٢٠١٢ ،٣ ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ ،ﺮﺸﻋ ﺔﻌﺳﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺍ
G A I E: T P C I C P Ann Kull I’ D V:
ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺤﻟ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ
:ﻱﺩﻼﻴﻤﻟﺍ ٢٠٠٤–١٩٩٨ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ
ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺔﻴﻀﻘﻟ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ
ﻲﻗﻭﺯﺮﻣ ﻞﻴﻋﺎﲰﺍ
:
[Kitab Rahasia Hari dan Bintang]ﻙﺎﺳﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻡﻮﺠﻨﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻋ
D, T R P: T C M D
M- M I Azhar Ibrahim
STUDIA ISLAMIKA
Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies Vol. 19, no. 3, 2012
EDITORIAL BOARD:
M. Quraish Shihab (UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta) Tau k Abdullah (LIPI Jakarta)
Nur A. Fadhil Lubis (IAIN Sumatra Utara)
M.C. Ricklefs (Australian National University, Canberra) Martin van Bruinessen (Utrecht University)
John R. Bowen (Washington University, St. Louis)
M. Kamal Hasan (International Islamic University, Kuala Lumpur) Virginia M. Hooker (Australian National University, Canberra)
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Azyumardi Azra EDITORS Saiful Mujani Jamhari Jajat Burhanudin Oman Fathurahman Fuad Jabali Ali Munhanif Saiful Umam Ismatu Ropi Dina Afrianty
ASSISTANT TO THE EDITORS
Testriono
Muhammad Nida' Fadlan
ENGLISH LANGUAGE ADVISOR
Melissa Crouch Simon Gladman
ARABIC LANGUAGE ADVISOR
Nursamad
COVER DESIGNER
S. Prinka
STUDIA ISLAMIKA (ISSN 0215-0492) is a journal published by the Center for the Study of Islam
and Society (PPIM) UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta (STT DEPPEN No. 129/SK/DITJEN/PPG/ STT/1976). It specializes in Indonesian Islamic studies in particular, and Southeast Asian Islamic Studies in general, and is intended to communicate original researches and current issues on the subject. is journal warmly welcomes contributions from scholars of related disciplines.
All articles published do not necessarily represent the views of the journal, or other institutions to which it is affiliated. ey are solely the views of the authors. e articles contained in this journal have been refereed by the Board of Editors.
Editorial Office:
STUDIA ISLAMIKA, Gedung Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Masyarakat (PPIM) UIN Jakarta, Jl. Kertamukti No. 5, Pisangan Barat, Cirendeu, Ciputat 15419, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Phone: (62-21) 7423543, 7499272, Fax: (62-21) 7408633; E-mail: studia.islamika@uinjkt.ac.id
Website: www.ppim.or.id
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Articles
397 Ann Kull
Gender Awareness in Islamic Education: e Pioneering Case of Indonesia in a Comparison with Pakistan
437 Azhar Ibrahim
Denial, Trivialization and Relegation of Pluralism: e Challenges of Managing Diversity
in Multi–religious Malaysia and Indonesia 477 Bahtiar Effendy & Mutiara Pertiwi
Indonesia’s Democratic Venture:
History, Practice and the Challenge Ahead 513 Ismail Marzuki
Al-Siyāsah al-Qanūnīyah li Ḥizb al-‘Adālah wa al-Rafāhīyah (Partai Keadilan Sejahtera/PKS) al-Fatrah 1998-2004 al-Mīlādī: Dirāsah li Qaḍīyat Qānūn Idārat al-Zakāh 555 Suprapto
[Kitab Rahasia Hari dan Bintang]:
‘Ilm al-Nujūm ‘inda al-Muslimīn min Qabīlah Sasak
Book Review
597 Oman Fathurahman
Memahami Pribumisasi Islam Melalui Kitab Seribu Masalah
Document
611 Ismatu Ropi
Al-Siyāsah al-Qanūnīyah li Ḥizb al-‘Adālah wa al-Rafāhīyah (Partai Keadilan Sejahtera/PKS)
al-Fatrah 1998-2004 al-Mīlādī:
Dirāsah li Qaḍīyat Qānūn Idārat al-Zakāh
Abstract: is article discusses the politics of Islamic law of Partai Keadilan
Sejahtera (Prosperity and Justice Party, PKS) 1998–2004 by analyzing the formulation of Law No. 38/ 1999 on Zakat Management, and Law No. 23/2011 on Zakat Management. It shows that there has been a shifting ideological expression in the evolution of the PKS that began to appear when this party morphed from Partai Keadilan (Justice Party) to PKS in 2002 because it had failed to pass the parliamentary threshold for the 1999 election, and had a practical political agenda for obtaining an increase of electoral votes. e ideological shift, among others, is shown through the process of the formulation of the Zakat Management Law which was in uenced by several motives, among others ideological and practical political interests. PKS’s politics on Islamic law show that if its ideological interests contradict with its practical political interests, then the party opts for practical political interests.
Key words: Prosperity and Justice Party, party ideology, sala ideology,
Abstrak: Artikel ini membahas politik hukum Islam Partai Keadilan
Sejahtera (PKS) dalam kurun 1998-2004 dengan menganalisis penyusunan Undang-Undang (UU) No. 38/Tahun1999 tentang Pengelolaan Zakat dan UU No. 23/Tahun 2011 tentang Pengelolaan Zakat. Artikel ini memperlihatkan telah terjadi pergeseran ekspresi ideologi di PKS secara evolusioner yang mulai nampak ketika partai ini bermetamorfosa dari PK menjadi PKS pada tahun 2002 karena tidak lolos ambang batas Pemilu 1999, dan memiliki agenda politik praktis untuk memperoleh kenaikan suara dalam Pemilu. Pergeseran ideologis itu di antaranya diperlihatkan melalui proses penyusunan UU Pengelolaan Zakat yang diwarnai oleh berbagai kepentingan, antara lain kepentingan ideologi dan kepentingan politik praktis. Politik hukum Islam PKS menunjukkan bahwa apabila kepentingan ideologi PKS bertentangan dengan kepentingan politik praktisnya, maka yang dipilih adalah kepentingan politik praktisnya.
Kata kunci: Partai Keadilan Sejahtera, partai ideologi, ideologi sala ,
politik hukum Islam, UU Pengelolaan Zakat.
ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻝﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺚﺤﺒﻳ :ﺔﺻﻼﳋﺍ ﻡ١٩٩٩ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ٣٨ ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻡ٢٠٠٤-١٩٩٨ ﲔﺑ ﺎﻣ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ PKS ﺍﺬﻫ ﻒﺸﻜﻳ ؛ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﻡ٢٠١١ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ٢٣ ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﺮﻬﻇ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ PKS ﺏﺰﺤﻠﻟ ﻲﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻻﺍ ﲑﺒﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻝﻮﲢ ﺙﻭﺪﺣ ﻦﻋ ﻝﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻢﺳﺍ ﲑﻐﺗ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﻝﻭﺃ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻡ١٩٩٩ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺯﻭﺎﲡ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻡ٢٠٠٢ ﺕﺍﻮﺻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﳊﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﲟ ﺀﺎﻘﺗﺭﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻐﺑ ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺍﺮﻗﻹﺍ ﰎ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻲﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻻﺍ ﻝﻮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺮﻫﺎﻈﻣ ﻦﻣﻭ ؛ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﰲ ﲔﺒﺧﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﱀﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﺎﻴﻃ ﰲ ﺖﻠﲪ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺈﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺇ ؛ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﻠﺼﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻻﺍ ﺔﺤﻠﺼﳌﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺘﻣ ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻻﺍ ﻪﺘﺤﻠﺼﻣ ﲔﺑ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﺙﺪﺣ ﺎﻤﺜﻳﺭ ﻪﻧﺃ ﱃﺇ ﲑﺸﺘﻟ PKS ﺏﺰﺤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ .ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﻠﺼﳌﺍ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻣ ﺭﺎﺨﺘﳌﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻪﺘﺤﻠﺼﻣ ﲔﺑﻭ ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻻﺍ ،ﻲﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻻﺍ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ :ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺷﺮﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ .ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟﺍ
ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺤﻟ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ
:ﻱﺩﻼﻴﻤﻟﺍ ٢٠٠٤–١٩٩٨ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ
ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺔﻴﻀﻘﻟ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ
ﺔﻋﺎﲨ ﰲ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺚﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺃﺪﺒﻳ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺮﺼﻋ ﺔﻳﺍﺪﺑ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻔﻗﻮﻣ ﺕﺬﲣﺍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻣﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺰﻛﺮﺗﻭ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﻝﻭﺃ ﺮﻈﺘﻨﺗ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﲨ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺪﻘﻟ ،ﺡﻼﺻﻻﺍDewan Dakwah Islamiyah ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺓﻮﻋﺪﻟﺍ ﺲﻠﳎ ﻰﻠﻋ
ﺪﻴﺑ ،ﻲﻣﻼﺳﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﱃﺇ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﺒﺳ ﰲ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﱵﻟﺍ Indonesia (DDII) ﺫﺇ) ﺏﻮﻠﻄﳌﺍ ﻮﻫ ﺎﳌ ﺎﻓﻼﺧ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻪﻧﺃ ﺮﻬﻈﻳ ﺲﻠﺍ ﻩﺄﺸﻧﺃ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﲏﺒﳌﺍ Bulan Bintang/PBB١ﻢﺠﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﻝﻼﳍﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﺄﺸﻧﺃ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﺍﻭﺭﺮﻘﻓ (Pancasila ﻼﻴﺳﺎﺸﻧﺎﺒﻟﺍ – ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻠﻟ ﺔﺴﻤﳋﺍ ٢،ﻡﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﲏﺒﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻪﲰﺍ ﺭﺎﺻ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇﻭ ﻼﻴﺳﺎﺸﻧﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﲏﺒﳌﺍ ﻢﺠﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﻝﻼﳍﺍ ﺏﺰﳊ ﻢﻬﻀﻓﺭ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﲨ ﻡﺍﺰﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺰﻳ ﻡﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﲏﺒﳌﺍ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ .ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺧﻻﺍﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﺍ ﲏﺒﺘﺑ
