DRS. BASUKI, MCOM(HONS)., PhD., Ak., CMA., CA Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

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DRS. BASUKI, MCOM(HONS)., PhD., Ak., CMA., CA

Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis,

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BAGAIMANA KESAN BAPAK2/IBU2

TERHADAP

JUDUL-JUDUL PENELITIAN

BERIKUT?

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JUDUL-JUDUL PENELITIAN -1

1. PENGARUH KUALITAS PELAYANAN TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN

PEGAWAI MELALUI KOMPOSISI DANA, KOMPOSISI PEMBIAYAAN

DAN KINERJA ORGANISASI PADA…..

2. PENGARUH EXTRA ORDINARY RETAIL ENVIRONMENT

TERHADAP RESPON KOGNITIF DAN RESPON EMOSIONAL DALAM

MINAT MEMBELI PRODUK GROCERIES…..

3. PENGARUH INSTRUMEN KEBIJAKAN FISKAL TERHADAP

PERKEMBANGAN EKONOMI DI KABUPATEN….

4. PENGARUH PROMOSI JABATAN TERHADAP PENINGKATAN

KINERJA KARYAWAN…..

5. VARIABEL-VARIABEL YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENERIMAAN PAJAK

DAERAH DAN PROSPEK PENINGKATANNYA DI KABUPATEN….

6. PENGARUH PENDAPATAN, LAMA KERJA, DAN STATUS FAMILI

TERHADAP REMITAN TENAGA KERJA WANITA PROPINSI NTB

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JUDUL-JUDUL PENELITIAN -2

1. TAFSIR SOSIAL ATAS KONSEP AKUNTABILITAS DALAM PERSPEKTIF

HERMENEUTIKA: STUDI PADA….

2. KEBIJAKAN ANGGARAN: AKSENTUASI DRAMA POLITIK DAN

KEKUASAAN

3. MEMBANGUN MODEL KONSEPTUAL SISTEM PENGENDALIAN

MANAJEMEN BERBASIS SENI PERANG SUNZI DAN KITAB RAMAYANA

WALMIKI

4. REKONSTRUKSI PENILAIAN KINERJA LEMBAGA PERKREDITAN DESA

DALAM PERSPEKTIF BUDAYA TRI HITA KARANA

5. ECOEFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AS EFFORTS TO

PRODUCE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY PRODUCT: AN

EXPLORATORY CASE STUDY

6. MENGUAK JEJAK TERBANG RAJAWALI AKUNTANSI: SUATU DINAMIKA

PENERIMAAN PEMIKIRAN RISET AKUNTANSI PARADIGMA

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PERTANYAAN YANG SERING TIMBUL

APA ITU PENELITIAN KUALITATIF?

APA PERBEDAAN PENELITIAN KUANTITATIF

DAN KUALITATIF?

MANA YANG LEBIH BAIK ATAU BENAR

ANTARA KEDUANYA?

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People in Physical Science

1. Are Sociology and related Social science real Science?

2. Where is science in Social Science?

People in Social Science

Classical Social Theories

August Comte Emile Durkheim

Karl Marx John Stuart Mill

Max Weber

ASK

REACT

Scientific Method

Why make social

Science

Scientific?

Obviously not a

Simple answer.

Up to 1800s: Philosophers and Religious scholars argued:

“The social science

could be studied using science”

The responses: What does such a science look alike?

How is it conducted?

Adopt Physical Science

Scientific Methods in Social Science

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Radical

humanist

Radical

structuralist

Interpretive

_{Functionalist}

Radical change

Regulation

Subjective

Objective

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THE THREE APPROACHES TO RESEARCH

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POSITIVISM INTERPRETATIVE SOCIAL SCIENCE CRITICAL SOCIAL SCIENCE 1. Reason for research

To discover natural laws so people can predict and control events

To understand and describe meaningful social science

To smash myths and empower people to change society radically 2. Natural of social

reality

Stable pre existing

patterns of order that can be discovered

Fluid definitions of a situation created by human interaction

Conflict filled and governed by hidden underlying structures 3. Natural of human

being

Self-interested and rational individuals who are shaped by external forces

Social beings who

create meaning and who constantly make sense of their world

Creative, adaptive people with unrealized potential, trapped by illusion and exploitation

