fictional creations who have complex many-faceted personalities and an independent inner life which invites the reader’s interest, while flat characters are those who exhibit only one character trait or motivation and whose main claim to the reader’s interest is in the actions they perform or the quality they represent.
Both round and flat characters are equally capable of changing their natures, depending on what happens to them, but no one of these types is required to undergo such a development in order to be considered a successful creation. The more fully developed characters will always draw attention to inner conflict and psychological complexities, while the flatter creations will direct attention away from themselves towards the ideas and forces at work in that particular fiction.
2.3 Character
Characters are the persons presented in works of narrative (such as a novel, drama, or film) who convey their personal qualities through dialogues and actions by which the reader or audience understand their thoughts, feelings, intentions and motives.
Novelists try to create fictional people whose situations affect the reader as the situation of real people. Authors describe the more simple characters in novels with no more than few phrases that identify the character’s most important traits. In their book An Introduction to Reading and Writing about Literature, Roberts and Jacobs describe that in analyzing a literary character, the writer begins to determine the character’s outstanding traits. A trait is a quality of mind or habitual mode behavior, such as never repaying borrowed money, avoiding eye contact, or always thinking oneself the center of attention. Sometimes, of course, the traits we encounter are minor and therefore negligible. But often a trait may be a person’s primary characteristic (not only in fiction but also in life). Thus, characters may be ambitious, lazy, serene or anxious, aggressive or fearful, thoughtful or inconsiderate, open or secretive, confident or self-doubting, kind or cruel, quiet or noisy, visionary or practical, careful or careless, impartial or biased, straightforward or underhanded, “winner or loser”, and so on (1995: 132).
Foster (1927) says, “There are two basic types of characters “round character” and “flat character.”
Round character is a major character in a work of fiction that encounters
Flat character is a minor character in a work of fiction that does not
undergo substantial change or growth in the course of a story. Also referred to as "two-dimensional characters" or supporting role to the main character, which as a rule should be round. Though we don't generally strive to write flat characters, they are often necessary in a story, along with round characters.
2.4 Plot
Foster (1927) defines plot as a literary term used to describe the events that make up a story or the main part of a story. These events relate to each other in a pattern or a sequence. The structure of a novel depends on the organization of events in the plot of the story.Plot is known as the foundation of a novel or story which the characters and settings are built around. It is meant to organize information and events in a logical manner. When writing the plot of a piece of literature, the author has to be careful that it does not dominate the other parts of the story.
tension or crisis is encountered. The third element of a plot is known as the climax or the main point of the plot. This is the turning point of the story and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion. The reader wonders what is going to happen next. The fourth element of a plot is known as falling action or the winding up of the story. Events and complications begin to resolve and the result of actions of the main characters are put forward. The last element of a plot is the resolution or the conclusion. It is the end of a story and ends with either a happy or a tragic ending.
2.5 Setting
According to Roberts and Jacobs (1995:158), setting is concerned with the places where story take a place. Setting refers to geographical location of the story, time period, daily lifestyle of the characters and climate of the story. Background elements can be divided into three main elements, namely a place, time, and social. Backgrounds on the location of the place suggest the occurrence of the events recounted in a work of fiction. The setting is important to give realistic impression to the readers, created a certain situation at a glanced is really happened.
From above the statement, it can be concluded that setting is the place or location of action. Setting refers to geographical location of the story, time period, daily lifestyle of the characters. The setting provides the historical and cultural context for characters.
2.6 Intrinsic Approach
In analyzing a literary work, such as a novel, we need to apply some approaches to get the better ideas of understanding of how to analyze this literary work. These approaches can be applied to analyze a literary work from the inside, or from the both sides of aspects of literary work itself. In this case, the writer applies intrinsic approach to analyze a novel from the inside of its text.
