Tipe element MINGGU 2: STRUKTUR, FUNGSI DAN PERUBAHAN LANSKAP 29/12/2010 BAGAIMANA MELIHAT STRUKTUR LANSKAP? Tipe element

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1 MINGGU 2:

STRUKTUR , FUNGSI DAN

PERUBAHAN LANSKAP

Prof. Lilik Budi Prasetyo http://lbprastdp.staff.ipb.ac.id Bogor Agricultural University

INDONESIA

Landscape Structure:

spatial relationships among landscape elements (hubungan spasial antar elemen pembentuk) Landscape Function:

how the elements act and interact

(bagaimana masing-masing elemen berperan dan interaksi antar elemen)

Landscape Change:

alteration of the structure and function of the landscape over time (alterasi struktur dan fungsi pada bentang lahan sepanjang waktu)

BAGAIMANA MELIHAT STRUKTUR

LANSKAP ?

• Tipe element

• Dominansi /Luas (size) element • Jumlah tiap element

(Heterogenitas)

• Bentuk (shape)/Size elemen • Distribusi/arrangement

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Dominansi

_{Heterogenitas}

Distribusi/Arrangement

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3

Bentuk/

shape

Bentuk/shape

Faktor apa yg menentukan

structure/pattern sebuah lanskap

• Tipe Disturbance/gangguan

– Intensity

– Frequency (Chronic/single disturbance) – Timing (coincidence)

– Extent/Area

– Distribution (random/clumped)

• Sucession • Biophysical Factors

– Topography, geology, soil (independent), Wildlife (Biotic

interaction : competion, domince) • Climate

– Curah hujan, suhu, kelembaban

STRUKTUR & CHANGE (Role Disturbance)

DISTURBANCE :

Kejadian yg mengganggu struktur ekosistem, komunitas atau populasi dan mengubah sumberdaya dan ketersediaan materi, atau lingkungan fisik

any process or condition external to the natural physiology of living organisms that results in the sudden mortality of biomass in a community on a time scale significantly shorter than the accumulation of the biomass.

Any relatively discreteevent in space and time that disrupts ecosystem, community, or population structure and changes resources, substrate, or the physical environment. Disturbances typically cause a significant changein the system.

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Disturbance can also be defined as a relatively discrete event in time and

space where plant biomass (or labile soil organic matter) has been lost or removed; in this case, the disturbance concept is intricately linked with the concept of succession.

Pickett and White (1985) and Chapin et al. (2002)

disturbance as a relatively discrete event in time and space that alters

the structure of populations, communities, and ecosystems and causes changes in resource availability or the physical environment

STRUKTUR & CHANGE (Role Disturbance)

Concepts of Disturbance and EquilibriumTipe and asal/origin dari disturbances

Disturbance

1) Intensity: proporsi biomasa yang terganggu/hilang/mati

Misal : tipe kebakaran (surface/crown fire) Clear cutting/selective logging

1) Frequency: Jumlah disturbance pada satu waktu interval tertentu : menentukan bagaimana proses suksesi bisa berlangsung.

Frekuensi gangguan dapat diprediksi bila berulang pada interval tertentu, misal kekeringan, banjir, kebakaran

Disturbance

3) Timing: coincidence disturbance dengan faktor lain misal : peristiwa kebakaran pada musim kemarau akan lebih parah merusak ekosistem dibandingkan bila terjadi pada musim hujan api pada musim hujan 4) Disturbance area: luasan disturbance

5) Ketersediaan Sumberdaya: kehilangan/kematian secarimmediate mortality is the most dramatic mendadak mempunyai efek yg lebih besar

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Disturbance

Recovery-Recovery Disturbance Time S ta te v a ri a b le s Seasonal

• Setelah disturbance, ecosystems kembali mengalami suksesi/ succession, • Bila disturbance berhenti maka suksesi proses akan mencapai klimaks/climax

(titik akhir suksesi),

• Pada titik ini struktur dan ecosystem mengalami steady state kebutuhan vegetasi (mempertahankan kondisi klimaks) akan sama seimbang dengan suplainya (respirasi =fotosintesa)

PATCH ORIGIN

Succession

• Primer :

occurring over decades to centuries explain much of the local variation among

ecosystems (waktu sangat panjang) • Secondary succession

occurs on previously vegetated sites after disturbances such as fire, hurricanes, logging, and agricultural plowing (relatif pendek karena tersedia resources/biji, stolon, etc)

Disturbance and Species Existence

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DISTURBANCE RECOVERY (Case study)

Prasetyo, L.B, Hirata, Y, Hideki, S

TOTAL AFFECTED AREAS IN 1998 3.4 MILLION HECTARE -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Ap r-9 8 Ma y-9 8 Ju n -9 8 Ju l-9 8 Au g -9 8 Se p -9 8 O ct -9 8 N o v-9 8 D e c-9 8 Ja n -9 9 F e b -9 9 Ma r-9 9 Ap r-9 9 Ma y-9 9 Ju n -9 9 Ju l-9 9 Au g -9 9 Se p -9 9 O ct -9 9 N o v-9 9 D e c-9 9 Ja n -0 0 F e b -0 0 Ma r-0 0 Ap r-0 0 Ma y-0 0 Ju n -0 0 Ju l-0 0 Au g -0 0 Se p -0 0 O ct -0 0 N o v-0 0 D e c-0 0

