More Can Be Done to Perfect the System?
D. Conclusion
Criminology can happen at any time if there is an opportunity for malicious committed by a person to do wrong to others. Not much different than it is the criminalization of the law can be carried out by someone with a thousand ways. The
"right" be one of the "wrong" can become "right" depends on where the location aspect of the law or the articles that can be modified or the extent to which it can be equated interest and not detrimental. "It's like selling a win-win and no one was harmed."
If the levels of criminalization laws are indicated as power can involve great power structure of the government because of its power and authority of the law whether it be the absolute authority of the ruler. Is the law fair and meet prisnip principles, and systems. Kriminalisasinya shape in the form of criminal charges against other people is the power of social engineering, engineering institutions state agencies (law enforcement, the Commission, for example) for the sake of
"hidden." It was clear from the Antarasi Asr assassination plan as a suspect when he was about to perform in-depth investigations the Century case involving alleged bank governor, Boediono, vice president of RI), and Yudhoyono (president of
Indonesia), to the point now that the leaking sprindik Anas which then led to the in suspected Anas by the Commission.
Essentially, the law is the law to seek justice point where it was with the aim of creating a society with social justice to the nation and country. The phenomenon that is the mandate of the Constitution 45 that social justice for all Indonesian people should be enforced. However, sometimes the law lapses often encountered from the elite to the grassroots level. The question is whether the law that criminalized by some unscrupulous government officials or even the president of the Commission even dares to thoroughly investigate and his investigated roots? Or will stop at certain rounds before reaching the finish?
The law is the highest peak value to determine justice for humanity after God's law is often referred to as sanctions in the hereafter. If the law becomes an achievement for statehood then the law will be the reward value of specific power.
But if the law is in favor of the value of humanity that does not involve elements of social and political kepetingan law is in line with the philosophy of our nationality.
Although we can not nafikan that the birth of legal products is influenced as a result of a system that requires political representatives of the people should have a social vehicle of political parties.
The criminalization of the law is the law ketercelaan or disability justice for the country aimed at any person who legally criminalization. Is the "criminalization"
legal hit on the individual caused by political and economic factors, or cultural.
Substantive law is the basic principle of humanity who are trying to stand upright on the pillars of justice. Principles and criteria as well as the process of becoming
"suspect" in the context of the KPK now is becoming an important value for the justice we look besama. Causation and the nature of the actual law is not determined by the articles which are controlled by a ruler or a super body, as the case law of whack Anas, Antasari, and so on. Legal ideology but on the value of truth and a just and civilized humanity.
Criminalization laws indicated as Builout Century and so is an opaque glasses law of our country and continue unfinished piled with new cases and nearly disappeared slowly and experiencing expied that almost all the forms of discourse behavior terhendus the "criminalization of the law”. Century for eight years should have been completed but it never ended until now.
As a result "stalled", the law becomes a slave of the "master" who must serve their needs while in power. Is the belief we can ensure that the legal justice Century case could be resolved? If we reflection the murder case of human rights activist (Munir) clearly with the facts and data engineering evidence of murder, would not go over until now.
Once again that the law criminalized "by" or "to" a person is a crime laws that have an impact on public distrust in the current state officials entangled in corruption
cases can swing freely and roam everywhere. Or people who are not involved corruption so stuck because a compromise law that plummet in accident law.
Motivnya is political. So, is the criminalization of humanitarian law criminalizing Indonesian unfair and uncivilized until whenever.
REFERENCES
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CHOICE OF URGENCY CLAUSE JURISDICTION DISPUTE SETTLEMENT EFFORTS AS CONTRACT IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
By; Eddhie Praptono
Faculty of Law, University of PANCASAKTI
A. Introduction
Business law has the goal of creating peace in the conduct of business activities.
However, business law also will provide tough sanctions against those who violate the rules in business law. Sanctions are to provide legal certainty, enforcement of justice while providing awareness to the community. Thus the public, especially business people will feel confident that the legal existence of the business is really useful and can protect them.
