The analysis of conversation structure on the comic strip The Born Loser - USD Repository

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THE ANALYSIS OF CONVERSATION STRUCTURE

ON THE COMIC STRIP

THE BORN LOSER

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

VIANA ANGGRAENI ROLOS

Student Number: 064214065

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

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THE ANALYSIS OF CONVERSATION STRUCTURE

ON THE COMIC STRIP

THE BORN LOSER

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

VIANA ANGGRAENI ROLOS

Student Number: 064214065

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

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iv

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v

For

My Beloved

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to The Almighty

God, Jesus Christ for His blessing and graces so that I can finish this

undergraduate thesis.

My grateful also goes to my advisor, Anna Fitriati S.Pd., M.Hum., for

her guidance and patience in supporting me during the writing process of this

thesis. I would also like to express my gratitude to my co-advisor Dra.

Bernardine Ria Lestari, M.S., for checking and giving advice on this thesis.

I would also like to express my proper appreciation to all lecturers of

English Letters Department for giving me the best lesson and knowledge, to all

staff of Faculty of Letters and Sanata Dharma Library for their help and

services since I studied and started writing this thesis.

My deepest gratitude is also dedicated to my beloved parents: Walter

Rolos and Dortje Parante for their love, support, and prayer. I also thank my

brothers: Jossie A Rolos and Hendry Y Rolos for giving me spirit and support.

I would also thank all my classmates of Sastra 2006 especially my best

friends Siska Usmani, Lucia Eri, Sheila Putri, Indah Hayu, Elis Wahyu, and

Fabiola Sekar, thank you so much for the great friendship, care, and support for

all these times. My sincere gratitude also goes to Ari Setiyono for his support,

patience, and love. Finally, I would like to thank my friend Ellen, Gaby, Dewi

Maria and those whom I do not mention here but have given me a great hand.

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ... vii

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN ... viii

1. Conversation Analysis ... 10

a. Turn-taking ... 10

b. Adjacency Pairs ... 12

c. Sequences ... 14

2. Preference Structure ... 16

a. Preferred ... 17

b. Dispreferred ... 18

C. Theoretical Framework ... 18

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 20

A. Object of the Study ... 20

B. Method of the Study ... 21

1. Data Collection ... 22

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CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ... 25

A. Analysis of Conversation Structure Used in the Comic Strips ... 26

1. Turn-taking ... 26

d. Compliment – Acceptance/Rejection ... 35

e. Complaint – Apology/Denial ... 35

B. The Patterns of Dispreferred Response that Brutus Uses as the Response to the First Part ... 41

1. Giving an account ... 42

2. Preface ... 44

3. Repetition ... 46

4. Appeal for understanding ... 47

5. Delay/Hesitate ... 49

6. Token yes ... 49

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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 53

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 55

APPENDICES ... 57

Appendix 1: Table Analysis of Conversation Structure ... 57

Appendix 2: Table Patterns of Dispreferred Response ... 58

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ABSTRACT

VIANA ANGGRAENI ROLOS. The Analysis of Conversation Structure on the Comic Strip The Born Loser_._{Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters,}

Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.

Languages can be divided into two types: written language and spoken language. The example of spoken language once can be found in comic strip The Born Loser by Chip Sansom. In the comic strips, there are some characters and one of them is Brutus Thornapple. There is a structure of conversation between Brutus and other characters that later will be examined by the writer.

There are 2 problems that are formulated to be discussed in this thesis. The first problem is what kinds of conversation structure used in the comic strip. The second problem is what patterns of dispreferred response that Brutus uses as the response to the first pair.

Comic strip used as the samples are taken from the comic strip between July to December 2011. In analyzing the problems, the writer uses the theory of conversation structure and the theory of preference structure. The writer begins the analysis of the conversation structure of the comic, and then the writer analyzes the preference structure of the conversation between Brutus and other characters.

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ABSTRAK

VIANA ANGGRAENI ROLOS. The Analysis of Conversation Structure on the

Comic Strip The Born Loser_._{Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra,}

Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013.

