MARXISM IN GEORGE ORWELL’S ANIMAL FARM Ima Masofa, S.S., M.Pd.
(imamasofa@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
This article attempts to analyze Marxism in George Orwell’s Animal Farm. The article uses basic ideas of Marxism and Historical background to analyze the characters. The study aims atdescribing some basic ideas of Marxism which are depicted in the novel. Those are:1.Social life consists of two layers; it can beseen in the community of the animals that consist ofupper class and lower class. The upper class belongs to the one who controls the group. This refers to Old Major who inspires the animals to have revolution. And then after Old Major dies, Napoleon leads the rebellion.Napoleon(young boar) has ambition and direct approach to get power cause him to win the struggle for leadership of animal farm 2.A minority of people holding the power that lies on the person who proposes rebellion. The revolutionary ideas come out in Old Major’s dreams. Old major is a well-respected pig and he represents a minority of people who has a dream about revolution.3.Philosophy, literature, arts, and other intellectual activities lie on the upper layer that the pigs is the group who control the farm. The pigs refer to upper layer. As a member of upper layer, indeed, they perform privileged attitude which possess to this class.4.Social conflict lie on the second layer: the upper class constantly try to suppress the lower class/labor/proletarians, and the proletarians are too weak in facing the pressures of bourgeoisies, and therefore they tend to be constantly stronger and richer, while the proletarians tend to be constantly weaker and poorer.The proletarian can be seen inBoxer (cart horse) that is great loyal labor, strong body, small intelligence, honest and hard working
Keywords:Marxism, upper class, lower class, Historical Background.
ABSTRAK
oleh dalam babi di dalam novel berbuat semaunya sendiri dan menindas kelas bawah yang di gambarkan oleh tokoh Napoleon.3.Filosofi, sastra, seni, dan kegiatanak ademis yang menggambarkan kelas atas yang di gambarkan oleh tokoh babi yang mempunyai kekuasaan pertanian dari hewan lainnya.4.Konflik social antara kelas atas sebagai penguasa cenderung semakin kaya dan berbuat sewenang wenang ke kelas bawah dan kelas bawah semakin miskin dan lemah.
Kata Kunci: Marxism, KelasAtas, KelasBawah,LatarBelakangSejarah
A
. INTRODUCTION
Animal Farm tells a group of
oppressed animals on Manor
Farm.The novel takes the reader
through the revolution of the animals.
One of Orwell's goals in writing
Animal Farm is to portray the Russian
(or Bolshevik) Revolution of 1917 as
one that resulted in a government more
oppressive, totalitarian, and deadly
than the one it overthrew (Howard,
2009: 1).
Animal Farm primarily
presents Marxism. In this novel, the
author, George Orwell tries to portray
the idea of Marxism through
animalism. Animalism here brings the
revolution of the animals on Manor
farm. It tells of how animals form a
system of government. The system of
government in this case refers to the
Animalism on the farm. The story tells
about animal rebellion on Manor farm.
The animals took over from Mr. Jones
who was owner the farm. It happened
because of their suffering from
tyranny of human being. The rebellion began Old Major’s idea to struggle animalism that all animals are equal.
He taught the animalism to all animals
in the farm. The idea was continued by
Napoleon and Snowball after the death
of Old major. They were success to
influence all animals about the
animalism. The rebellion started when
Mr. Jones drunk and forgot to feed his
animals. The situation used by the
animal to rebel. In a short time, the
animal took over the farm. They
changed manor farm to animal farm
and wrote seven principle of
animalism. For the future of the farm,
Snowball and Napoleon competed for
leadership of the farm. They had
different opinion in build up the
windmill. During the time, Napoleon
had envy to Snowball such as opposed
farm by his bodyguard of dogs and he
took over the project of the windmill
as his own idea. Snowball defeated by
Napoleon from the farm. The animal
worked hard to construct the windmill
but the result did not work properly.
Napoleon entered an agreement for the
sale of the timber with either
Pilkington or Fedrick but never both at
once.
