The overall average score on the Bateman and Crant instrument is 84.69 in the case of the MBA students in India.
According to Bateman and Crant, this score is close to fairly high proactivity score 85. The MBA students in Japan scores 90.08 on Bateman and Crant’s personality index that is much more than the Indian MBA students. The empirical findings in Table 1 shows scores of each group.
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TABLE 1: Empirical Findings –Scores
India Japan
Bateman and Crant Instrument Average Score (N-83) Average Score
1 I am constantly on the lookout for new ways to improve my
life. 5.325301 6.27907
2 I feel driven to make a difference in my community and maybe
the world. 4.626506 5.581395
3 I tend to let others take the initiative to start new projects 4.385542 4.465116 4 Wherever I have been, I have been a powerful force for
constructive change. 4.614458 5.023254
5 I enjoy facing and overcoming obstacles to my ideas. 5.84337 5.255814 6 Nothing is more exciting than seeing my ideas turn into reality. 5.060241 5.534884
7 If I see something I don't like, I fix it. 4.554217 4.930233
8 No matter what the odds, if I believe in something, I will make
it happen. 5.301966 5.325581
9 I love being a champion for my ideas, even against others'
opposition. 5.169459 5.534884
10 I excel at identifying opportunities. 4.915663 5.046512
11 I am always looking for better ways to do things. 5.277108 5.674419 12 If I believe in an idea, no obstacle will prevent me from
making it happen. 5.01494 5.204362
13 I love to challenge the status quo. 4.640964 4.813953
14 When I have a problem, I tackle it head-on. 5.001241 5.325581
15 I am great at turning problems into opportunities. 4.902439 4.860465 16 I can spot a good opportunity long before others can. 4.578313 5.023256 17 If I see someone in trouble, I help out in any way I can. 5.481928 6.209302
Sum 84.692415 90.088081
Individual questions with particularly high ratings (mean scores of 5.5 or higher on a 7-point Likert-type scale) of Indian students include:
• I enjoy facing and overcoming obstacles to my ideas.(5.84)
Individual questions with particularly high ratings (mean scores of 5.5 or higher on a 7-point Likert-type scale) of Japanese students include:
• I am constantly on the lookout for new ways to improve my life. (6.27)
• I feel driven to make a difference in my community and maybe the world. (5.58)
• Nothing is more exciting than seeing my ideas turn into reality. (5.53)
• I love being a champion for my ideas, even against others' opposition. (5.53)
• I am always looking for better ways to do things. (5.67)
• If I see someone in trouble, I help out in any way I can. (6.20)
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We performed the T Test at 95% confidence interval to see whether there are any statistically significant differences between the scores on each item between the two groups of Indian MBA students and Japanese MBA students. Table 2 - shows the group statistics, mean, standard deviation and standard error of the two groups. Table 3 shows Independent Sample T Test.
TABLE 2: Group Statistics T-Test Group Statistics
Students N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean I am constantly on the lookout for new
ways to improve my life.
Japan
India 83 5.325301 1.2698035 .1393790
Japan 43 6.279070 .7343796 .1119918
I feel driven to make a difference in my
India
community and maybe the world.
Japan
India 83 4.626506 1.3408301 .1471752
Japan 43 5.581395 .8791922 .1340756
I tend to let others take the initiative to start new
projects
India initiative to start new projects
Japan
India 83 4.385542 3.8661487 .4243649
Japan 43 4.465116 1.5329529 .2337731
Wherever I have been, I have been a powerful force for constructive change.
Japan
India 83 4.614458 1.3419255 .1472955
Japan 43 5.023256 1.0575887 .1612808
I enjoy facing and overcoming obstacles to my ideas.
India 83 5.084337 1.3986476 .1535215
Japan 43 5.255814 1.2168074 .1855614
Nothing is more exciting than seeing my ideas turn into reality.
India 83 5.060241 1.5409009 .1691358
Japan 43 5.534884 1.1411948 1740306
If I see something I don't like, I fix it. India 83 4.554217 2.0674776 .2269352
Japan 43 4.930233 1.3869348 .2115056
No matter what the odds, if I believe in something, I will make it
happen.