RECOVERY PROCESS OF FIRE DISTURBANCE : NDSWIR DYNAMIS CHANGES 1998 - 2000

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Herbs & Seedlings

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 0 20 40 60 80 100 No. of sub-plots N o . o f sp Natural Post fire A mangium Tre e s 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 20 40 60 80 100 No. of subplots N o . o f sp ec ie s Natural Post fire A mangium Saplings 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 10 20 30 40 50 No. of subplots N o . o f sp e c ie s Natural Post fire A mangium

PLOT LEVEL RECOVERY (Species Diversity) H.SIMBOLON et.al KONDISI LANSKAP 1985 KONDISI LANSKAP 1989

Exogenous disturbance

KONDISI LANSKAP 1992 KONDISI LANSKAP 2000 KONDISI LANSKAP 2004

STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Effects of weather, landscape structure, and management

on fire spread: Comparison between WI hardwoods and

NJ Pinelands, USA

Zheng, D1*_{., J.J. LaCroix}1_{, S. Ryu}1_{, J. Chen}1_{, J. Hom}2_{, and K. Clark}2

1 University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA. 2 _{USDA Forest Service, Newtown Square, PA 19073, USA}

Spatial distribution of 24 fire ignition points in relation to fuel types in the CNF (left) and NJP (right) USA. 5 = Brush < 0.8 m with scattered trees, 8 = Litter layer without under story, 10 = Litter layer with under story, and 11 = light logging/Swamps.

Eastern USA

KESIMPULAN

Fire spread was + with landscape fragmentation. The combination of fuel/structure determine fire areas/patterns if other factors are constants.

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SOURCE & SINK GHG L.B.Prasetyo, S. Genya, U. Rosalina D.Murdiyarso, H. Tsuruta Land-use/cover changes in Jambi impact on green house gas :

reduction of above-ground carbon stock : 10 x 106_ton/year

reduction of Methane gas absorption : 1.5 x 103_ton/year

KAJIAN KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS BURUNG DI BERBAGAI TIPE LANSKAP HUTAN TANAMAN PINUS

TIARA SUKRA DEWI

Kekayaan jenis burung di lokasi penelitian

Kondisi Burung Lokasi A Lokasi B Lokasi C Lokasi D

Jumlah jenis 16 16 27 22

Indeks Keanekaragaman 2.13 2.33 2.98 2.47

Indeks Kemerataan 0.77 0.84 0.90 0.80

Jumlah Jenis Dominan 5 7 7 5

Jumlah Jenis Jarang 4 2 10 9

Jumlah Jenis Dilindungi 4 4 4 4

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38.56 18.95 5.23 3.27 2.61 1.961.31 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Jenis Burung K e ra p a ta n R e la ti f Kacamata gunung Walet linci Tepus pipi-perak Cinenen Jaw a Perenjak Jaw a Gelatik-batu kelabu Cekakak Jaw a Wiw ik kelabu Cekakak sungai Layang-layang batu Cucak kutilang Srigunting hitam Cica-koreng Jaw a Burung-madu sriganti Pelanduk semak Cabai gunung 24.24 21.21 9.09 7.07 5.05 4.04 3.03 8.08 2.02 1.01 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Jenis Burung K e ra pa ta n R e la ti f Walet linci Kacamata gunung Layang-layang batu Perenjak Jaw a Cabai Jaw a Cekakak Jaw a Cucak kutilang Cinenen Jaw a Pelanduk semak Kacamata biasa Tekukur biasa Raja-udang meninting Cekakak sungai Burung-madu sriganti Remetuk laut Burung-gereja Erasia Kacamata Gunung (Zosterops montanus)

Walet linci (Collocalia linchi)

A B 12.36 11.24 5.62 5.06 3.93 2.25 3.37 2.81 1.69 1.12 0.56 0 5 10 15 Jenis Burung K e ra p a ta n R e la ti f

Walet linci Kacamata gunung Kacamata biasa Gelatik-batu kelabu Tekukur biasa Cinenen Jaw a Perenjak Jaw a Cekakak sungai Pelanduk semak Burung-madu sriganti Srigunting kelabu Cinenen pisang Cekakak Jaw a Srigunting hitam Wiw ik kelabu Munguk beledu Meninting besar Caladi tilik Empuloh janggut Cabai Jaw a Bondol Jaw a Layang-layang batu Merbah cerucuk Tepus pipi-perak Cinenen kelabu Gemak loreng Burung-madu kelapa

32.54 4.763.97 11.11 7.14 6.35 5.56 3.17 2.38 0.79 0 10 20 30 40 Jenis Burung K e ra pa ta n R e la ti f

Kacamata gunung Walet linci Pelanduk semak Perenjak Jaw a Cabai Jaw a Wiw ik kelabu Gelatik-batu kelabu Cinenen Jaw a Tepus pipi-perak Wiw ik uncuing Srigunting hitam Layang-layang batu Empuloh janggut Munguk beledu Tekukur biasa Cekakak Jaw a Cekakak sungai Jingjing batu Meninting besar Cinenen pisang Burung-madu srigantiCabai gunung

Kacamata Gunung (Zosterops montanus)

Walet linci (Collocalia linchi) Kacamata biasa (Zosterops palpebrosus)

C