In November, the windmill was
half built, but one night a violance
storm blew up and in the morning they
found windmill in pieces. The animals
had a little food in the winter.
Napoleon snuffled around and
announced that it was Snowball who
was responsible for the sabotage.
Napoleon and Squealler blamed
Snowball for everything went wrong
in the farm. Frederick blew up the
windmill with dynamite. It caused
many wounded and dead animal. The
animals rebuilt the windmill. At the
same time boxer was collapse and he
was ready for retired. Then the pigs
sent him to the hospital but it was not
the real hospital but the slaughter
house. The other animals were
informed by the pigs that boxer has
knew the truth and told the others. In a
few time later, Napoleon was elected
as the President of the animal farm.
Certainly he kept the young pigs apart
from the other animals, in both
education and normal social context
and divided into two groups ; the
ruling class, with privilege and honors:
the workers, with the privilege of
performing their jobs without
complaint and without reward.
Napoleon is more and more like Jones
all the time. Many years passed and many of animal farms’ old in habitant died, although Napoleon, Squealer,
Clover, Banjamin and Moses. The
farm was more prosperous and the
final transformation of the pigs begun.
The animals were happy about the fact
that they no longer for tyrannical
masters.
This article attempts to analyze Marxism in George Orwell’s Animal Farm. The article uses basic ideas of
Marxism and Historical background to
analyze the characters. The study aims
at describing some basic ideas of
Marxism which are depicted in the
novel. Those are: 1.Social life consists
of upper class and lower class. The
upper class belongs to the one who
controls the group. This refers to Old
Major who inspires the animals to
have revolution. And then after Old
Major dies, Napoleon leads the
rebellion. Napoleon (young boar) has
ambition and direct approach to get
power cause him to win the struggle
for leadership of animal farm 2. A
minority of people holding the power
that lies on the person who proposes
rebellion. The revolutionary ideas come out in Old Major’s dreams. Old major is a well-respected pig and he
represents a minority of people who
has a dream about revolution. 3.
Philosophy, literature, arts, and other
intellectual activities lie on the upper
layer that the pigs is the group who
control the farm. The pigs refer to
upper layer. As a member of upper
layer, indeed, they perform privileged
attitude which possess to this
class.4.Social conflict lie on the
second layer: the upper class
constantly try to suppress the lower
class/labor/proletarians, and the
proletarians are too weak in facing the
pressures of bourgeoisies, and
therefore they tend to be constantly
stronger and richer, while the
proletarians tend to be constantly
weaker and poorer. The proletarian
can be seen in Boxer (cart horse) that
is great loyal labor, strong body, small
intelligence, honest and hard working.
B. RESEARCH METHOD
Research Design
The study aims at describing
some basic ideas of Marxism which
are depicted in the novel. Those are: 1.
Social life consists of two layers; it can
beseen in the community of the
animals that consist ofupper class and
lower class. The upper class belongs to
the one who controls the group. This
refers to Old Major who inspires the
animals to have revolution. And then
after Old Major dies, Napoleon leads
the rebellion.Napoleon(young boar)
has ambition and direct approach to
get power cause him to win the
struggle for leadership of animal farm
power that lies on the person who
proposes rebellion. The revolutionary
ideas come out in Old Major’s dreams.
Old major is a well-respected pig and
he represents a minority of people who
has a dream about revolution. 3.
Philosophy, literature, arts, and other
intellectual activities lie on the upper
layer that the pigs is the group who
control the farm. Historical
background is used in this study
because of its importance of
understanding the place and the time
where the discussed characters live. As
it is stated by Sarah Johnson of Eastern
Illinois University that a historical
novel is a novel that the plot reflects its
historical period so well that the story
could not have occurred at any other
time in history. Therefore the
application of historical background in
this study is so obvious because the
thesis writer thinks that the novel
studiedis historical novel.