Hukum bisnis mengatur dan melindungi para pelakunya agar tidak melakukan praktik kecurangan seperti monopoli dan persaingan usaha, penggelapan pajak dan lain sebagainya. Selain itu, hukum bisnis juga ditujukan untuk memberikan perlindungan terhadap masyarakat baik sebagai konsumen maupun sebagai pelaku bisnis. Masyarakat sebagai konsumen atas barang dan jasa yang beredar di pasaran perlu mendapatkan perhatian dari hukum bisnis karena masyarakat sering menjadi korban dalam dunia bisnis. Telah sering ditemukan pula pelaku bisnis yang menciptakan dan memasarkan produk dibawah standar dan berbahaya bagi masyarakat.80
International trade is one part of the economic activity or business activity lately has developed rapidly. Attention to the business world of international business activities have also increased, as seen from the growing flow of circulation of goods, services, capital and labor between countries. International business activities can occur through import-export relations, investment, trade in services, licenses and franchises (license and franchise), intellectual property rights and technology transfer. This is certainly an impact on other economic activities, such as banking, insurance, and taxation and so on. To support the implementation of business activities between countries needed a legal instrument in the form of regulations, both national and international law such as international trade (international trade law).
Masuknya Indonesia sebagai anggota perdagangan dunia melalui ratifikasi terhadap Undang-Undang No.7 Tahun 1984 tentang Pengesahan Agreement on Establishing The World Trade Organization/WTO (Persetujuan Pembentukan Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia) membawa konsekuensi baik eksternal maupun internal.
80 Status Hukum, Hukum Bisnis dan Pengertiannya, diakses dari http://statushukum.com/hukum-bisnis.html pada tanggal 17 Januari 2014.
Konsekuensi eksternal, Indonesia harus mematuhi seluruh hasil kepakatan dalam forum WTO, sementara konsekuensi internal Indonesia harus melakukan harmonisasi peraturan perundang-undangan nasional sesuai dengan hasil kesepakatan WTO. Keikutsertaan Indonesia dalam perdagangan bebas mendorong industri dalam negeri untuk bersaing, baik di dalam negeri sendiri maupun di pasar ekspor. Hal ini merupakan problem besar bagi Indonesia karena kemampuan produk Indonesia dari segi kualitas maupun kuantitas masih lemah.81
Dalam aktivitas perdagangan internasional tentu saja terdapat beberapa subjek hukum di dalamnya. Definisi subjek hukum adalah para pelaku (stake holders) dalam perdagangan internasional yang mampu mempertahankan hak dan kewajibannya di hadapan badan peradilan dan berwenang untuk merumuskan aturan hukum perdagangan internasional. Adapun subjek hukum perdagangan internasional adalah Negara, Organisasi Perdagangan Internasional, Perusahaan Multinasional dan Bank.82 Subjek hukum ini dalam melakukan transaksi internasional biasanya dimuat dalam suatu kontrak. Suatu kontrak yang baik, demikian pula suatu kontrak bisnis internasional yang baik, selalu dibuat dengan antisipasi untuk menghindari sejauh mungkin suatu sengketa. Akan tetapi jika sengketa itu tidak dapat dihindari, maka kontrak itu harus memuat klausula penyelesaiannya. Klausula penyelesaian sengketa (resolution of disputes), disatu pihak berkaitan dengan klausula pilihan hukum (choice of law) dan dilain pihak berkaitan dengan klausula pilihan yurisdiksi (choice of jurisdiction).83
Applicability of certain laws in a country is limited by a particular region of the country that was. Similarly, the authority of the court system of a particular country can be recognized and implemented (recognized companies and enforced) in other countries, because it would be contrary to the principle of state sovereignty. Unless of course if the countries concerned was that there was an agreement on the recognition and enforcement of a foreign judge / Treaty on the recognition and enforcement of foreign Judgments.
Taking into account the above facts, the clause about dispute resolution clauses in particular about the choice of jurisdiction is always an important clause in an international business contracts. Due to a clause that determines disputes (if any) which will be completed and whether the decision of the agencies resolve disputes that can be implemented or not.
81 Muhammad Sood. 2005. Pengantar Hukum Perdagangan internasional. Mataram University Press. Mataram, hlm.5
82 Timotius Ryan, Subjek Hukum Perdagangan Internasional, diakses dari http://ibm-binus- 5s.blogspot.com/2013/04/mata-kuliah-perdagangan-internasional.html, pada tanggal 17 Januari 2014.
83 Setiawan, Beberapa Catatan Tentang Kontrak Bisnis Internasional Penyelesaian Sengketa, Varia Peradilan No 145 Oktober 1997, diakses dari http://lawismyway.blogspot.com/2011/02/beberapa-catatan-tentang-kontrak- bisnis.html pada tanggal 16 Januari 2014.