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THE THREE APPROACHES TO RESEARCH (2)

POSITIVISM INTERPRETATIVE SOCIAL SCIENCE CRITICAL SOCIAL SCIENCE 4. Role of common sense

Clearly distinct from and less valid than science

Powerful everyday theorist used by ordinary people

False beliefs that hide power and objective conditions

5. Theory looks like A logical, deductive system of interconnected definitions, axioms, and laws

A description of how group’s meaning system is generated and

sustained

A critique that reveals true conditions and helps people see the way to better world 6. An explanation

that its true

Is logically connected to laws and based on fact

Resonates or feels right to those who are being studied

Supplies people with tools needed to change the world

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THE THREE APPROACHES TO RESEARCH (3)

POSITIVISM INTERPRETATIVE SOCIAL SCIENCE

CRITICAL

SOCIAL SCIENCE

7. Good evidence Is based on precise observations that others can repeat

Is embedded in the context of fluid social interaction

Is informed by a theory that unveils illusion

8. Place for values Science is value free, and values have no place except when choosing a topic

Values are integral part of social live: no

group’s values are wrong, only different

All sciences must begin with a value position: some positions are right, some are wrong

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PARADIGMS

Positivism

Interpretive

Critical

MAINSTREAM

_{NON MAINSTREAM}

Experimental:

True Experiment-classical

Pre-experimental - One shot case study - One group pre post test - Static group comparison

Quasi Experiment

-Two groups post-test - Interrupted time series - Equivalent time series

Non Experimental/

Ex-post design

Descriptive study Correlation Compare

Biography

Phenomenology

Grounded Theory

Case Study

Historical

Ethno-methodology

Symbolic-interactionism

Cyber ethnography

Library, etc

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MAINSTREAM versus NON MAINSTREAM



Mainstream Approach (Scientific

method) uses the nature of research in

Physical Sciences.



Non Mainstream Approaches (Natural

method) use the nature of research in

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THE NATURE OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE



Developed under

single paradigm (Mass,

space, time).



Sciences are derived

from such a paradigm.



Fact is independent,

real, and

measurable.

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THE NATURE OF RESEARCH IN

PHYSICAL SCIENCE



Researcher is away,

outside of the research

object.



Physical phenomena can

be reduced

(miniaturized) into a

model.



Based on the positivism,

by exploring

deductive-hypothetic concept.

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POSITIVISM (1)



Positivism is an empirical epistemology which means that

it only admits statements that are result of sensory

experience- something that has been seen, touched, tasted,

smelled, or heard (something that has been observed).



Inter-subjective: it must be possible for one person

observes to be able to be observed by another person, or

other persons.



Positivism included notions of reduction, causality

, and

simplicity

.

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POSITIVISM (2)



Scientific statements had to

empirically grounded

.



Scientific observations had to be

repeatable

.



A

single scientific method was necessary to ensure

the universality

of statements and observations.



Science would advance through theories, if

empirically verified, would become

scientific laws

.



_{Scientific laws in time would be integrated into a}

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SYLLOGISM (1)



Syllogism is a form of argument where a

conclusion follows from several premises.



_{Premise I}

_{: All animals with fur and four legs}

are cats.

Premise II

: Tom has fur and four legs.



Conclusion

: Tom is a cat.



In reality, Tom may be a dog, or a rabbit, or

whatever.

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THE NATURE OF SOCIAL

SCIENCE



Developed under multi

paradigms.



The number of paradigm

as many as the number of

philosopher.



Facts are plural,

interdependent, and

sometimes

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THE NATURE OF RESEARCH IN

SOCIAL SCIENCE



Researcher is part of or

inside the research

object.



Refused to reduce or

minimize social

phenomenon.



Human being have inner

potentialities to

influence their

environment.

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

Qualitative research is concerned with

understanding the processes

, which underlie

various behavioural patterns.

“Qualitative”is

primarily concerned with “Why and How”.



Research involving detailed, verbal descriptions of

characteristics, cases, and settings. Qualitative

research

typically uses observation, interviewing,

and document review

to collect data.



….is a way to study people or systems by

interacting

with and observing the subjects regularly.

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

Research that derives data from observation,

interviews, or verbal interactions and focuses on the

meanings and interpretations of the participants

(Holloway and Wheeler, 1995).