The writer regardsanimal farm
as historical novels because the
novelis studied by thesis writer
through an understanding of historical
background of the story. Because of
the importance of understanding the
historical background of the two
novels, the application of historical
criticism is really useful. Historical
criticism defines that history is a series
of events that have a linear, causal
relationship: event A caused event B,
event B caused event C and so on
(Tyson,2006:282). From the
quotation, it can be learnt that
historical criticism sees that the
characters presented in the two stories
are related to the historical events
around them.
The object of this study is how
Marxism is described in George
Orwell’s Animal Farm. The novel is
chosen for some reasons. First, George
Orwell was an English novelist,
essayist, journalist and critic. Second,
his work is marked by lucid prose,
awareness of social injustice,
opposition to totalitarianism, and
commitment to democratic socialism.
Third, according to Methuen, animal
farm is a satire on the history of Russia
under communist rule, fro revolution
1917 to the Teheran Conference in
1943 (1974:26). The Russian
revolution was partly the inspiration of
Karl Marx, a German economist and
the founder of revolutionary
communism. The main tenet of
Marxist theory is that economic
relations are the most important
relations between people. It teaches
that in making any finished product,
there are several elements: raw
materials, factory, and machinery, the
factory manager and owner (called the
capitalist), and the workman.
Source of Data
The main data is taken from
novelAnimal Farmpublished in 1970.
The supporting data is taken from
articles, journal of literature, e-book,
and other related sources which have
relationships with the main data.
Technique of Collecting Data
The technique of collecting
data will be conducted some steps.
First, close reading, reading the novel
from the beginning to the end of the
story. Second, note taking, this activity
will be done to write the data related
with. This step is data will be sorted
and filtered by taking notes at once to
obtain the main and important data.
Third, select notes to classify the data
problems stated in the first chapter.
This step is done to make the data
sorted, filtered and classified properly
based on the problems of the study.
Finally interpret and discuss
the data. The data interpretation is
done to make the data meaningful,
while the discussion is done to validate
and clarify the data analysis.
Technique of Analyzing Data
This study combines the data in
the form of literary text, Marxism and
historical background in the novel to
get the findings. The findings will be
described and analyzed deeply. The
next chapter contains of discussion
will discuss the findings have been
founded
Verification of the Data
Verification of the data or
triangulation is used to verify the
trustworthiness of the findings. There
are three types of triangulation. The
first types are “Data Sources
Triangulation”. It involves the
convergence of multiple data sources.
The second types are “Methodological
Triangulation” that includes the
convergence of data from multiple
data collection procedures. “Expert
triangulation” is used when a
researcher uses expert or master to
check or validate the validity of data
obtain. (Denzin,1989:71).
However, in this research, the
writer only combines two types of
triangulation. First, triangulation with
multiple data sources triangulation by
checking the data findings related to
the source or the data in how the
Marxism is described in George
Orwell’s Animal Farm by using
historical background. Second using
“Expert triangulation”, the writer
asked and consulted to the advisor who
uses both types of triangulation to
strengthen the data and achieve a valid
result.
C. MARXISM IN ANIMAL FARM
Coles notes define that socialism
refers generally to any economic
system based on the ownership of
good and property collectively rather
than by individuals. The idea was described at least as early as Plato’s Republic and was practiced by the
early Christians. In its modern forms,
those developed from the 1930s on,
socialism preaches government
ownership of goods and control of
their production and distribution. It
explains that communism is a specific
form of socialism, developed from
principles laid down by Karl Marx and
Frederick Engels in the communist
manifesto (1847) and Das Capital
(1867-94) (1985:4). It always seeks
the abolition of private property. It is
difficult for us to realize today that
until the 1950s the world did know the
truth about the out grades committed
by Stalin. When the Soviet Union
entered World War II on the allied
side, many people thought that it might
be better not to know, or that
communism’s opposition to fascism was so important as to be worth
ignoring other facets of the theory and
its practice. Orwell disagreed, as he
showed in writing animal farm. But he
had been disagreeing with other
socialists for much of his adult life.