Bahasa dapat dibagi menjadi dua jenis, bahasa tulis dan bahasa lisan. Salah satu

contoh bahasa lisan dapat ditemukan dalam komik strip The Born Loser oleh Chip

Sansom. Di dalam komik strip, terdapat beberapa karakter dan salah satunya adalah Brutus Thornapple. Di dalam percakapan antara Brutus dan karakter lain, terdapat struktur percakapan yang kemudian diteliti oleh penulis.

Ada 2 rumusan masalah yang akan dibahas dalam tesis ini. Pertama, apa saja jenis struktur percakapan yang digunakan dalam komik strip. Kedua, apa saja pola tindakan sosial yang tidak disukai yang digunakan Brutus sebagai respon terhadap pasangan pertama.

Komik strip yang digunakan sebagai sampel diambil dari komik strip antara Juli hingga Desember 2011. Dalam menganalisis rumusan masalah, penulis menggunakan teori struktur percakapan dan teori struktur preferensi. Penulis memulai dengan menganalisis struktur percakapan komik, dan kemudian penulis menganalisis struktur preferensi dalam percakapan antara Brutus dan karakter lainnya.

Berdasarkan hasil dari analisis, terdapat 3 bagian dalam struktur percakapan yang digunakan dalam komik strip, ketiga bagian itu adalah pengambilan giliran, pasangan berdampingan, dan urutan. Pasangan berdampingan merupakan bagian terbanyak yang ditemukan dalam analisis pertama. Pada analisis kedua, struktur percakapan komik strip sebagian besar menggunakan struktur preferensi yang didominasi oleh tindakan yang tidak disukai. Dari hasil ini, Brutus adalah orang yang paling sering menggunakan tindakan yang tidak disukai dibandingkan karakter lain sebagai respon terhadap apa yang karakter lain katakan dalam bagian pertama percakapan. Brutus menggunakan beberapa

pola sebagai indikasi dalam tindakan tersebut. Pola-pola tersebut antara lain pembukaan,

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1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language is one of the ways to communicate. Through language people

can deliver message and information. In general, there are two kinds of language:

first is the written language and second is the spoken language. Written language

is a language that can be found in written texts, such as letters, documents, and

books; and it is usually formal. On other side, spoken language is different from

written language because it is spoken and usually informal. One thing that can be

found in spoken language is what is called a conversation. We can say someone is

having a conversation when he or she talks to others and the others reply by

giving a feedback. Here, the participant may include two or more people.

Conversation can happen when someone is talking to another and it

continues when the other gives the answer or response. According to Cook, a talk

may be classed as a conversation when it is not primarily necessitated by a

practical task, any unequal power of participants is partially suspended, the

number of the participants is small, and the turns are quite short. In other words,

Cook said that a conversation happens naturally in a small number of participants

and the duration of the participant taking their turn is quite short (Cutting,

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Some linguists do not agree with Cook’s opinion on “not primarily

necessitated by a practical task”, they say that most of what we say is outcome

oriented. It means that we talk to others with some purposes or we intend that

other participants will know our intention. Other linguists, such as Fairclough, do

not agree with Cook’s opinion on “any unequal power of participants is partially

suspended”. Fairclough says that a conversation may occur when there are

significant power differentials between participants. The conversation may

continue when the participants have different power in talking. It means that the

participants have different power when they take their turn. There is the one who

dominates and takes control in the conversation and the other follows and gives

their response in return (Cutting, 2003:29).

In our daily life, we cannot avoid doing a conversation. Just like what

Saint-Laurent said in his book The Art of Conversation (1951: 12), a conversation

is as necessary to us as eating and drinking. Wiling or unwilling we devote a great

deal of our time to a conversation. Not only in our daily life can we find

conversations, we can also find it inside a written text, such as a story, a drama

text, and even a comic strip. However a comic strip is different from a written

story or a drama, a comic strip has pictures that show the attitude of the person

who is talking and sometimes the place where the conversation takes place. It

makes people easy to recognize what the speaker’s feeling, whether he or she is

happy or mad. The following are some examples of a conversation in a story, a

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In a story:

“My name is Alice...”

“It’s a stupid name enough!” Humpty Dumpty interrupted impatiently. “What does it mean?”