India 83 5.301966 1.3294511 .1459262
Japan 43 5.325581 1.2095046 .1844477
I love being a champion for my ideas, even against others'
opposition.
India 83 5.169459 1.3574559 .1490001
Japan 43 5.169459 1.3574559 .1490001
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I excel at identifying opportunities. India 83 4.915663 1.2897799 .1415717
Japan 43 4.915663 1.2897799 .1415717
I am always looking for better ways to do things.
India 83 5.277108 1.2328161 .1353191
Japan 43 5.674419 1.0628114 .1620772
If I believe in an idea, no obstacle will prevent me from making it happen.
India 83 5.014940 1.3021515 .1429297
Japan 43 5.209302 1.1863939 .1809234
I love to challenge the status quo. India 83 4.640964 1.3404619 .1471348
Japan 43 4.813953 1.2199886 .1860465
When I have a problem, I tackle it head- on.
India 83 5.000000 1.3525045 .1484567
Japan 43 5.325581 1.1489318 .1752105
I am great at turning problems into opportunities.
Japan
India 82 4.902439 1.2333809 .1362041
Japan 43 4.860465 1.2263262 .1870130
I can spot a good opportunity long before others
can.
Japan
India 83 4.578313 1.2407755 .1361928
Japan 43 5.023256 1.0115611 .1542616
If I see someone in trouble, I help out in any way I
can.
Japan
India 83 5.481928 1.2529131 .1375251
Japan 43 6.209302 .9400643 .1433585
The table 2 describes the means and standard deviations of different items for the measurement of entrepreneurial attitude of each group: Indian MBA students and Japanese MBA students. The mean represent the average score of each item with the overall scores for the groups on a seven-point scale. To arrive at any conclusions that one group of students is significantly have more entrepreneurial attitude than another, we need to examine the statistical significance of the result (t-test information).
Table 3: Independent Sample T Test
For ease of accommodating large data on single page, instead of writing the complete item of Bateman and Crant Scale, we have used alphabets to represent the 17 items of Bateman and Crant personality index. The 17 items correspond to A to Q alphabet respectively. For example alphabet A correspond to item 1 i.e. “I am constantly on the lookout for new ways to improve my life” and alphabet B corresponds to “I feel driven to make a difference in my community and maybe the world” and so on.
An independent samples t-test was conducted to examine whether there was a significant difference in items of entrepreneurial attitude between Indian MBA students and Japanese students.The table 3 describes independent samples t-test information to ascertain whether there is a significant difference between the two groups in their entrepreneurial attitude. Before examining the t-test information, we must decide whether we can assume equal variances or not. Below the section of t-test for equality of means, we need to focus on the sig (2-tailed) column – this is the p-value.
The test revealed a statistically significant difference in the following items:
Item A: I am constantly on the lookout for new ways to improve my life.
The p-value (sig.) for item A for the Levene’s test is .001, it is below .05, hence we cannot assume equal variances, and the t value is
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5.334. The p-value is .000 for the t-test for equality of means, here weare checking on the sig (2-tailed) column – this is the p-value. This p-value is related to independent samples t-test and shows that there is a significant difference between the two nationality groups with respect to item A. The table 1 shows the average score or means of items A as 5.32 for Indian students and 6.27 for Japanese students. Japanese students score significantly higher than the Indian students.
Item B: I feel driven to make a difference in my community and maybe the world.
The p-value (sig.) for item B for the Levene’s test is .004, it is below .05, hence we cannot assume equal variances, and the t value is
4.79. The p-value is .000 for the t-test for equality of means, here weare checking on the sig (2-tailed) column – this is the p-value. This p-value is related to independent samples t-test and shows that there is a significant difference between the two nationality groups with respect to item B. The table 1 shows the average score or means of items B as 4.62 for Indian students and 5.58 for Japanese students. Japanese students score significantly higher than the Indian students.