ﰲ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻟﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺚﺤﺒﺗ ﻡ١٩٩٩ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ٣٨ ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺘﺑ ﻡ٢٠٠٤ – ١٩٩٨ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ؛ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﻡ٢٠١١ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ٢٣ ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﺡﻭﺭ ﻞﺜﲤ ﻡﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﻪﻧﺃ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺍﻮﺳ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﳒﻻﺍﻭ ﺞﻣﺍﱪﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﻞﻜﻟ ﻊﺟﺮﳌﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺢﺿﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺎﻘﺣﻻ ﻪﺿﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ ﺎﻤﻛﻭ ،ﲑﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﻯﺪﳌﺍ ﻡﺃ ﻞﻳﻮﻄﻟﺍ ﻯﺪﳌﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺧﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﺍ ﲎﺒﺘﻳ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻮﻫ ﺲﻠﳎ ﺎﳍﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻣﺎﻫ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﺔﺴﲬ ﻦﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﺗ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﲨ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ،ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ١٩٠٨) ﺮﺻﺎﻧ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺓﺯﺭﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻪﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﻊﻣ ٣ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺓﻮﻋﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ) ﺕﺎﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺓﻮﻋﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺷ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍﻭ ٤،(ﻡ١٩٩٣ – ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﲔﳚﺮﳋﺍ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ،(ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﺓﻮﻋﺪﻟﺍ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻂﺳﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻰﻤﺘﻨﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻂﺳﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﺀﺎﻄﺸﻧ ﻊﺑﺍﺮﻟﺍ ،ﺎﺗﺮﻛﺎﲜ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻥﻮﺟﺮﺨﺘﳌﺍ ﺓﺎﻋﺪﻟﺍ ﺲﻣﺎﳋﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺎﺒﺸﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﻥﻮﳚﺮﳋﺍ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ ،ﻂﺑﺍﺮﺘﺗﻭ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺘﺗ ﺔﺴﻤﳋﺍ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ؛ﺔﻴﺛﺍﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻫﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺧﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻹ ﻞﺻﻮﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﳘ ﻢﻫ ﻂﺳﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ٥.ﻪﺘﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍﻭ ﻩﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃﻭ ﻪﺠﻬﻨﻣﻭ ﺏﺰﺣﻭ ﺔﻳﺎﻋﺮﻠﻟ ﺏﺰﺣ ﺎﳘﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﻣﺃ ﰲ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻒﻴﻨﺼﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺐﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺎﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻮﻫ ﺔﻳﺎﻋﺮﻠﻟ ﺏﺰﳊﺎﻓ ؛ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻠﻳﺪﻳﻼﻟ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﻪﻧﺈﻓ ﻂﺑﺍﺭ ﺩﺮﳎ ﻪﻧﻷ ﻮﻫﻭ ،ﺮﺧﺁ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍﻭ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﻦﻣ ﻥﺃ ﺖﻘﻔﺗﺍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺩﻮﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺘﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﳐ ﻦﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﻳ ﻯﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻳﺎﻋﺮﻠﻟ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﻳﻭ ،ﲔﻌﻣ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺯﺎﳒﻹ ﻪﺘﲢ ﻞﻈﺘﺴﺗ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻖﻠﻄﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺩﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻜﻓ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﻷﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﰲ ﻕﻮﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻖﺒﻄﻨﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻷﺍ ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺍ ﰲ ٦،ﻱﲑﻫﺎﻤﳉﺍ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻢﺳﺍ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ
ﺏﺰﳊﺍﻭ ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻗﻮﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻝﺎﺜﳌﺍ ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻫ ﻒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻦﻣ ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﻨﻟﺍ ؛ﺭﺎﻜﻟﻮﻏ ﺏﺰﺣﻭ ﻞﺿﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﻲﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻻﺍ ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻗﻮﳝﺪﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻣ ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻮﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻼﻟ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻮﻫ ﺀﺎﻘﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻈﻓﺎﶈﺎﺑ ﺔﻳﺰﻛﺮﳌﺍ ﺔﻧﺎﻜﳌﺍ ﻞﺘﳛ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﻮﻫﻭ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﺪﺋﺎﻗ ﻡﻮﻘﻳ ﺭﺩﺍﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ،ﺀﺎﻀﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﺼﺗ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﻪﻘﻨﺘﻌﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺐﻫﺬﳌﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺐﺼﻨﳌﺍ ﻝﻼﺘﺣﻻﻭ ،ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻉﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺔﻳﻮﻟﻭﻻﺍ ﻪﻟ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣ ﰲ ﺢﺠﻨﻳﻭ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﳐ ﺮﻓﻮﺘﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺐﳚ ﻦﻣ ﲑﺜﻛ ﰲ ﻲﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻻﺍ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻖﻠﻄﻳ ﻚﻟﺬﻟﻭ ﺓﺩﺪﺸﺘﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺎﻣ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﺝﺍﺭﺩﺇ ﻦﻜﳝ ٧،ﺭﺩﺍﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﻢﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﺣﻻﺍ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺭﺩﺍﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻼﻟ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻮﻫﻭ ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ .ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﲨ ﻪﺗﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ٩ ﰲ ﻪﻨﻋ ﻥﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﰎﻭ ﻡ١٩٩٨ ﻮﻴﻟﻮﻳ ٢٠ ﰲ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﺊﺸﻧﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺴﻴﺳﺄﺗ ﻱﺃ ﻪﻣﺎﻴﻗ ﻊﻣ ﺎﺗﺮﻛﺎﲜ ﺮﻫﺯﻷﺍ ﻊﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﰲ ﻡ١٩٩٨ ﺲﻄﺴﻏﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻡﻮﻘﻳ ﺎﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﻫ ﺙﻼﺛ ﺎ ﻡﻮﻘﺗ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﺖﻧﺎﻛﻭ ٨،ﻡﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﻪﺘﻔﻴﻇﻭ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺤﻠﻟ ﻱﺭﺎﺸﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺲﻠﺍ ﺎﻫﻻﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﳐ ﺔﻔﻴﻇﻮﺑ ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻲﻋﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺲﻠﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻧﺎﺛﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻳﺮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻪﺘﻔﻴﻇﻭ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻱﺰﻛﺮﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻻﺍ ﺲﻠﳎ ﺎﻬﺘﺜﻟﺎﺛﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻀﻘﻟﺍ ٩.ﻯﺭﻮﺸﻟﺍ ﺲﻠﳎ ﻲﻫ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﺔﺌﻴﻫ ﺖﲢ ﺙﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﳍﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻊﻘﺗﻭ ،ﺔﻳﺬﻴﻔﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ،ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊ ﺔﻳﺭﺍﺮﻤﺘﺳﺍ ﻮﻫ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﺯﻭﺎﲡ ﰲ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﺢﺠﻨﻳ ﱂ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻡ١٩٩٩ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﻢﺳﺍ ﲑﻐﺘﻓ ﺕﺍﻮﺻﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ٪٢ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻞﺼﺣ ﺫﺇ ١٠ﺔﻴﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺓﺮﺘﻓ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ
٢٠ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﺊﺸﻧﺃ ؛ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻫﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻦﻣ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻡ٢٠٠٣ ﻞﻳﺮﺑﺍ ٢٠ ﰲﻭ ،ﻡﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﻨﺒﻣ ﻡ٢٠٠٢ ﻞﻳﺮﺑﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻛﺬﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﺪﻴﻣ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﻦﻋ ﻥﻼﻋﻻﺍ ﰎ ﻪﺋﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﺭﻮﺘﻛﺪﻟﺍ ﻮﻫ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﺲﻴﺋﺭ ﻥﺎﻛ ؛ﺎﺗﺮﻛﺎﲜ Lapangan Silang Monas ﲏﻃﻮﻟﺍ
ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻤﻴﻓﻭ ١١،ﺎﻣﺎﻋ ﺎﻨﻴﻣﺃ ﱴﻣ ﺲﻴﻧﺃ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺝﺎﳊﺍﻭ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﻧ ﺕﺎﻳﺍﺪﻫ ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﻮﻬﻤﳉ ﻯﺭﻮﺸﻟﺍ ﺲﻠ ﺎﺴﻴﺋﺭ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﻧ ﺕﺎﻳﺍﺪﻫ ﺭﻮﺘﻛﺪﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺄﺑ ﻢﺋﺎﻘﻛ ﺞﻨﻳﲑﺒﻤﻴﺳ ﻝﻮﺗﺎﻔﻴﺗ ﺱﺪﻨﻬﳌﺍ ﻪﻟ ﺎﻔﻠﺧ ﲔﻋ ﻡ٢٠٠٩-٢٠٠٤ ﲔﻋ ﻪﻧﻷ ﺍﺮﻈﻧﻭ ،ﻡ ٢٠٠٥ ﰲ ﺏﺰﺤﻠﻟ ﺎﺴﻴﺋﺭ ﻪﺘﻴﺒﺜﺗ ﰎ ﻥﺃ ﱃﺇ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﺋﺭ ﻞﺘﺣﺍ ﺪﻘﻓ ﺪﺣﻮﳌﺍ ﻲﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻻﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺯﻮﻟﺍ ﺲﻠﳎ ﰲ ﻝﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍﻭ ﻡﻼﻋﻼﻟ ﺍﺮﻳﺯﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ﰲﻭ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﺋﺭ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺄﺑ ﻢﺋﺎﻘﻛ ﻕﺎﺤﺳﺍ ﻦﺴﺣ ﻲﻔﻄﻟ ﺲﻴﺋﺮﻛ ﻪﻧﺎﻜﻣ ١٢.ﻡ٢٠١٥-٢٠١٠ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺏﺰﺤﻠﻟ ﺲﻴﺋﺮﻛ ﻪﺘﻴﺒﺜﺗ ﰎ ﻡ٢٠١٠ ﰲ ﺏﺰﳊﺍﻭ ﻡﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻲﻫ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﲨ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﺜﻤﺘﺗ ﺏﺰﳊﺍﻭ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﳉﺍ ﻝﻮﻘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺓﺭﻮﻬﺸﳌﺍ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺧﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻧﺎﻤﺜﻟﺍ ﺬﻨﻣ ١٣،ﺔﻋﺎﻤﳉﺍ ﻮﻫ ﻕﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﲔﳚﺮﳋﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﲑﺴﻳ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ ﺞﻀﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﲟ ﺮﳝ ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺍ ﻯﺮﺟ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ؛ﻥﺍﻮﺧﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﰲ ﺍﻮﻘﻤﻌﺗ ﻥﺍ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﻂﺳﻭﻷﺍ ﺀﻻﺆﻫ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ ،ﻲﻠﻛ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺕﺎﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺓﻮﻋﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺣ ﲏﺒﺗ ﺞﻳﺭﺪﺘﻟﺎﺑ ١٤.ﲔﺑﺮﳌﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟ ﺀﺍﱪﺧ ﻥﻮﻠﺜﳝ ﻂﺳﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻥﻮﳚﺮﳋﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﺭ ﺕﺃﺪﺑ ﺕﺍﺬﻟﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻧﺎﻤﺜﻟﺍ ﻒﺼﺘﻨﻣ ﰲﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﲨ ﺖﻧﺎﻛﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻌﻣﺎﳉﺎﺑ ﺓﻮﻋﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﻫ ﺎﻫﺩﻮﻘﻳ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﰲ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻒﺜﻜﺗ ﺕﺎﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺓﻮﻋﺪﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻄﺸﻧ ﻦﻣ ﻡﻼﺳﻼﻟ ﲔﺳﺭﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﻦﻣﻭ ،ﺐﻄﻗﻭ ﻱﺩﻭﺩﻮﳌﺍﻭ ﺎﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﺴﺣ ﻢﻫﻭ ﲔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺮﻜﻔﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺛﻼﺛ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻﻻﺍ ﺮﺼﻋ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺕﺭﺎﺻ ﱴﺣ ﺕﺭﻮﻄﺗﻭ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﲨ ﺕﺄﺸﻧ ﺎﻨﻫ ١٥.ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ
-١٩٨٣ ﻡﺎﻋ ﱄﺍﻮﺣ ﻂﺳﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﲔﳚﺮﳋﺍ ﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺏﻮﻠﺳﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻝﻮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺕﻻﻮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﱃﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﻡ١٩٨٤ ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﻂﳕ ﱃﺇ ITB ﺞﻧﻭﺪﻧﺎﺑ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﲜ ﻥﺎﻤﻠﺳ ﺪﺠﺴﻣ ﻩﺭﻮﻃ ﻻﻭﺃ :ﰲ ﺕﻻﻮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﻞﺜﻤﺘﺗﻭ ،ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺧﻻﺍ ﺏﻮﻠﺳﺃ ﻢﻬﻠﺘﺴﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺳﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺎﻳﺪﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛ ؛ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﲨ ﱃﺇ ﺓﺮﺳﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻢﺳﻻﺍ ﻝﻮﲢ ﰲﻭ ١٦،ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﰲ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗﻭ ﺓﻭﺪﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﻢﻴﺨﳌﺍﻭ ﺖﻴﺒﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻘﻠﻟﺍﻭ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺮﻄﻴﺳ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺧﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﺖﺿﺮﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻧﺎﻤﺜﻟﺍ ﺮﺧﺍﻭﺃ ١٧.ﺕﺎﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺓﻮﻋﺪﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻄﺸﻧ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊ ﻲﻔﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﺐﻫﺬﳌﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﱃﺇ ﺖﻟﻮﲢﻭ ﻡ١٩٩٨ ﻡﺎﻋ ١٨ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﲨ ﺕﺭﻮﻄﺗ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﰲ ﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ،ﺍﺯﻭﺮﺑ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺧﻻﺍ ﲑﺛﺄﺗ ﺭﺎﺻ ١٩ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﱯﻨﻟﺍ ﻮﳓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﻠﻟ ﻝﺎﻀﻨﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺭﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﳉﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺏﺰﺤﻠﻟ ﺭﺩﺍﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺮﻬﻇ ﺎﻤﻛ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺧﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻋﺯﻭ ﺔﺑﺎﺤﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﻢﻠﺳﻭ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﷲﺍ ﻰﻠﺻ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺧﻻﺍ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﻝﻮﻃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﻮﻋﺪﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻋﺯ ﻚﻟﺬﻛﻭ» :ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣﻭ ٢٠،«ﺔﻴﻤﺴﳉﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺎﻳﻮﻗﺃ ﺭﺩﺍﻮﻛ ﻥﻮﻠﺜﳝ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺘﳌﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ ﰊﺮﻤﻛ ﺖﻧﺄﻓ ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺎﺑ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻟﺍ ﻩﺬ ﺩﻭﺰﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺟﺃ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺓﻮﻋﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺣﻭ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ ..ﻮﻫﻭ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻻﺍ ﻩﺬ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻚﻟ ﺪﻴﻬﺸﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻣﻻﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ٢١، ..ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺧﻻﺍ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﺑ ﻡﺎﳌﻹﺍﻭ ؛ﱂﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﻟﺎﺑ ﺍﻮﻌﺘﻤﺘﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺩﺍﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺮﻳ ﻪﻧﺄﺑ ﺡﺮﺼﻳ ﻪﻟ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺭ ﰲ ﺎﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﺴﺣ ٢٢.ﺓﻮﻋﺪﻠﻟ ﻼﻫﺃ ﺍﻮﻧﻮﻜﻴﻟ ﺔﻴﻟﻼﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍﻭ ﺎﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻲﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻀﻳﺍ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺧﻻﺍ ﲑﺛﺄﺗ ﺮﻬﻈﻳ ﺎﻘﻤﻌﺗﻭ ﺎﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺩﺍﺩﺯﺍ ﰒ ،ﺕﺎﻌﻣﺎﳉﺎﺑ ﺓﻮﻋﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﻫ ﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﳉ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﰲ ﻼﺜﻣ ﺢﺿﺍﻭ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ٢٣،ﰊﺰﳊﺍ ﺭﺎﻃﻻﺍ ﰲ ﻪﺴﻴﺳﺄﺗﻭ ﻪﺨﻴﺳﺮﺗ ﰎﻭ
ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﺲﻴﺋﺭ ﻞﻴﻋﺎﲰﺍ ﻱﺩﻮﻤﳏ ﺭﻮﻧ ﻯﺮﻳ ﺫﺇ ﺏﺰﺤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﺍ ﻡﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺩﺎﻌﺘﺑﻻﺍ ﻲﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻻﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻡ٢٠٠٠-١٩٩٩ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻟﺎﻌﺘﺑ ﻡﺰﺘﻠﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻮﻫﻭ ﻱﺯﺎﻬﺘﻧﻻﺍﻭ ﱄﻼﻐﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻒﻗﻮﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﺴﻘﻧﺍ ﻪﻧﺈﻓ ﻪﺘﺤﻠﺼﻣ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻟﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﺗ ﱂ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻣﺃﻭ ،ﱀﺎﺼﳌﺍ ﻪﻟ ﺐﻠﲡ ﺎﳌﺎﻃ ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻳﺩﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺐﻠﻄﻳ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺱﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ،ﺍﺪﻴﻌﺑ ﺎﻬﻀﻔﻳ ٢٤.ﻪﻴﻟﺇ ﻲﻤﺘﻨﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺤﻠﻟ ﺎﺴﺳﺃ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻥﺃ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﻲﻔﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﲡﻻﺍ ﺩﺪﺼﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﻮﻫﻭ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﻲﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻻﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺭﺪﺻ ﺎﻣ ﻊﻴﲨﻭ ﺏﺰﺤﻠﻟ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻀﻳﺍ ﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺔﻴﻧﺍﻮﺧﺍ ﺓﺮﻜﻓ :ﻝﺎﺜﳌﺍ ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻄﺼﳌﺍ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ ﺫﺇ ﻪﻨﻣ ﰲﻭ ؛ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺩﺎﻬﳉﺍﻭ ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺮﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﰊﺮﳌﺍﻭ :ﻆﻔﻠﻟﺍ ﺍﺬ ﺕﺩﺭﻭ ٢٥ﻦﺴﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﻘﻠﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻟﺍ «..ﻪﻠﻴﺒﺳ ﰲ ﺩﺎﻬﳉﺍﻭ ﻪﻟﻮﺳﺭﻭ ﷲﺍ ﻊﻴﻃﺃﻭ ﻊﲰﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻢﻴﻈﻌﻟﺍ ﷲﺍ ﺕﺪﻬﻋ» ﰲ ﺔﻣﺪﳋﺍ ﺓﺮﺘﻓﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﳌﺍ ﺐﺻﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﻝﻼﺘﺣﻻ ﺮﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﱏﺩﻷﺍ ﺪﳊﺍ ﲔﻴﻌﺗ ﰲﻭ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺧﻻﺍ ﲑﺛﺄﺗ ٢٦،ﻱﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﱘﻮﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﺲﻠﳎ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻧﺃ ﺚﻴﺣ ٤ ﻢﻗﺭ ﺪﻨﺒﻟﺍﻭ ٣ ﻢﻗﺭ ﺪﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺮﻬﻈﻳ ٢٧.ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﻮﻋﺪﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﺑ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺮﻬﻈﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﰲ ﻲﻔﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﺃﻭ ﺓﻭﺪﻘﻛ ﱀﺎﺼﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻱﺃ ﻡﻼﺳﻼﻟ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﻴﳉﺍﻭ ﺔﺑﺎﺤﺼﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺜﻣ ﻮﳓ ﺓﻮﻋﺩ ﰲ ﺮﻜﺑ ﻮﺑﺃ ﻩﺮﻬﻇﺃ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﻤﳊﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻼﺜﻤﻓ ،ﺓﻮﻋﺪﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺭﺩﺍﻮﻜﻠﻟ ﻚﻟﺬﻛﻭ ،ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﻚﻟﺫ ﰲ ﻊﻤﺍ ﰲ ﺫﻮﻔﻧ ﻢﳍ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺯﺭﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﺒﺸﻟﺍ ﺩﻮﻨﳉﺍ ﺱﺎﲪﻭ ،ﺮﺼﻣ ﺢﺘﻓ ﰲ ﺹﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﺑ ﻭﺮﻤﻋ ﺪﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻩﺮﻬﻇﺃ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﻤﳊﺍ ﻝﺎﺟﺭ ﻪﺒﻌﻟ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺐﻧﺎﲜ ؛ﺲﻟﺪﻧﻻﺍ ﺢﺘﻓ ﰲ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﺢﺿﺍﻭ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ،ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﺭﺩﺍﻮﻜﻟ ﺎﻴﻟﺎﺜﻴﻣ ﺎﺟﺫﻮﳕ ﺓﻮﻋﺪﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻢﻬﺳﺎﲪﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺏﺎﻫﻮﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻪﺒﻌﻟ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻒﻴﻛ» :ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﺒﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﰲ
ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﺮﺼﻣ ﰲ ﺎﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﺴﺣ ﺪﻴﻬﺸﻟﺍ ﰊﺮﳌﺍﻭ ﺎﺿﺭ ﺪﻴﺷﺭﻭ ﻩﺪﺒﻋ ﺪﻤﳏﻭ ﺪﳒ ﺓﺪﻴﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﻨﺗ ﰲ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻲﻔﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺮﻬﻈﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ٢٨،«ﻢﻮﻋﺩ ﺱﺎﺳﺃ ﺍﻮﻨﺑ ﺺﻨﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺭﺩﺍﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺍﺮﺷﺆﳌﺍ ﻯﺪﺣﺈﻛ ﺕﺎﻓﺍﺮﳋﺍﻭ ﻉﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ :ﻱﻮﻨﻌﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﻟﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ :ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﺒﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ،ﺓﻮﻋﺪﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺹﻼﺧﻻﺍ .١ ،ﺕﺎﻓﺍﺮﳋﺍﻭ ﻉﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺪﻴﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﻨﺘﺑ ﺎﻤﺋﺍﺩ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ .٢ ٢٩.ﱁﺇ ... .٣ ﻦﻳﺮﻜﻔﳌﺍ ﲑﺛﺄﺗ ﻚﻟﺬﻛ ﺮﻬﻈﻳ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺧﻻﺍ ﲑﺛﺄﺗ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻻﺎﺑ ﺮﻜﻔﻣ ﻱﺩﻭﺩﻮﳌﺍﻭ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺩﻭﺩﻮﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻻﺍ ﰊﺍ ﻝﺎﺜﻣﺃ ﻦﻣ ﲔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺯﺍﺮﺑﺇ ﰲ ﺎﻴﺒﺴﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺘﻣ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﻪﻟ ﺮﺻﺎﻌﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻦﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﳌﺍ ﺏﺰﺤﻠﻟ ﻲﻤﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻜﻴﳍﺍ ﰲ ﻼﺜﻣ ﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﲑﺛﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ،ﻡﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻪﺒﺸﻳ ﻮﻫﻭ ﺪﻘﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﻞﳊﺍ ﻞﻫﺃ ﻮﻫ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﻮﺸﻟﺍ ﺲﻠﳎ ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻪﺒﺸﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻲﻋﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺲﻠﺍﻭ ،ﺙﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻌﻳﺮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﻪﺒﺸﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻱﺰﻛﺮﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻻﺍ ﺲﻠﳎﻭ ﺙﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻀﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺩﻭﺩﻮﳌﺍ ﲑﺛﺄﺗ ﻥﺇ ٣٠،ﺙﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﰲ ﺔﻳﺬﻴﻔﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺃ ﺍﻮﻧﺎﻛ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﺀﺎﻄﺸﻧ ﻥﺃ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺮﻣﺃ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ .ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺧﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﺐﻧﺎﲜ ﻱﺩﻭﺩﻮﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﻥﻮﻌﺑﺎﺘﻳ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﺒﺘﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻻﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻻﺍ ﻥﺇ ﱴﻣ ﺲﻴﻧﺃ ﻝﻮﻘﻳ ﺎﻤﻛﻭ ،ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺧﻻﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺫﻮﺧﺄﻣ ﻮﻫﻭ ﻡﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﻮﻤﺸﺑ ﻡﺯﺎﳉﺍ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻲﻫ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺧﻻﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ،ﺔﻣﺃﻭ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺣﻭ ،ﻦﻃﻭﻭ ﺔﻟﻭﺩ ﻡﻼﺳﻻﺎﻓ ،ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﻦﻳﺩ ﻡﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﻥﺄﺑ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﻻﺍ
،ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﻢﻠﻌﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﻀﳊﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻋﻭ ﺔﲪﺭﻭ ،ﺓﻮﻗﻭ ﻕﻼﺧﺃﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﺒﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﳊﺍ ﺓﺪﻴﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻀﻳﺍﻭ ،ﺓﻮﻋﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﺩﺎﻬﳉﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺓﻭﺮﺜﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﳌﺍﻭ ﻥﺍﻮﺧﻻﺍ ﻥﺃ ﱴﻣ ﺲﻴﻧﺃ ﻯﺮﻳ ﺞﻨﻳﲑﺒﻤﻴﺳ ﻝﻮﺗﺎﻔﻴﺗ ﻱﺃﺮﻟ ﺓﺮﻳﺎﺴﳝﻭ ؛ﺔﺤﻴﺤﺼﻟﺍ ٣١.«ﻦﻳﺮﺸﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﱂﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻳﻮﻗ ﺫﻮﻔﻧ ﺎﳍ ﺔﻛﺮﺣ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺧﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﺮﺛﺄﺗ ﻥﺇ ﺏﺰﺤﻠﻟ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﲔﻣﻻﺍ ﺐﺋﺎﻧ Sitaresmi ﻲﻤﺴﻳﺭﺎﺘﻴﺳ ﻝﻮﻘﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺔﻴﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﲔﳚﺮﳋﺍﻭ ﲔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻻﺍ ﲔﻔﻘﺜﳌﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻞﻋﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺮﻔﻣ ﻻ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺔﳌﻮﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﰲ ﻥﻮﺳﺭﺪﻳ ﲔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻻﺍ ﺔﺒﻠﻄﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺜﻛ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ،ﻂﺳﻭﻻﺍ ﻕﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺛﺄﺗ ﺲﻴﻟﻭ ،ﺔﻳﺩﻮﻌﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻜﻠﻤﳌﺍ ﻡﺃ ﺮﺼﻣ ﰲ ﺀﺍﻮﺳ ﻂﺳﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﻚﻟﺫ ﰲ ﺎﲟ ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻛﺮﳊﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﺪﻘﻓ ،ﺍﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺍﺮﻣﺃ ﻂﺳﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﺘﺑ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺄﺑ ﺔﻳﺪﻤﶈﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﲨ ﺮﺛﺄﺘﻛ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ،ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺎﻣ ﺬﻨﻣ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻯﺮﺟ ٣٢.ﺔﻴﺑﺎﻫﻮﻟﺍﻭ ﻩﺪﺒﻋ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻻﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﺮﺛﺄﺗ ﻥﺃ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﺇ ﺓﻮﻋﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻩﺪﻨﻋ ﲏﻌﻳ ﻮﻫﻭ ،ﺓﻮﻋﺪﻠﻟ ﺏﺰﺤﻛ ﻪﻧﻼﻋﺇ ﰲ ﺎﻀﻳﺍ ﺲﻜﻌﻨﻳ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻋﺎﲨﻭ ﻯﺩﺍﺮﻓ ﻝﻮﺤﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻠﻟ ﻂﻄﳐ ﻁﺎﺸﻧ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﳊﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ،ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﻢﻴﻟﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺭ ﺲﻜﻌﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﳊﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﺎﳉﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﳊﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﻻﻭﺃ ﺎﳘﻭ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﺎﻤﻬﻘﺒﻃ ﺓﻮﻋﺪﻠﻟ ﻥﺎﺘﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﳐ ﱃﺇ ﺓﻮﻋﺪﻟﺍ ﺭﺩﺍﻮﻛ ﺔﺜﻌﺑ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﻡﺎﻘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ،ﺎﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﻝﻮﺤﺘﻴﻟ ﻊﻤﺘﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻚﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟ ﻊﻤﺘﺍ ﰲ ﻁﺎﺳﻭﻷﺍﻭ ﻒﺋﺍﻮﻄﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﳋﺍ ﱘﺪﻘﺘﺑ ﺔﻋﺎﲨﻭ ﻯﺩﺍﺮﻓ ﺭﺩﺍﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻘﺗ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻴﳍﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛ ؛ﻰﻠﻋﻷﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻞﻔﺳﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺴﺤﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻬﻴﺟﻮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺬﻴﻔﻨﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻳﺮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺭﺩﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﺮﺸﻨﺑ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﻩﺬﻫﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻳﺭﻮﺘﺳﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﻵﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻀﻘﻟﺍﻭ
ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﺑ ﻡﻮﻘﻳ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣﻭ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﰲ ﻙﺭﺎﺸﻳ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﻲﻣﺮﻳ ﲔﺘﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﲔﺗﺎﻫ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻤﻓ ٣٣؛ﻩﺭﺩﺍﻮﻛ .ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗﻭ ﻡﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﻮﴰ ﺓﺮﻜﻓ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﱃﺇ ﺡﺮﺸﻳ ﻡﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻢﻜﳊﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺳ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﻯﺮﻳ ﻚﻟﺬﻟﻭ ،ﺓﺎﻴﳊﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﳎ ﻊﻴﻤﲜ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﻡﺎﻜﺣﻷﺍ ﻞﻴﺼﻔﺗﻭ ﻊﻳﺮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻊﻣ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺘﻳ ﻊﻳﺮﺸﺗ ﻞﻜﻟ ﺾﻓﺮﻟﺍ ﻒﻗﻮﻣ ﺍﻭﺬﺨﺘﻳ ﻥﺃ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻﺈﺑ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺐﳚ ﻞﺻﺎﳊﺍﻭ ،ﻡﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺔﺜﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺳ ﰲ ؛٣٤ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﻢﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻖﻓﺍﻮﺘﺗ ﱴﺣ ﰲ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻯﺮﻳ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺪﻴﺑ ،ﺔﻤﻛﺎﳊﺍ ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﻦﻣ ﻡﺎﻜﺣﻷﺍ ﲔﻨﻘﺗ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﺽﺮﻓ ﰲ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻻﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻡﻮﻘﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻞﺧﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﱃﺇ ﲑﺸﻳ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﻌﻧﺍﻭ ﻢﻠﻈﻟﺍ ﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﱃﺇ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﻝﻮﲢ ﺎﳕﺇ ﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﻊﻨﺻ ﻦﻣ ﺲﺳﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﲏﺒﳌﺍ ﻕﻼﺧﻻﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻦﻋ ﺄﺸﻨﻳ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﻡﺪﻌﻓ .ﻡﺎﻜﳊﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺔﻳﺩﺍﺪﺒﺘﺳﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﳍﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻜﺣﻷﺍ ﲏﻋﺍ ﷲ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻜﺣﻷﺍ ﰲ ﻥﺇ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﳊﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻠﻟ ﺎﻧﺎﻤﺿ ﺔﻳﻮﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻳﻮﺘﳛ ﺎﻣ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﳌﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻚﻟﺬﻟﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﳊﺍ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺀﺍﺮﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﺩﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻷ ﺔﻴﳍﻻﺍ ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﻖﺒﻄﺗ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻮﻫ ٣٥ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺣﻭ ﺎﻘﺣ ﺔﻘﻠﻄﳌﺍ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﻖﻠﻄﳌﺍ ﻖﳊﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻯﻮﺘﳛ ﺎﻬﻠﻛ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻘﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﻊﻓﺩ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻮﻫ ﺔﻴﳍﻻﺍ ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺸﻟﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﳝﻻﺍ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺀﺍﻮﺳ ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺐﺻﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﻞﻐﺸﻟ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻴﳍﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺀﻮﺠﻠﻟﺍ .ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺐﺻﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﻥﻷ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻀﻘﻟﺍ ﻡﺃ ﺔﻴﻌﻳﺮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺃ ﺔﻳﺬﻴﻔﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺄﺸﻧ ﻡ١٩٩٩ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﻼﺻﻻﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺍ ﰲ ﺎﺄﺸﻧ ﰲ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻷﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻻﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﻌﻧﺍ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ،ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻖﺒﻄﻨﺗﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ
ﺓﺮﺛﺄﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﲨ ﺓﲑﺒﻜﻟﺍ ﻪﺗﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺫﺇ ﺎﻔﻴﻜﺗ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﺑ ﻩﺭﻭﺪﺑ ﺎﻫﺮﻛ ﻡﺃ ﺎﺿﺭ ﻦﻋ ﺐﻌﻠﻳ ﻥﺃ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺧﻻﺎﺑ ﺔﻟﻮﺒﻘﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﱴﺣ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﻜﻓﺍ ﺰﻳﺰﻌﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻜﻤﺘﻴﻟ ﻱﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻻﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﻌﻧﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻦﻋﻭ ٣٦؛ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻡﺃ ﻲﻌﻤﺘﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺍﻮﺳ ﰲ ﻝﻮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻀﻔﻳ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻝﻮﺤﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﺗ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﰲ ﲑﻴﻐﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﻥﻷ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ﻲﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻻﺍ ﲑﺒﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺖﻴﻘﺑ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ ،ﻲﺟﺭﺎﳋﺍ ﱂﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺯﺃ ﻪﻔﻗﻮﻣ ﻦﻋ ﻲﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻻﺍ ﲑﺒﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ .ﲑﻴﻐﺗ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻻﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻌﻟ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﻲﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻻﺍ ﲑﺒﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻝﻮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﳝﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺛ ﻡﺍ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻡﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺀﺍﻮﺳ ﺔﻴﺟﺭﺎﺧ ؛ﺭﺩﺍﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﺮﻬﻈﻣ ﰲ ﻻﻭﺃ :ﺭﻮﻣﻷﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﻱﲑﺒﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺕﺍﺮﺷﺆﻣ ﺐﻨﺸﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻢﻬﺘﻴﳊ ﻥﻮﺑﺮﻳ ﻢﺃ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻝﺎﺟﺮﻟﺍ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ ﻦﻤﻓ ﺪﺣ ﱃﺇ ﻝﺍﻭﺮﺴﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﻃ ﻊﻣ koko ٣٧ﻮﻛﻮﻛ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦﻣ ﺺﻴﻤﻘﺑ ﻥﻮﻳﺰﺘﻳﻭ ﺮﻬﻈﻓ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻝﺎﺟﺭ ﺮﻬﻈﻣ ﲑﻐﺗ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺮﲟ ﻪﻧﺃ ﺪﻴﺑ ،ﻂﻘﻓ ﲔﺒﻌﻜﻟﺍ ﻕﻮﻓ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﻭﻼﻋ ٣٩،ﺐﻨﺸﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻢﻬﺘﻴﳊ ﻥﻮﺑﺮﻳ ﻭﺃ ٣٨ﺔﻴﳊ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻢﻬﻨﻣ ﲑﺜﻛ ﺺﻴﻤﻘﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻝﺪﺒﺘﻳﻭ ﺰﻨﻴﳉﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻢﳍﺍﻭﺮﺳ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻝﻮﺤﺘﻳ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺮﲟ ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﰲ ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛ ؛ﺮﺧﺁ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻱﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻚﻴﺗﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻱﺩﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺺﻴﻤﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺄﺑ ﻲﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻻﺍ ﲑﺒﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻝﻮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ ،ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﺐﻟﺎﻃ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊ ﺮﺧﻵ ﺖﻗﻭ ﻦﻣ ﺽﺮﻌﺘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ .ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﻪﺘﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺎﻫﺪﻌﺑﻭ ﺓﻮﺠﻔﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺴﺗﻻ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﻝﻭﺎﳛ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺘﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻳ ﺎﻤﻴﻓﻭ ﱃﺇ ﻊﺟﺮﻳ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ،ﻱﺮﻫﻮﳉﺍ ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﱐﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﺎﳘ ﻦﻳﺭﻭﺪﺑ ﻡﻮﻘﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻘﺒﻳ ﺚﻴﲝ ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻞﻤﻌﺑ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺽﺮﻔﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻮﻟﺍ
٤٠،ﺓﺩﻮﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻒﻴﻜﺘﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺐﳚ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻊﻣﻭ ﻪﺘﺟﻮﳉﻮﻳﺪﻳﺍ ﰲ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻜﳊﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺮﻄﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻑﺪﻬﺘﺴﻳ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻥﻷ ﺍﺮﻈﻧﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻟ ﺔﻴﳘﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻪﳎﺍﺮﺑ ﺬﻴﻔﻨﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻨﻜﻤﺘﻟ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﰲ ﺯﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﻮﺻﻷﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ٤١،ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﻠﺼﳌﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻫﺎﳚ ﻪﻧﺄﺑ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﻖﻠﳜ ﺚﻴﲝ ﺔﻴﳘﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﰲ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﳛ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺀﻲﺷ ﻱﺄﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻡﻮﻘﻳ ﺍﺬﳍﻭ ،ﻥﺎﳌﱪﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻪﺑﺍﻮﻧ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻨﻜﳝ ﺝﺍﺰﻣ ﻊﻣ ﻖﻓﺍﻮﺘﺗ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﻖﻠﺧ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﲟ ﲔﺒﺧﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﻮﺻﺃ ﺐﺴﻜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻧﺄﺷ ﻦﻣ ﻮﻫ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺪﺒﻳ ؛ﻲﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻻﺍ ﻪﻌﺑﺎﻄﻟ ﺎﻔﻟﺎﳐ ﺝﺍﺰﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻥﺇﻭ ﺐﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﺩﺍﺪﻣﺇ ﻯﺮﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻴﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻥﺎﻜﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﰲ ﺙﺪﳛ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻮﻄﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻒﻴﻜﺘﻟﺍﻭﺃ ﻖﻴﻓﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ Imdadun Rahmat ﺖﲪﺭ ٤٢.ﻲﳉﻮﻳﺪﻳﻻﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﶈﺍ ﺮﻫﻮﺟ ﺲﳝ ﻻﻭ ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻳﺮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺈﻧﺄﺸﺑ ﻡ١٩٩٩ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ٣٨ ﻢﻗﺭ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﻡ٢٠١١ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ٢٣ ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﰎ ،ﺔﻴﳘﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻳﺎﻏ ﰲ ﺔﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﺖﻠﺘﺣﺎﻓ ﻡﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﻥﺎﻛﺭﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺗ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺍ ﻝﺍﻮﺷ ﻞﺋﺍﻭﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﻨﳌﺍ ﺔﻨﻳﺪﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﺒﻋ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺗ ﷲﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻞﺒﳊﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺳ ﻲﻔﻓ ٤٣،ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻛﺯﻭ ﻡﺎﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﺒﻋ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﻞﺜﲤ ﺱﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻞﺒﳊﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺳ ﰲﻭ ﻪﻟﺍﻮﻣﺃ ﺔﻴﻛﺰﺘﻟ ﻲﻛﺰﳌﺍ ﺎ ﻡﻮﻘﻳ .ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﺧ ﻑﺪﻬﺘﺴﺗ ﻦﻤﻜﻳﻭ ،ﺔﻌﺑﺭﻷﺍ ﺐﻫﺍﺬﳌﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻑﻼﺧ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﻁﻭﺮﺸﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻳ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺎﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻟﺎﳌﺍ ﺐﻫﺫ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻞﻘﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﻍﻮﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻃﺮﺷ ﰲ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﲤ ﰲ ﺲﻴﻟ ﻭﺃ ﻢﻠﳊﺍ ﻎﻠﺒﻳ ﱂ ﻦﻤﻓ ،ﻞﻘﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﻍﻮﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﻁﺮﺷ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻠﺑﺎﻨﳊﺍﻭ ﻡﻮﻘﻳﻭ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺐﲡ ﻪﻟﺍﻮﻣﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺐﳚ ﻼﻓ ﻞﻘﻌﻟﺍ