“Must a name mean something?” Alice asked doubtfully.

“Of course it must,” Humpty Dumpty said with a short laugh. “My name means the shape I am – and a good handsome shape is, too. With a name like yours, you might be any shape almost.”

(Fromkin, 2003: 185)

In this example Alice talked to Humpty Dumpty. She introduced herself by

saying her name. As the response to Alice, Humpty Dumpty said that her name

was a stupid name but then he asked what the meaning of her name is. Here Alice

could not answer the question. Instead of giving him an answer, she gave him

another question by saying that “must a name mean something?”. Humpty

Dumpty then explained that every name has their meaning, just like his name that

showed his shape which is a good handsome shape, he said Alice’s name must

have meaning too which showed which shape she was.

In a drama

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Excuse my interrupting you. You say, "my Oxen Meadows. ..." But are they yours?

LOMOV: Yes, mine.

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: What are you talking about? Oxen Meadows are ours, not yours!

LOMOV: No, mine, honoured Natalya Stepanovna.

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Well, I never knew that before. How do you make that out?

LOMOV: How? I'm speaking of those Oxen Meadows which are wedged in between your birchwoods and the Burnt Marsh.

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Yes, yes. ... They're ours.

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NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Just think, Ivan Vassilevitch! How long have they been yours?

LOMOV: How long? As long as I can remember.

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Really, you won't get me to believe that! (Taken from a play The Proposal by Anton Chekhov)

<http://www.one-act-plays.com/comedies/proposal.html> (28 May 2013)

In this example, the conversation happened between Natalya Stevanovna

and Lomov. Here they both argued about the Oxen Meadows. Both Natalya and

Lomov said that the Oxen Meadows was theirs, none of them was caving in.

In a comic strip:

(Taken from The Born Loser; The Jakarta Post, 01 March 2010)

Brutus : “I’m freezing! Would you get me a hot cup of coffee?” Gladys : “Certainly –cream or sugar?”

Brutus : “Don’t bother –I’m going to pour it on my feet!”

Above is the example of comic strips that tells about Brutus who is asking

for a drink from Gladys. From the conversation above, it is clear that Brutus feels

cold and asks for a coffee. The situation is not clear yet because there is no

description like in a short story that tells about the condition when the

conversation takes place or the explanation about the gesture of the one who is

talking. The situation can be seen from the picture that explains them. In the

picture the setting of the conversation is clearly seen, it is outside their house

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In a story, a conversation takes only a few parts. The conversation is

usually followed by descriptions of who is talking, how the person acts, and the

feeling of the person. These descriptions are used as an explanation during the

conversation. In drama, the conversation is the main content. A conversation in a

drama is more like a conversation in daily life because a drama is made to be

performed. There are also descriptions in a drama but it is lesser than in a story.

Both a story and a drama contain description inside, while in a comic strip, it is

almost nothing. Instead of the description, pictures are used to explain the

situation.

One of comic strips written by Art and Chip Sansom, The Born Loser is

one of the examples of comic strip that tells about people’s daily life that contains

conversation inside. The Born Loser is one of the comic strips that The Jakarta

Post chooses to publish inside their newspaper along with some other comic

strips. This comic strip tells about Brutus Thornapple’s life. Brutus Thornapple is

the main character in this comic strip. There are also other characters; they are

Gladys Thornapple, Wilberforce Thornapple, Rancid W. Veeblefester, Ramona

Gargle, and Hurricane Hattie O'Hara.

In this paper, the writer intends to analyze the conversation in a comic

strip. In order to analyze the conversation, a conversation analysis is needed to see

how to analyze the preference structure used in the comic strip. The writer also

intends to reveal the patterns of dispreferred response that Brutus uses as the

response to the first part, here the writer uses the series of optional elements of

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wants to inform the readers about the preference structure of the comic strip The

Born Loser and what the patterns of dispreferred response that Brutus uses as the

response to the first part are.

B. Problem Formulation

Two problems are formulated to analyze the topic, they are:

1. What kinds of conversation structure are used in the comic strip?

2. What are the patterns of dispreferred response that Brutus uses as the

response to the first part?

C. Objectives of the Study

Since the conversation analysis helped on the understanding of utterance

meaning by showing how large proportion of the situated significance of

utterances can be traced to their surrounding sequential environment, it is

necessary to know the preference structure of the conversation in the comic strip

to know how the characters react to certain utterance. Therefore, the first objective

of the study is applied to identify the preference structure used in the comic strip

The Born Loser.

By finding the preference structure, the dispreferred response of the first

part in conversation can be found. This finding may help to study the second

objective of the study, the writer uses the series of optional elements of

dispreferred response by Yule as the guidance to find the patterns of dispreferred

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D. Definition of Terms

There are four definitions of terms used in this topic. They are

conversation, conversation analysis, dispreferred, and comic strips. It is important

to know the terms in order to avoid the misunderstanding.

1. Conversation

Conversation is discourse mutually constructed and negotiated in the time

between speakers: it is usually informal and unplanned. (Cutting, 2003: 28)

2. Conversation Analysis

Conversation Analysis is an approach that studies the way that: what the

speaker says dictates the type of answer expected, and that speakers take turns

when they interact. (Cutting, 2003: 24)

3. Dispreferred

Dispreferred is the structurally unexpected response or next act. (Yule,

1996: 79)

4. Comic Strip

Comic strip is a series of drawings inside boxes that tell a story and are

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8

CHAPTER II

THEORITICAL REVIEW

This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part is Review of Related

Studies. In this part there are two reviews given by two people. The second part is

Review of Related Theories. This part discusses theories that are going to be used

in this study. The third is Theoretical Framework. This part explains the use of the

theories in order to solve the problem formulation.

A. Review of Related Study

Miller in Conversation Analysis and the Book of Jonah:

A Conversation tried to analyze the conversation in Raymond Person's book In

Conversation with Jonah with Conversation Analysis. She found that Person

succeeds in analyzing the conversation in Jonah, and Person also succeeds in

highlighting that dialogue and the structure of biblical narrative is important.

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Miller tried to show how Person analyzed the narrative using Conversation

Analysis that could help him in finding that in the narrative the order of the linear

order can be changed from the second part of an adjacency pair immediately after

the first part.

The other related study comes from Andi Muhammad Yauri S. Koherensi dalam

wacana komik the born loser (Coherence in The Born Loser Comic Discourse). In

his writing, he analyzed the coherence of the conversation in the comic The Born

Loser. He used linguistic tools such as reference, substitution, deletion,

comic strip that is The Born Loser. The analysis that the writer is going to reveal

is about the dispreferred response of the preference structure in the comic strips. It

is similar to Miller analysis but the writer here wants to analyze the structure of

the conversation in the comic in order to see the pattern of dispreferred response

that Brutus uses as the response to the first part.

B. Review of Related Theories

In this review of related theories, the writer will use two theories, they are

Conversation Analysis and Preference Structure. First, in the theory of

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writer will use to analyze the conversation in comic strip The Born Loser, they are

turn-taking, adjacency pairs, and sequences. Second, the theory of Preference

Structure, they are preferred and dispreferred.

1. Conversation Analysis

Cutting in Pragmatics and Discourse: A resource book for students (2003:

27, 28) stated that Conversation Analysis takes a „bottom-up‟ approach: it begins

with the conversation itself, and then leads to the structure of the conversation.

Conversation Analysis looks the conversation as a process. It looks at the flow of

the event little by little and what it implies from the conversation between

speakers. Conversation itself is a discourse that formed by different speakers at a

time that is unplanned and usually informal (2003: 28).

In conversation analysis there are 3 parts, they are turn-taking, adjacency

pairs, and sequences. Those three parts may help to find the structure of the

conversation. Below are the explanations of those parts.

a. Turn-taking

In most countries and cultures there is only one person speak at the time. It

naturally happened when someone is speaking, the other is listening. The people

take turns; when the first speaker finishes talking, another speaker begins to talk.