A research method that

measures information

based

on

opinions and values as opposed to statistical data.



A body of research techniques which seeks insights

through

loosely structured, mainly verbal data

rather

than measurements. Analysis is interpretative,

subjective, impressionistic and diagnostic.

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

Naturalistic inquiry



_{Study real-world situations as they unfold}

naturally—no manipulation or intervention



Inductive analysis



_{Immersion in the data to discover important}

dimensions and relations



Holistic perspective



_{Study the whole phenomenon}



Qualitative data & analysis



_{Verbal data, direct quotations}

Characteristics of

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

_{Context sensitivity}



Findings placed in social, historical, temporal

context



_{Empathic neutrality}



_{Not objectivity or subjectivity}



_{Nonjudgmental stance while including personal}

insights & experiences



Design flexibility



_{Adapt design as situations change, pursue new paths}

of discovery as they emerge

Characteristics of

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A

B

C

Berapa suhu air di masing-masing gelas?

es

0 C

20 C

95 C

Dingin

_Sejuk

Panas

Dingin

Hangat

Panas

Dingin

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MAINSTREAM RESEARCH



Mainstream research provides

in answering questions



_{Aggregates across multiple subjects}



Summarizes findings

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NON MAINSTREAM RESEARCH



Non Mainstream research provides

in answering questions



_{One, or a few}

_{, subjects}



_{Rich descriptions, not summaries}



_{Reliability, accuracy}

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

Grounded theory



Case study



Narrative



Life History



Critical research



Phenomenology



Ethnography



_Hermeneutic



_{Discourse Analysis}



_{Action research/science}



Ethno methodology



_{Symbolic –Interactionism}



Library study (research)

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PENDEKATAN MANA YANG MENGHASILKAN

KEBENARAN?



Apa kebenaran

itu?



Banyak teori

tentang

kebenaran.

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THE CORRESPONDENCE THEORY OF TRUTH

“...a proposition (or meaning) is true if there is

a fact to

which it corresponds

. ...Truth is that which

conforms

to fact

; which

agrees with reality

; which

corresponds to

the actual situation

” Baylis in Runes (1963, 321).

“If a judgment

corresponds with the facts, it is true

; if

not, it is false” (Titus, 1959, 1964)

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THE CONSISTENCE THEORY OF TRUTH



“... truth is not constituted by the relation between a

judgment and something else, a fact or reality, but

by

relations between judgments themselves

” (Ewing, 1962,

61).



Randall and Blucher: “It is maintained that when we

accept new belief as truths, it is on the basis of the manner

in which they

cohere with knowledge we already posses

”

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THE PRAGMATIC THEORY OF TRUTH



Patrick (1958, 376): “.. any theory or hypothesis or idea is

true, if it leads to satisfactory consequence, if it works out

in practice, if it has practical value. Truth is revealed by its

usefulness, by its fruits, by its practical consequences..”



“...a proposition is true in so far as it works or satisfies,

working or satisfying being described variously by different

exponent on the view”. Baylis dalam Runes (1963, 322)

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KEBENARAN

vs “kebenaran”

“Kebenaran” itu relatif, yang ada adalah kondisi

“kebetulan benar” yang sangat temporer dan

kondisional.

KEBENARAN MUTLAK hanya milik ALLAH.

“Kebenaran itu dari Tuhanmu, maka janganlah

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JENIS MANUSIA

Manusia yang

tidak tahu, dan dia tidak tahu bahwa dirinya tidak tahu.

Manusia yang tahu, dan dia

tidak tahu

bahwa dirinya tahu

.

Manusia yang tidak tahu, dan dia tahu bahwa dirinya tidak tahu.

Rasulullah Muhammad s.a.w membagi manusia menjadi:

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SIMPULAN

Tidak perlu mempertentangkan kedua

metodologi tersebut.

Jadilah ilmuwan bukan ilmuawan.

Ciri ilmuwan adalah rendah hati, tidak arrogant,

dan tidak prejudice kepada sesama.

Ilmuwan yang arrogant dan prejudice, hanya akan

menciptakan suasana jahiliah ilmiah.

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TERIMA KASIH, DAN MOHON MAAF

ATAS SEGALA KEKURANGAN