ﱂ ﻦﳌ ﺔﻛﻮﻠﻤﳌﺍ ﻝﺍﻮﻣﻷﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺔﻴﻔﻨﳊﺍ ﻱﺃﺭ ﺎﻣﺃﻭ ،ﻩﺭﻮﻣﺃ ﺀﺎﻴﻟﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﺟﺍﺮﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ،ﺔﻀﳏ ﺓﺩﺎﺒﻋ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﻥﻷ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺓﺎﻛﺯ ﻼﻓ ﻪﻠﻘﻋ ﻡﺎﲤ ﰲ ﺲﻴﻟﻭ ﻢﻠﳊﺍ ﻎﻠﺒﻳ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺐﲡ ﻪﻟﺍﻮﻣﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻡﺰﺣ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻯﺮﻳ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ ٤٤ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻛﺯ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺐﳚ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ٤٥.ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻡ١٩٥٠ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺍ ﰲ ﱘﺪﻘﻟﺍ ﻢﻜﳊﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻬﻋ ﰲﻭ Mr. Jusuf Wibisono ﻮﻧﻮﺴﻴﺒﻳﻭ ﻒﺳﻮﻳ ﺪﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻮﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳌﺍ ﺮﻳﺯﻭ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺮﻜﻓ ﺝﺍﺭﺩﻹ ﻩﲑﻜﻔﺗ ﻦﻋ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺏﺮﻋﺃ ﺎﺗﺮﻛﺎﲜ Hikmah ـﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﲟ ﻪﻟ ﻝﺎﻘﻣ ﰲ ﰲ ﰒ ٤٦،ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺎﺑ ﱄﺎﳌﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺮﺼﻨﻌﻛ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﻝﺍﻮﻣﺃ ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻬﻤﳉ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﺌﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﺕﺭﺪﺻﺃ ﻡ١٩٥١ ﱪﻤﺴﻳﺩ ٨ ﻢﻗﺭ ﺎﳍ ﺏﺎﻄﺧ ﰲ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ،ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻛﺯ ﺔﻀﻳﺮﻓ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﺕﺍﺭﻮﺸﻨﻣ ﻢﺳﺎﺑ ﺖﺑﺮﻋﺃ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻮﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻴﻟﺇ ﺭﺎﺸﳌﺍ ﺏﺎﻄﳋﺍ ﰲ ﺩﺭﻭ ﺪﻗﻭ ،A/ VII/17367 ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻤﺘﺍ ﺚﲢ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺎﺩﺎﻌﺳ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻻﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺮﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﺭﻭﺪﺑ ﺔﻛﺭﺎﺸﳌﺍﻭ ،ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻛﺯ ﺔﻀﻳﺮﻓ ٤٧.ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻜﺣﻷ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﺎﻬﻌﻳﺯﻮﺗﻭ ﺎ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﱴﺣ ﺪﻌﺗ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﺌﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻮﻟ ﺔﳓﺎﺳ ﺔﺻﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻡ١٩٦٤ ﻡﺎﻋ ﰲﻭ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﻝﺍﻮﻣﺍ ﻊﲨ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﺔﻠﻳﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﺔﺤﺋﻻﻭ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﻷ ﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﱃﺇ ﻡﺪﻘﺗ ﻥﺃ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﺎﳍ ﻊﺴﻳ ﱂ ﺔﻄﳋﺍ ﻦﻜﻟﻭ ،ﻝﺎﳌﺍ ﺖﻴﺑ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇﻭ ﺎﻬﻌﻳﺯﻮﺗﻭ ﺲﻴﺋﺭ ﱃﺇ ﻻﻭ ﺔﻬﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻃﺍﺮﻗﻮﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﰲ ﱐﻭﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﺲﻠﳎ ؛ﺓﺮﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﲑﻏ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﻚﻟﺫ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ﻥﻷ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ٤٨،ﺔﻳﺭﻮﻬﻤﳉﺍ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﻊﻳﺮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺪﺻﻹ ﺎﻴﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻝﺬﺒﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺩﻮﻬﳉﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻏﺮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻲﻘﻟﺃ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻻﺇ ﱘﺪﻘﻟﺍ ﻢﻜﳊﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻬﻋ ﰲ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﺓﻮﻘﺑ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻳ ﱂ ﺫﺇ ،ﺔﻳﺎﻐﻠﻟ ﺎﻄﻴﺴﺑ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻝﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟﺍ ﲔﺒﺗ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻛ ﺔﺤﺋﻻ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺐﻴﻏﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻋﻮﻧ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺪﻌﻳ ﻼﻓ ﺔﻣﺰﻠﻣ .ﺎﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﰲ ﺱﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﺙﺪﺣ ﺎﻣ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻻﻭ ﺬﻴﻔﻨﺘﻠﻟ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺮﺟﻻﺍ
،ﺍﺭﻮﻄﺗ ﻡﻼﺳﻼﻟ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﻬﺸﺗ ﺪﻳﺪﳉﺍ ﻢﻜﳊﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻬﻋ ﰲ ﻢﻜﳊﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻬﻋ ﰲ ﺭﺪﺻ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺪﻋ ﰲ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻑﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ ﺔﻴﻨﻌﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺯﻮﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﳌﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺯﻮﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻞﺜﻤﺘﻳﻭ ،ﺪﻳﺪﳉﺍ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺔﺻﺮﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﺌﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻮﻟ ﺖﺤﻴﺗﺃ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺐﻧﺎﲜﻭ ؛ﺮﻳﺯﻮﻟﺍ ﺮﻣﺍﻭﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺐﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﺲﻠﳎ ﱃﺇ ﻪﳝﺪﻘﺗ ﰎﻭ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹ ﺔﻄﺧ ﻊﺿﻮﻟ ﰎ ﺎﻤﻛ ،MA/095/1967 ﻢﻗﺭ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻮﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺏﺎﻄﲞ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻡ١٩٦٧ ﻮﻴﻟﻮﻳ ٥ ﺏﺍﻮﳉﺍ ﰲﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻥﻮﺌﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﱃﺍ ﻚﻟﺬﻛ ﻪﳝﺪﻘﺗ ﻥﻮﺌﺸﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺯﻭ ﻦﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﰲ ﻲﻔﺘﻜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳌﺍ ﺮﻳﺯﻭ ﺡﺮﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﻟ ٤٩.ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ٤ ﻢﻗﺮﺑ ﺍﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﺌﺸﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺯﻭ ﺭﺪﺻﺃ ﺡﺮﺘﻘﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺑﻭ
Badan Amil Zakat ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﳍﺍ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺗ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﻡ١٩٦٨ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ
٥ ﻢﻗﺭ ﺮﺧﺁ ﺍﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﺌﺸﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺯﻭ ﺭﺪﺻﺃ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺲﻔﻧ ﰲﻭ ،(BAZ) ﰲﻭ ؛ﺔﻴﲰﺭ ﻪﺒﺷ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻮﻫﻭ ﻝﺎﳌﺍ ﺖﻴﺑ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﻡ١٩٦٨ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ﺔﻨﻴﺴﻟ ١٦ ﻢﻗﺮﺑ ﺍﺮﻣﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﺌﺸﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺯﻭ ﺭﺪﺻﺃ ﻡ١٩٨٩ ﱪﻤﺴﻳﺩ ١٢ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻗﺪﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﱪﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺗ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﻡ١٩٨٩ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺪﻋﺎﺴﺗ ﻥﺃ ﺎﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻊﻴﻤﲜ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﺌﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺽﺮﻔﻳ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻢﺘﺗ ﱴﺣ ﺕﺎﻗﺪﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﱪﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻝﺎﳎ ﰲ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ٥٠.ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﻠﺼﳌ ﻝﺍﻮﻣﻷﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﺌﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﲔﺑ ﺎﻛﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺍﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﺕﺭﺪﺻﺃ ﰒ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﳍﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺗ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﻡ١٩٩١ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ٤٧ ﻢﻗﺭﻭ ٢٩ ﻢﻗﺭ ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ
Badan Amil Zakat, Infaq dan Sodakoh ﺕﺎﻗﺪﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﱪﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻠﻟ
٥ ﻢﻗﺭ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﺌﺸﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺯﻭ ﻦﻣ ﺮﻣﺃ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﳌﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻲﻠﻳﻭ ،(BAZIS)
،ﺕﺎﻗﺪﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﱪﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﳍﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻨﺗ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﻡ١٩٩١ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﻡ١٩٨٨ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ٧ ﻢﻗﺮﺑ ﺮﻣﺃ ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺯﻭ ﻦﻣ ﺭﺪﺻ ﺪﻗ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ
ﺐﻧﺎﲜﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻗﺪﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﱪﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﻴﺟﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻔﻓ ،ﱪﻠﻟ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺭﺪﺻ ﺎﻣ ﻡ١٩٨٤ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ٢ ﻢﻗﺮﺑ ﺍﺮﻣﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﺌﺸﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺯﻭ ﺭﺪﺻﺃ ﻡ١٩٨٤ ﺱﺭﺎﻣ ٣ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻥﺎﻀﻣﺭ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻝﺍﻮﻃ ﺔﻴﺑﻭﺭ ﻒﻟﺃ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﺑ ﻉﱪﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ١٩ ﻢﻗﺭ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻮﻠﻟ ﺞﳊﺍ ﻥﻮﺌﺷﻭ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﻥﻮﺌﺸﻠﻟ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺪﳌﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺪﻬﻋ ﰲ ﺕﺭﺪﺻ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺇ ٥١؛ﻡ١٩٨٤ ﻞﻳﺮﺑﺍ ٣ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﺑ ﻡ١٩٨٤ ﻢﻜﳊﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻬﻋ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﳌﺎﺑ ﺍﺭﻮﻄﺗ ﺪﻬﺷ ﺪﻗ ﺎﻴﺋﺪﺒﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﳉﺍ ﻢﻜﳊﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﰲ ﰐﺄﻳ ﺕﺎﻗﺪﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﱪﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻞﻜﺸﺑﻭ ،ﱘﺪﻘﻟﺍ .ﺔﻳﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﺮﻣﺍﻭﺃﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻬﺷ ﺔﻴﺣﻼﺻﻹﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﺪﻬﻋ ﰲ ﻝﻮﺧﺪﻟﺎﺑﻭ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﲟ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻠﻟ ﺢﻴﺗﺃ ﺪﻘﻓ ،ﺍﲑﻐﺗ ﻲﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻻﺍ ﻞﻴﺜﻤﺘﻟ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻛ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻟﻼﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺮﳊﺎﺑ ﺪﻗ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﳌﺍ ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻷﺍ ﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺐﻌﺸﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺣﻮﻤﻄﻟﺍﻭ ﻯﻮﻘﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻃﺍﺮﻗﻮﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺎﻳﺩﺍﺪﺒﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻝﻮﺤﺘﺑ ﺖﺗﺃ .ﺎﺑﻭﺎﲡ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﺭﻭﺪﺻ ﱃﺇ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻯﺩﺃ ﺪﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺳ ﰲﻭ ﺪﻬﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﺋﺍﻭﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻩﺭﻭﺪﺻ ﰎ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺣﻼﺻﻻﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻲﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻻﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺍ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻲﺣﻼﺻﻻﺍ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﻡ١٩٩٩ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ٣٨ ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ ،ﺎﻫﺪﺷﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ ﻡ١٩٩٩ ﻮﻴﻧﻮﻳ ٢٤ ﰲ ﱯﻴﺒﺣ ﺝ ﺏ ﺲﻴﺋﺮﻟﺍ ﻪﺣﺮﺘﻘﻳ ﺲﻠ ﺔﻣﺪﳋﺍ ﺓﺮﺘﻓ ﻲﻬﺘﻨﺗﻭ ﻡ١٩٩٩ ﱪﻤﺴﻳﺩ ١٩ ﰲ ﻩﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﻦﻣ ﻰﻬﺘﻨﻳ ﺪﻳﺪﳉﺍ ﺐﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﺲﻠ ﺔﻣﺪﳋﺍ ﺓﺮﺘﻓ ﺡﺎﺘﺘﻓﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ ﱪﻤﺴﻳﺩ ٢٤ ﰲ ﺐﻌﺸﻟﺍ .ﻡ١٩٩٩ ﺮﺑﻮﺘﻛﺍ ١ ﰲ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﺳ ٥٢ﻡ١٩٩٩ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ﺔﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﲑﺜﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻪﻣﺪﻗ ﺪﻗﻭ ،ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻄﻴﳏ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍﻭ
ﰲ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﺖﻳﺮﺟﺃ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ ﻡ١٩٩٩ ﻮﻴﻧﻮﻳ ٢٤ ﰲ ﱯﻴﺒﺣ ﺲﻴﺋﺮﻟﺍ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺎﻣﻮﻳ ﺮﺸﻋ ﺔﻌﺒﺳ ﻕﺭﺎﻔﺑ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻡﺪﻗ ﻱﺃ ،ﻡ١٩٩٩ ﻮﻴﻧﻮﻳ ٧ ﺐﻧﺎﳉﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ،ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﺩﺎﻘﻌﻧﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻊﻴﺑﺎﺳﺃ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻗﺃ ﻱﺃ ﻒﻠﺘﳐ ﻦﻋ ﺎﻣﺎﲤ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﳐ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺔﻄﻳﺮﺧ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺮﺧﻵﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ﺪﻳﺪﳉﺍ ﻢﻜﳊﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻬﻋ ﻝﺍﻮﻃ ﺕﺪﻘﻋ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻷﺍ ﺖﻠﺼﺣ ﺪﻗﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻸﻟ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻦﻤﻜﻳ PKB, PPP, ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻷﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻡﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﳌﺍ ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ ﺔﺋﺎﳌﺍ ﰲ ٣٣،٧ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺕﺍﻮﺻﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻣﺎﻫ ﺔﺒﺴﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ PAN, PBB, PKS ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻷﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻷﺍ ﻞﺼﲢ ﱂ ﻞﺼﺣ ﺪﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﻏﻷﺎﺑ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﲤ ﺔﺒﺴﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ PDIP dan Golkar
٧٤ ﻞﺻﺎﻓ ٣٣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻘﻓ PDIP ﻞﺿﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﻲﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻻﺍ ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻗﻮﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ
ﰲ ٤٤ ﻞﺻﺎﻓ ٢٢ ﻰﻠﻋ Golkar ﺭﺎﻜﻟﻮﺟ ﺏﺰﺣ ﻞﺼﺣ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ ،ﺔﺋﺎﳌﺍ ﰲ
ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻗﻮﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﰲ ﺮﺼﺘﻨﻣ ﺏﺰﺤﻛﻭ ؛ﺔﺋﺎﳌﺍ ﰐﺍﻭﺎﺠﻴﻣ ﺓﺪﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻮﻫﻭ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻪﺴﻴﺋﺭ ﺢﺷﺮﻳ PDIP ﻞﺿﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﻲﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻻﺍ
ﻥﺎﻛﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﻮﻬﻤﳉﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﺋﺮﻟ Megawati Soekarno Putri ﻱﺮﺗﻮﺑ ﻮﻧﺭﺎﻛﻮﺳ
ﱯﻴﺒﺣ ﺝ ﺏ ﺢﺷﺮﻳ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﰲ ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺰﺋﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻟﻮﺟ ﺏﺰﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ٥٣ﺔﻳﺭﻮﻬﻤﳉﺍ ﺲﻴﺋﺭ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﺔﻄﻳﺮﺧ ﰲﻭ ،ﺔﺳﺎﺋﺮﻠﻟ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﺳ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﰲ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻻﺍ ﺭﻭﺪﻟ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻮﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ .ﺔﻳﺭﻮﻬﻤﳉﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﺋﺮﻟ ﺮﺼﺘﻨﳌﺍ ٥٤ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺒﻄﻧﻻﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﺍﺬ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ﻢﻀﺧ ﰲ ﺎﻤﻛﻭ ،ﻲﻔﻜﻳ ﺎﲟ ﺎﻳﻮﻗ ﻡ١٩٩٩ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ٣٨ ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺪﺻ ﺀﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺧﺩﺇ ﰲ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﺒﻏﺭ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻴﻤﳉﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﻌﻳ ﻢﻜﳊﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻬﻋ ﰲ ﻡﺃ ﱘﺪﻘﻟﺍ ﻢﻜﳊﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻬﻋ ﰲ ﺀﺍﻮﺳ ﺔﻳﻮﻗ ﺪﺟ ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺖﲢ ﺎﻬﺟﺍﺭﺩﺇ ﰲ ﺖﺤﳒ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻜﺣﻷﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻊﻣﻭ ،ﺪﻳﺪﳉﺍ
ﻞﻴﻠﻏ ﻲﻔﺸﻳ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻚﻟﺬﻟﻭ ،ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻗ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﻦﻣﻭ ؛ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﺏﻮﻠﻗ ﻒﻄﻌﺘﺴﻳ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﺲﻔﻧ ﰲﻭ ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺎﺑ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺎﻴﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺍﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺔﻬﺟﻭ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻴﻳﺄﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ ﱯﻴﺒﺣ ﺲﻴﺋﺮﻠﻟ ﻪﺘﺳﺎﺋﺭ ﺓﺮﺘﻓ ﻦﻋ ﻩﺮﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﻥﻷ ﺍﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻜﻟﻭ ،ﻡ١٩٩٩ ﺮﺑﻮﺘﻛﺃ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺋﺮﻟﺍ ﺲﻴﺋﺮﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺋﺭ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﺦﻴﺷﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻭ ﰲ ﻦﻜﻳ ﱂ ﻪﻧﺈﻓ ﺎﺿﻮﻓﺮﻣ ﺮﺑﻮﺒﺘﻛﺃ ﻪﺘﺳﺎﺋﺭ ﺓﺮﺘﻓ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﺣﻭ ﻦﲪﺮﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺝﺎﳊﺍ ﻮﻫ ﺐﺨﺘﻨﳌﺍ .ﻡ٢٠٠١ ﻮﻴﻟﻮﻳ ﱃﺇ ﻡ١٩٩٩ ﺓﺮﺘﻓ ﰲ ﺭﺪﺻ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺤﲟ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻳ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻥﺎﻛ Bernhard Platzdasch ﺵﺍﺩﺰﺗﻼﺑ ﺩﺭﺎﲑﺒﻟ ﺎﻘﺒﻃ ﻪﻧﺎﻓ ﱯﻴﺒﺣ ﺔﺳﺎﺋﺭ ٥٥،ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻢﻬﺘﺒﻟﺎﻄﳌ ﺲﻴﻟﻭ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻟﻮﻬﺴﻟﺍ ﲑﻓﻮﺗ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻑﺪﻬﺘﺴﻳ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ٣٨ ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺪﺻ ﻝﻮﺣ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻃﻻﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻑﺮﺼﺑﻭ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﺔﻟﻮﻬﺳ ﻑﺪﻬﺘﺴﻳ ﻪﻧﻮﻛ ﻦﻋ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻑﺮﺼﺑﻭ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﻡ١٩٩٩ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺍﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺍﺮﻣﺃ ﺪﻌﻳ ﻪﻧﺈﻓ ﻢﻬﺘﺒﻟﺎﻄﳌ ﺲﻴﻟﻭ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﻤﻠﻟ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺩﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺮﺟ ﻪﻧﻷ ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﺛﺍﺭﻮﻟﺍﻭ ﻕﻼﻄﻟﺍﻭ ﺝﺍﻭﺰﻟﺍ ﺎﻳﺎﻀﻘﻟ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺮﺼﺘﻘﺗ ﻥﺃ .ﺔﻳﺭﺍﺯﻮﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﰲ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﻥﺎﻜﻓ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﺌﺷ ﺎﻣﺃﻭ ؛ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺮﺸﻋ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﻡ١٩٩٩ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ٣٨ ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﻳ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻜﺣﻷﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺏﺍﻮﺑﺃ ﻊﺑﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺪﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍﻭ ﺏﺎﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﻝﺍﻮﻣﺃ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﺲﻣﺎﳋﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﻊﲨ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﻦﻣﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﻊﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺮﳌﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﺱﺩﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻮﻫ ﺮﺷﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻜﺣﻻﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﻊﺳﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﻡﺎﻜﺣﺃ .ﺔﲤﺎﳋﺍ
ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ٣٨ ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﱃﻭﻷﺍ ﺓﺮﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺪﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﺸﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺈﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﳌﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺺﻨﻳ ﻡ١٩٩٩ ﺎﻬﻌﻳﺯﻮﺗﻭ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﻝﺍﻮﻣﺍ ﻊﲨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺮﳌﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻄﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻂﻄﳋﺍ ﻲﻛﺰﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻼﻛ ﻥﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺺﻨﻳ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺪﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﰲﻭ ،ﺎﺎﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍﻭ ﻲﻛﺰﳌﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻥﺇ ،ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﻼﺼﻟﺍ ﺎﳍ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻭﺃ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻖﺤﺘﺴﳌﺍﻭ ﻲﻬﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻗﻼﻄﻧﺍ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺪﻬﺸﻳ ﻖﺤﺘﺴﳌﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺼﺘﻘﻳ ﻥﺎﻛ ﱘﺪﻘﻟﺍ ﻪﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻤﻬﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻥﻷ ﱘﺪﻘﻟﺍ ﺺﻧ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﰲﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﻼﺼﻟﺍ ﺎﳍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﻼﺼﻟﺍ ﺎﳍ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻭﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﻲﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺍ ﻦﻃﺍﻮﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺔﺒﻟﺎﻄﳌﺎﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﳌﺍﻭ ،ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺔﻀﻳﺮﻓ ﺀﺍﺩﻷ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﻧﺈﻓ ﻢﻠﺴﳌ ﺔﻛﻮﻠﳑ ﱃﺇ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻳ ﺎﻬﻌﻓﺩﻭ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻛ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺎﺴﳊﺍ ﺀﺍﺮﺟﺇ ﻥﻹ ﺐﻴﻏﺮﺗ ﺎﺃ ﺪﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺪﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﳍﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﻦﻣ ﻩﺍﺮﻛﺇ ﻼﻓ ﻲﻛﺰﳌﺍ ﻉﺎﻨﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﻨﺒﻟﺍ ،LAZ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻠﻟ ﲔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﳉ ﻡﺃ BAZ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﳍﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺀﺍﻮﺳ ﺔﺒﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺺﻨﻳ ﻡ١٩٩٩ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ٣٨ ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ .ﲔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﲔﻘﺤﺘﺴﳌﺍﻭ ﲔﻛﺰﻤﻠﻟ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﳋﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺎﻋﺮﻟﺍ ﲑﻓﻮﺘﺑ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﳍﺍ ﺎ ﻡﻮﻘﺗ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺺﻨﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﺇ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ١٣ ﺪﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺺﻨﻳ ﺎﻤﻛﻭ ،ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻠﻟ ﲔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﳉﻭ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻠﻟ ﲑﻏ ﻝﺍﻮﻣﻷﺍ ﻝﻮﺒﻗ ﺎﻤﳍ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻠﻟ ﲔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﳉﻭ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﳍﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻣﺃﻭ ٥٦ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻔﻜﻟﺍﻭ ﺎﻳﺎﺻﻮﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﳍﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻗﺪﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﱪﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﻲﻣﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻡﻮﻘﺘﻓ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﳍﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﻥﻮﺌﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﻦﻣ ﺡﺍﺮﺘﻗﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺑ ﺔﻳﺭﻮﻬﻤﳉﺍ ﺲﻴﺋﺭ ﻦﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻓ ﺀﺎﻨﺑ ﻆﻓﺎﶈﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻓ ﺔﻈﻓﺎﶈﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻣﺇﻭ ،ﺔﻈﻓﺎﶈﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﺌﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﺐﺘﻜﻣ ﺲﻴﺋﺭ ﻦﻣ ﺡﺍﺮﺘﻗﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺑ ﻲﳊﺍ ﺲﻴﺋﺭ ﻦﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﺭﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺀﺎﻴﺣﻷﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ
ﻰﻠﻋ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ ﻲﳊﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﺌﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﺐﺘﻜﻣ ﺲﻴﺋﺭ ﻦﻣ ﺡﺍﺮﺘﻗﺍ ﺲﻴﺋﺭ ﻦﻣ ﺡﺍﺮﺘﻗﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺑ ﺔﻳﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺲﻴﺋﺭ ﻦﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﺔﻳﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﳍﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺲﻠﳎ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﻳﻭ ،ﺔﻳﺮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﺌﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﺐﺘﻜﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻲﻤﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻜﻴﻫ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﻳﻭ ،ﻊﻤﺘﺍ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺃﻭ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻠﻟ ﲔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﳉ ﺎﻣﺃﻭ ؛ﻥﻭﺬﻔﻨﳌﺍﻭ ﻥﻮﺒﻗﺍﺮﳌﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﺭﺎﺸﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﺎﻬﺘﻳﺎﻋﺭﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻨﺗﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺒﺜﺗ ﻥﻮﻜﻳﻭ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻊﻤﺘﺍ ﺎﻬﺌﺸﻨﻴﻓ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻠﻟ .ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﻡ١٩٩٩ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ٣٨ ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺺﻧ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻲﻔﻓ ،٢١ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻲﻫ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﺔﻗﺩ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﺐﺘﻛ ﻭﺃ ﺐﺘﻜﻳ ﱂ ﻪﻟﺎﳘﺃ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺪﻳ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻔﻜﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺙﺭﻻﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻳﺎﺻﻮﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﺒﳍﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻋﱪﺘﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻻﺍﻮﻣﺍ ﻞﻛﻭ ؛ﺔﻴﺑﻭﺭ ﻥﻮﻴﻠﻣ ﻥﻮﺛﻼﺛ ﺔﻣﺍﺮﻏﻭ ﺭﻮﻬﺷ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﻩﺎﺼﻗﺃ ﻦﺠﺴﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺑﻮﻘﻋ ﻼﻤﻋ ﻑﺮﺘﻘﻳ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻠﻟ ﲔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﳉ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﳍﺍ ﰲ ﻒﻇﻮﻣ .ﺎ ﻝﻮﻤﻌﳌﺍ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻖﻓﻭ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻘﻋ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﻣﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ١٩٩٩ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ٣٨ ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﰲﻭ ﲔﻛﺭﺎﺸﳌﺍ ﻥﻷ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺯﱪﺗ ﱂ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺐﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﺲﻠﳎ ﰲ ﺎﺑﺍﻮﻧ ﺍﻮﻧﺎﻛ ﻩﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﰲ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﻳ ﻙﺍﺫ ﺫﺇ ﺐﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﺲﻠﳎ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ ،ﺪﻳﺪﳉﺍ ﻢﻜﳊﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻬﻋ ﰲ ﻡ١٩٧٧ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻠﻟ ﺓﺪﺣﻮﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﻞﻴﺼﻓﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﻟﻮﺟ ﻞﻴﺼﻓ ﻲﻫ ﺕﻼﻴﺼﻓ ﺔﻌﺑﺭﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻊﻣﻭ ؛ﺶﻴﳉﺍ ﻞﻴﺼﻓﻭ ﻲﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻻﺍ ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻗﻮﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻞﻴﺼﻓﻭ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﺣ ﺎﻬﺘﺳﺍﺭﺪﺑ ﻢﺘﻬﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻦﺌﻟﻭ ،ﻱﺰﻛﺮﳌﺍ ﻲﻋﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺲﻠﺍ ﺎ ﻡﻮﻘﻳ ﺎﻴﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﺎﺃ ﻻﺇ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﺎﻋﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﻟ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﻒﺸﻜﻳ ﱂﻭ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ .ﺏﺰﺤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻣﺎﻨﻳﺩ