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When the speaker finish talking the next speaker begins to talk, the

moment of changing between the speakers is called a transition relevance place or

TRP. In the conversation, the next speaker do not know exactly when the first

speaker‟s turn is complete, but they will end their turn by saying a word or

sentence that indicates that their turn already complete. When the next speaker

begins to talk while the first one is still taking, this called an interruption. The

following is the example of the interruption. The interruption is indicated with a

//, this sign is adapted from Gumperz (Cutting, 2003:29).

B: well, I guess the meeting is // over for today.

A: // umm. Um, can I speak first.

The next speaker can predict when the turn is complete. The moment

when they predict the turn of the current speaker almost finishes but they begin to

talk is called overlap. The following the example of the overlap. The overlap

begins indicated with a =. This sign is adapted from Schriffin (Cutting, 2003:29)

A: No, she is in the hospital. Well =

B: = What happened to her?

It seems there is an unwritten agreement in each culture about the

acceptable length of a pause between two turns. The pause is called an attributable

silence (Cutting, 2003: 29). The following is the example of the attributable

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A: Do you love me?

B: (5) Uh-uh.

A: So, would you marry me?

B: Yes.

From the above example, B pauses for five second, before her “uh-uh”. It

indicated with number five which is in the brackets. The “uh-uh” is an attributable

silence because it comes after the pause.

b. Adjacency pairs

Adjacency pairs are a pair of utterances that occur in conversation. In a

conversation the utterance of the first speaker may lead to particular response of

the second speaker. The conversation then consists of a first part and a second

part, that the first part may create an expectation of particular second part. These

parts are produced by different speakers. According to Levinson (1984:303),

adjacency pairs are sequences of two utterances that are adjacent; produce by

different speaker; ordered as a first part and a second part; and typed, so that a

particular first part requires a particular second (or range of second parts) – e.g.

offers require acceptance or rejections, greetings require greetings and so on. The

following is a few examples taken from Cutting (2003:30).

a question has preferred response of an answer

an offer an acceptance

an invitation an acceptance

an assessment an agreement

a proposal an agreement

a greeting a greeting

a complaint an apology

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In adjacency pairs, when the first speaker produces the utterance, it must

be recognizable so the second speaker can produce a recognizable second part as

the response of the first part. The following are some examples of adjacency pairs

that have the first part and the second part. There are also some optional second

parts for some examples.

e. Compliment - Acceptance A: That‟s a nice watch.

B: Thanks.

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- Justify B: I was hungry. It was just a cup anyway.

- Challenge B: So what?

g. Offer - Accept A: Would you like another cup of coffee?

B: Yes please, that would be nice.

- Reject B: No thanks.

In conversation the speakers tend to construct their conversation that leads

to some particular sequences. These sequences can be pre-sequences, insertion

sequence, and opening and closing sequence. Pre-sequences happen when the

speaker is giving a ground for the further sequence and the type of utterance to

follow (Cutting, 2003:30). Pre-sequences can be pre-invitations, pre-requests, and

pre-announcements. The following are the example of pre-invitation, pre-request,

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• Pre-invitation

A: Do you know that Bona will hold a party this weekend?

B: Yes?

A: Can you help me with my homework?

B: Sure.

• Pre-announcement

A: I can‟t wait to go home now.

B: What happen?

A: Mona will be home today and we are going to spend our weekend with

the kids in Disney Land.

B: That would be great, I guess.

Insertion sequence happens when the first speaker asking question, the

second speaker answers it by another question, and when the second speaker

answers the question given by the first speaker, the first speaker answers the

second speaker question (Q1, Q2, A2, A1). The following is the example of

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A: You know that French film that‟s on in the Odeon?

greeting.The following is the example of opening sequence.

Alan: Hi, Bob.

Bob: Hi, Alan.

Alan: How are you?

Bob: Fine, how about you?

Closing sequence is the end of conversation that usually contains a

farewell. The following is the example of closing sequence.

A: Sorry, I have to go now.

B: It‟s okay. See you.

A: See you on Monday. Bye.

B: Bye.

2. Preference Structure

In adjacency pairs there is a correlation of content and format that the first

parts and the second parts have, in example: request may have acceptance or

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called preference structure that consists of preferred and dispreferred respons.

Preferred response is the expected response and dispreferred response is the

unexpected response (Yule, 1996: 78-79).

The participants can give response based on the request. The response can

be preferred response by accepting the request or dispreferred response by

refusing the response. The following is a table of correlation of content and format

in adjacency pairs that is taken from Levinson‟s book Pragmatics (1984: 336).

First Parts: Request Offer/Invite Assessment Question Blame

Second Parts:

Prefferred: Acceptance Acceptance Agreement Expected

answer

Denial

Dispreferred: Refusal Refusal Disagreement Unexpected

answer or

non-answer

Admission

a. Preferred response

The preferred responses are usually agreements and acceptances. This response

contains what the first speaker expects from the second speaker. The following is

the example of preferred responses:

A: Can we go to the pool now?

B: Yes. Can you call the cab so we can go now?

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From the above conversation, A is asking whether he and B can go to the

pool right now. The answer “yes” is the preferred response because it is

considered as the expected answer from B. The conversation continues when B is

asking whether A can call the cab so they can go, this first part leads to the second

part that B will answer the question. A‟s answer “sure” is considered as preferred

response since B expected A to answer with an acceptance.

b. Dispreferred response

The dispreferred responses usually contain refusals and disagreements.

This response happens when the first speaker does not expect the answer from the

second speaker. There are also unusual responses that consider as meaningful or

even rude. For example, the absence of response may consider as the hearer is not

paying attention, refusing to cooperate, or not having heard. The following is the

example of dispreferred response:

A: Do you know where the doctor‟s room is?

B: I don‟t know.

From the above example A is asking whether B know where the doctor‟s

room is. B answers “I don‟t know” is a dispreferred answer since A does not

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conversation structure used in the comic strip. By finding the conversation

structure, it may help in the second analysis to reveal the patterns of dispreferred

response that Brutus uses as the response to the first part, here the series of

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20

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the writer will explain about the object of study and the

method of the study that the writer used in analyzing the topic. In the object of the

study, the writer will describe the object or data of the study, which include the

which written by Art and Chip Sansom. The Born Loser is one of the examples of

comic strip that tell about people’s daily life that contains conversation inside. The

Born Loser is one of the comic strips that The Jakarta Post chooses to publish

inside their newspaper along with some other comic strips. This comic strip tells

about Brutus Thornapple’s life. Brutus Thornapple is the main character in this

comic strip. There are also other characters; they are Gladys Thornapple,

Wilberforce Thornapple, Rancid W. Veeblefester, Ramona Gargle, and Hurricane

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Chip Sansom began to continue The Born Loser when he was 14 years old

when his father, the late Art Sansom, first created the strip in 1965. After years of

observing and assisting his father, he assumed that it was his destiny to be a

cartoonist to continue what his father had done.

“I am very happy that The Born Loser is still as appealing to readers, new and old, as it was when it first appeared 45 years ago,” Sansom said. “It is a tribute to the great characters my dad created and his universal and timeless premise that Brutus Thornapple is an everyman, taking the fall for the rest of us in the trials and tribulations we face everyday.”

<http://dailycartoonist.com/index.php/2010/05/05/the-born-loser- celebrates-45-years/http://dailycartoonist.com/index.php/2010/05/05/the-born-loser-celebrates-45-years/> (7 July 2010)

After all The Born Loser is one of the most popular comic strips in the

world. It had readers of more than 1,300 in newspapers around the world and on

the Web at www.gocomics.com. It appears daily in more than 35 countries and as

the result it is also translated into nine languages. The Born Loser also gets into a

six-time National Cartoonists Society award nominee for Best Humor Strip in

1991 and 1987. In the 1990, Topper Books published a compilation book The

Born Loser’s Guide to Life

<http://dailycartoonist.com/index.php/2010/05/05/the-born-loser-celebrates-45-years/> (7 July 2010).

B. Method of the Study

The writer used library and internet research as the method of the study in

analyzing this thesis. The materials were taken from newspapers, library, and

websites. The sources of this study were divided into two, they are primary and

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The primary source of the study was the comic strip written by Art and

Chip Sansom, The Born Loser. The secondary sources of this study were books

and articles from internet and library; they included theories, references or any