According to Methuen, animal
farm is a satire on the history of Russia
under communist rule, from revolution
1917 to the Teheran Conference in
1943 (1974:26). The Russian
revolution was partly the inspiration of
Karl Marx, a German economist and
the founder of revolutionary
communism. The main tenet of
Marxist theory is that economic
relations are the most important
relations between people. It teaches
that in making any finished product,
there are several elements: raw
materials, factory, and machinery, the
factory manager and owner (called the
capitalist), and the workman. Of all of
these elements, Marx says, the
workman is the most important, for it
is he who transforms the raw material
into finished product and thus makes it
more valuable. Yet it is the capitalist
who takes the extra values. Socialism,
between the means of production and
consumer goods. According to
socialist theory, the means of
production, once legally obtained,
should be collectively owned, but
consumer goods, including what we
would consider as private property,
should be owned by individuals.
York notes explain that in animal
farm, Orwell did something towards
restoring the allegory to its rightful
place as a force in literature. Many
events in the story are allusions to
recent history of Russia. In Russia
before the revolution of 1917 there
was undoubtedly a good deal of
genuine mass discontent against the
Tsarist regime, both in the towns and
countryside, and the spontaneous
overthrow and expulsion of Jones is a
kin to the uprising by the Bolsheviks
(1980:29).
The philosophy of the revolution
had been worked out and spread by
Karl Marx whose Communist
Manifesto is represented in the story by the “Seven Commandents, and by Marx’s disciple, Lenin who became first president of the new regime in
Russia. Old Major (whose appearance
represents a fusion of Marx and Lenin:
he profound the ideals of animalism
and after his death his skull is
exhumed for public honor just as the
embalmed body of Lenin was put on
display in Moscow.
Cliff’s notes describe that the rest of the world was concerned lest
communist upheavals spread beyond Russia’s borders and both the USA and Britain sent troops to assist in the overthrow of Lenin’s party, but by 1921 this counter-revolution had failed
completely; and soon the western
powers had recognized the new regime
and started to establish diplomatic
relation with it (1967:11). These trends
find their parallel in the story with the
return of Jones aided by his neighbors,
their rout in the battle of the Cowshed,
and giving up the pretence that animal
farm (Soviet Union) was still called
the Manor Farm (Russia).
Lenin’s death was followed by a bitter struggle for power between
Stalin (Napoleon) and Trotsky (Snowball), leading to Trotsky’s expulsion from the Soviet Union,
which roughly coincided with the
were to receive preference over the
production of consumer goods; in
Animal Farm this is alluded to in the
decision to build the windmill.
Although Stalin entered into a non aggression pact with Hitler’s Germany, the nazis suddenly invaded
Russia in 1941 and destroyed much of
what had been built up before they
were driven back. In the same way,
although Napoleon started to trade
Federick, the latter attacked Animal
Farm and blew up the windmill before
being forced to retreat.
Orwell believed that socialism
was the only political system based on
hope and that all others were
movements of despair and disillusion.
Socialist, unlike utopian idealists, he
argued, only claims that they can make
the world better, not perfect, and that
even if a redistribution of wealth is
attained so that there are no very rich
and no very poor people in society. By
1948, three years after the end of the
war, Orwell agreed that socialism in
the sense of economic collectivism
was spreading across the world at great
speed. In his view, British Labor Party
was not genuinely socialist but
primarily a party of the trade unions,
devoted simply to raising local wage
levels and improving local working
conditions, but not genuinely
concerned with the welfare of the
people of the world at large. One step
towards a genuine socialist society, in Orwell’s opinion, was setting up of a United States of Europe, which would
include about half the skilled industrial
workers of his world.
But Orwell was as vehemently
anti-communist as he was prosocialist.
During the thirties though he was
guarded in his comments were so
difficult to discover the truth about
Soviet Russia. He argued, for instance,
that there appeared to be evidence to
prove that the people of Russia were
hungriest, the best fed, the most
advanced, the most backward, the
happiest, the most miserable people in
the world. Under communism, Orwell
argued, the state takes complete
control of industry and rations
consumption goods so strictly that it is
impossible to spend a large income
even if you have one. And the Nazis
found themselves doing the same
thing, whatever ideas they had when
they started out: expropriating,
people they had ostensibly set out to
save.
This article analyzes basic ideas
of Marxism which are depicted in the
novel. Those are:
1. Social life is like an edifice
consisting of two layers
Animal Farm portrays animal
community which consists of layers.
These layers form society classes.
Throughout the novel, it is reflected
the community of the animals consist of “upper class” and “lower class”. The upper class belongs to the one
who controls the group. This refers to
Old Major who inspires the animals to
have revolution. And then after Old
Major dies, Napoleon leads the
rebellion. In short, the pigs are
leaders.
Moreover, after the revolution, the
pigs ( upper class ) oppressed the other
animals (lower class, such chicken,
sheep, duck, donkey etc.) in the farm,
they betrayed The Seven
Commandments which says that all
animals are equal (Orwell, 1970: 23).
But, after sometimes the pigs have a
new rule which states that only pigs
who can drink milk and eat apples.
apples to preserve their health. The pigs claim that they are ‘brain-works’, and ‘the whole management and organization of the farm depend on the
pigs. It means that if the pigs get sick
or fails to do the job mr Jones will
come (ibid, p. 32-33). From this
explanation it is known that the food
distribution is not equally shared.
There is an exclusive privilege condition that ‘the windfall apples (and also the main crop of apples when
they ripened) should be reserved for
the pigs alone (ibid, p 32). This is
obvious that pigs are not equal with
others. They are higher level. In short,
the Animal Farm portrays society
classes in its community.
2. A minority of people holding
the power
This idea lies on the person who
proposes rebellion. The revolutionary
ideas come out in Old Major’sdreams.
Old major is a well-respected pig and
he represents a minority of people who
has a dream about revolution. Then,
Old Major shares to all animals in the
farm (Orwell, 1970: 7). In his speech,
Old Major successfully influences all
Old Major says in his speech, the
animals have been living their lives
just to help Mr Jones (ibid, p 9-12).
Old Major belief is similar to the beliefs of Karl Marx,” who believes that a minority of people holding the power was a main flaw of capitalism” (William, 1991: 6).
Old Major tells the animals that
someday they can reach a time when
all of the animals could get the
rewards of their labour (Orwell, 1970:
12). Marx also believed that a socialist
society, where everyone receives
equal amounts of goods, was the best
economic philosophy (William, 1991:
6). Also in Animal Farm the animals revolted after Old Major’s death just as the Bolsheviks revolted after Marx’s death. Old Major’s speech influenced
the pigs, especially Napoleon, to begin to prepare for a revolution. Marx’s philosophy influenced Lenin and
Stalin to begin the Bolshevik Party.
The ways which Napoleon uses Old Major’s ideas are similar to the ways Stalin uses Marx’s ideas (ibid, p. 7).
3. Philosophy, literature, arts,
and other intellectual
activities lie on the upper
layer
The pigs are the groups who
control the farm. The pigs refer to
upper layer. As a member of upper
layer, indeed, they perform privileged
attitude which poses to this class. In
the novel, it is presented that the pigs
has a special room for themselves. In
this room, they usually study
blacksmithing, carpeting and other
essay arts from books which they had
brought out of the farmhouse (Orwell,
1970: 29). It indicates that only the
pigs that belong to upper layer do hard
activities.The other animalswhich do
not belong to upper layer seem not to
enjoy reading and learning those kinds
of things. The dogs, for example,
learned to read fairly well, but were
not interested in reading anything
except the Seven Commandments.
And then, Clovert learns the whole
alphabets, but could not put words
together. Boxer could not get beyond
the letter D (ibid, p. 30). It is clearly
shows that arts and intellectuals
activities done by pigs whose belong
to upper class.