B. Problems
Based on these descriptions, the problems that can be formulated is how the choice of jurisdiction clause urgency as a contract dispute resolution in international business?
C. Discussion
Transaksi bisnis internasional pada dasarnya adalah transaksi yang berkaitan dengan kegiatan komersial yang melintas batas negara yang dilakukan oleh individu atau perusahaan yang berasal dari dua atau lebih sistem hukum yang berbeda. Adanya perbedaan sistem hukum tersebut dapat terjadi karena adanya perbedaan kewarganegaraan individu atau juga perbedaan kebangsaan perusahaan atau badan hukum yang melakukan transaksi tersebut. Transaksi bisnis ini merupakan bagian dari hukum perdata internasional (private international law). Salah satu permasalahan hukum yang harus dicermati dan diantisipasi baik oleh pelaku bisnis internasional sendiri, notaris, maupun para penegak hukum seperti pengacara dan hakim adalah hukum yang diberlakukan terhadap transaksi bisnis internasional.84
Kata yurisdiksi mengacu pada kewenangan, yakni kewenangan untuk mengadili.
Dengan perkataan lain, apabila pihak-pihak yang terkait dalam kontrak bisnis internasional sejak semula sudah menentukan pilihan yurisdiksinya, maka hanya pengadilan di negara yang dipilih atau ditunjuk itulah yang memiliki kewenangan untuk memeriksa dan mengadili sengketa yang timbul dari kontrak bisnis intenasional itu.85 Of course, the court has the authority to examine and adjudicate disputes that can only perform the examination and passed a decision on the dispute. If using the rules of law, in relation to a matter of choice of law, the court having jurisdiction of the law chosen to use it earlier.
In practice, the word jurisdiction is often confused with the word and the word domicile forum. Though these three words mean different things from each other.
Unlike the case with reference to the jurisdiction of the authority, the word refers to a place forum or body authorized to investigate and prosecute. Thus we actually only use the word forum, or choice of forum if the parties involved in international business contracts had agreed to choose the agency or other agency of the court to examine and adjudicate disputes. Agency or another agency usually is arbitration.
As a result, the word commonly used choice of forum if the parties are bound in an international business contract settlement agreed to submit their disputes to the arbitration forum.
84 Ridwan Khairandy, Tiga Problema Hukum Dalam Transaksi Bisnis Internasional Di Era Globalisasi Ekonomi, diakses dari http://danielanugrah10.wordpress.com/2012/06/03/tiga-problema-hukum-dalam-transaksi-bisnis- internasional-di-era-globalisasi-ekonomi/ pada tanggal 17 Januari 2014.
85 Setiawan, Op.Cit, hlm.6
Problem where dispute resolution is important because in an international business contract may open the possibility of many jurisdictions to certify as competent forum to resolve a dispute. Because the parties involved in international business contracts come from different countries, and if any dispute arises then open the possibility that the dispute can be filed in the court of each party. In addition to the three courts of the state may also have the authority to examine a dispute, if the place of loss within the jurisdiction of the courts of the country.
Pengadilan dari negara ke tiga dapat juga mempunyai yurisdiksi atas suatu sengketa jika aset debitor terletak dalam negara itu. Adanya kegiatan bisnis terus menerus di wilayah negara lain juga bisa berakibat ditunduknya kita pada yurisdiksi negara itu.86 Thus, international business activities can involve many jurisdictions, and each jurisdiction involved in international business contracts can claim jurisdiction as authorized jurisdiction over the dispute, or even over a dispute can be sued in more than one court. So to avoid the onset of many jurisdictions in dealing with an international business dispute then the parties to devise an international business contract can include a forum selection clause or choice of forum clause.
Thus if a dispute arises at a later date on the contract that the chosen forum is competent to adjudicate the dispute. However, in practice it is not always choice of forum clause or choice of forum clause can be accepted as the supremacy of Partij automomie. Since the choice of forum should be done on the forum that has to do with the contract. In addition, the choice of forum clause can also be tested by the doctrine of forum non convenience is applied in American courts. Similarly, choice of forum clauses can be tested by the public policy of a state.
Yurisdiksi pengadilan di dalam Hukum Perdagangan Internasional merupakan kekuasaan dan kewenangan pengadilan untuk memeriksa dan menentukan suatu permasalahan yang dimintakan kepadanya untuk diputuskan dalam setiap kasus yang melibatkan paling tidak satu elemen hukum asing yang relevan. Untuk menjalankan yurisdiksi yang diakui secara internasional, pengadilan suatu negara (propinsi atau negara bagian dalam sistem hukum negara federal) harus mempunyai kaitan tertentu dengan para pihak atau harta kekayaan yang dipersengketakan. Di dalam sistem Common Law, terdapat beberapa kategori yurisdiksi pengadilan. Jika suatu gugatan berkaitan dengan hak-hak atau kepentingan-kepentingan semua orang mengenai suatu hal atau benda, pengadilan dapat secara langsung menjalankan kekuasaannya terhadap suatu hal atau benda tersebut meskipun pengadilan mungkin tidak mempunyai yurisdiksi terhadap orang- orang yang dan kepentingannya tersebut terpengaruh. Yurisdiksi pengadilan semacam ini disebut yurisdiksi in rem.87 The main objective in rem claim in the lawsuit is won res (objects). The court jurisdiction based on the location or place objects located in the area that will be enforced jurisdiction. If the lawsuit is intended
86 Leonora Bakarbessy, Klausa Pilihan Hukum dan Pilihan Forum Dalam Transaksi Bisnis Nasioanal, diakses dari http://pn-raha.go.id/cetakberita.php?id=219, pada tanggal 17 Januari 2014.
87 P.M. North dan J.J. Pawcett, 1987. Private International Law, Butterworth, London. hlm. 7.
to hold accountable any person or imposes a duty on a person, the court in personam jurisdiction and the suit is an action in personam.
In the Civil Procedure Code in force in Indonesia now there are settings Het Herziene Indonesisch Reglement (HIR) and Rechtsreglement buitengewesten (Rbg) there is no specific provision regarding judicial competence (jurisdiction) in Indonesian courts adjudicate civil matters containing foreign elements. According to Article 118 paragraph (1) HIR, claim or civil action filed with the district court in place terguggat reside (woonplaats) or if tingalnya unknown place, where he is actually located (Werkelijk verbliff). Then, if the defendant is more than one person and they do not stay in one area of a state court, pursuant to Article 118 HIR, filed the lawsuit in state court where one resides.
Menurut Sudargo Gautama, ketentuan penting yang ada hubungannya dengan perkara yang bersifat HPI terdapat dalam pasal 118 ayat (3) HIR.88 Jika tergugat tidak mempunyai tempat tinggal yang dikenal dan juga tempat tinggal sebenarnya tidak dikenal, maka gugatan diajukan kepada pengadilan negeri di tempat penggugat (forum actoris). Kemudian apabila gugatan tersebut berkaitan dengan benda tidak bergerak (benda tetap), gugatan diajukan kepada pengadilan negeri di mana benda tetap itu terletak (forum rei sitae). Di dalam Pasal 118 ayat (4) terdapat ketentuan yang menegaskan bahwa jika terdapat pilihan domisili, gugatan diajukan kepada pengadilan negeri yang telah dipilih tersebut. Di dalam yurisprudensi Indonesia sering ditemukan perkara-perkara dimana tergugat tidak mempunyai tempat kediaman yang dikenal di Indonesia, sehingga prosedur khusus telah dilakukan.89 In this regard can be assessed provisions contained in Article 6 sub 8 Reglement op de Burgerlijk Rechtsverordering (RV) on Dagvaarding which must be delivered to the defendant resides outside Indonesia as long as they do not have a place of residence is known in Indonesia. Demands submitted to the prosecutor to place official court where the case should have been filed. The officials put the words geizen and sign and submit a copy to the concerned ekspolit the Indonesian government to be sent.
Berdasarkan uraian di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa prinsip penyampaian gugatan harus dilakukan di tempat tinggal pihak tergugat. Kewenangan mengadili pertama- tama didasarkan pada asas the basis of presence, yakni pada umumnya yurisdiksi suatu negara diakui meliputi secara teritorial atas semua orang dan benda yang berada dalam batas-batas wilayah negaranya. Pengecualiannya adalah berkaitan dengan imunitas negara berdaulat dan staf diplomatik.90 In addition, the principle of effectiveness also plays an important role, in addition to considerations to give reasonable protection against all those who seek justice. The principle of effectiveness means, that in general, the judge will only grant decision will
88 Sudargo Gautama, 1978. Hukum Perdata Internasional Indonesia, Jilid III Bagian II (Buku 8), Alumni, Bandung.
hlm 210.
89 Ibid., hlm 211.
90 Ibid., hlm 213.