4. Social conflict
Social Conflict lies on the second
layer: the upper class constantly try to
class/labor/proletarians, and the
proletarians are too week in facing the
pressures of bourgeoisies, and
therefore the bourgeoisies tend to be
constantly stronger and richer, while
the proletarians tend to be constantly
weaker and poorer.
Animalism is brought about in the
revolution of the animals on Manor
Farm. As the pigs,the smartest
animals on the farm, begins to
establish basic rules and needs, they in
essence formed their own government
on the farm. The pigs named this
government Animalism. It basically
meant that the animals would be in
charge of working the fields, making
necessary things, and feeding
themselves. The pigs takecontrol of
the situation. They put themselves in
charge and made the 7
commandments. These laws are the
keys to keeping the animals under the
pigs' control. In this case the pigs
become stronger and stronger and then
they corrupt, though, and instead of
forming the ideal animalism
government, the pigs dismissed all
former rules, becoming tyrants.
Many of the characters and
those of the Russian Revolution: In
short, Manor Farm is a model of
Russia, and Old Major, Snowball, and
Napoleon represent the dominant
figures of the Russian Revolution. The
following discussion will show the
presentation of those characters which
parallel with Russian Revolution.
1. Old Major
In this novel, Old Major
represents Karl Marx. Orwell uses
allegory of the pig Old Major. The
revolutionary ideas of Karl Marx are
the same as the opinions that Old
Major has about a revolution in
Animal Farm. The speech that Old
Major gives in the barn to the other animals parallels Marx’s philosophy on a perfect socialistic society. As Old
Major says, the animals have been
living their lives just to help Mr Jones.
This belief is similar to the beliefs of
Karl Marx, who believed that a
minority of people holding the power
was a main flaw of capitalism.
Napoleon is ‘Orwell's chief villain’ in Animal Farm. The name Napoleon is very appropriate since
Napoleon, the dictator of France, was
thought by many to be the Anti-Christ.
Napoleon, the pig, is really the central
character on the farm. Napoleon seems
at first to be a good leader; he is
eventually overcome by greed and
soon becomes power-hungry.
3. Snowball
Orwell describes Snowball as a
pig very similar to Napoleon at least in
the early stages. Both pigs wanted a
leadership position in the "new"
economic and political system (which
is actually contradictory to the whole
supposed system of equality). But as
time passes, both eventually realise
that one of them will have to step
down. Napoleon decides that
Snowball must be eliminated. It might
seem that this was a spontaneous
reaction, but a careful look tells
otherwise. Napoleon was setting the
stage for his own domination long
before he really began "dishing it out"
to Snowball. For example, he took the
puppies away from their mothers in an
effort to establish a private police
force. These dogs would later be used
to eliminate Snowball, his arch-rival.
Snowball represents Leo
Dawidowitsch Trotsky, the arch-rival
of Stalin in Russia. The parallels
between Trotsky and Snowball are
uncanny. Trotsky too, was exiled, not
from the farm, but to Mexico, where
he spoke out against Stalin. Stalin was
very weary of Trotsky and feared that
Trotsky supporters might try to
assassinate him. The dictator of Russia
tried hard to kill Trotsky, for the fear
of losing leadership was very great in
the crazy man's mind. Trotsky also
believed in communism, but he
thought he could run Russia better than
Stalin. Trotsky was murdered in
Mexico by the Russian internal police,
the NKVD - the precursor of the KGB.
Trotsky was found with a pick axe in
his head at his villa in Mexico.
D. CONCLUSION
George Orwell describes the idea
of Marxism in Animal Farmby using
historical background.The historical
background can be seen in Karl Max
through Old Major. This book shows
that only true democracy can bring
Though there are still social
classes, every human being counts as
one vote, and only one. There is no
oppression by the government,
because the people elect their
government officials. Orwell clearly
states what he thinks of Marxists in his
final line of Animal Farm: "The
creatures outside looked from pig to
man, and from man to pig, and from
pig to man again; but already it was
impossible to say which was which."
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