INFORMATICS
IV. Conclusion
The simulation and experimental results show that the developed ELC works very well. The frequency of the system is nearly constant. This shows that the proposed scheme has eliminated the problem of overloading of the generator in micro hydro power plant.
REFERENCES
[1] I. Salhi, S. Doubabi, ―Fuzzy Controller for Frequency Regulation and Water Energy Save on Micro-Hydro Electrical Power Plants,‖ International Renewable Energy Congress, Tunisia, November 2009.
[2] M.A. Wazed, Shamsuddin A., ―A feasibility study of micro hydroelectric power generation at sapchari waterfall, Kharachari ‖, Journal of Applied science, pp 372-376, 2009.
[3] I.Tamrakar, L.B. Shilpakar, B.G. Fernandes and R. Nilsen,
―Voltage and frequency control of parallel operated synchronous generator and induction generator with STATCOM in micro hydro scheme,‖ IET Generation, Transmission, Distribution., vol. 1, pp. 743-750, September 2007.
[4] Adam Harvey, Andy Brown, Priyantha Hettiarachi and Allen Inversin ―Micro hydro design manual‖ Intermediate Technology Publications, 1993.
[5] Prof. I. Tamrakar, ―Development Stages of ELC for Micro- Hydro Power Plant, E-novation, Vol. 2, pp-1, 2002.
[6] Ogata, K. 2005. Modern Control Engineering. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
[7] Rashid, M. H. 2004. Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices, and Applications. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
171
for Micro Hydro Power Plant‖, Journal of Energy and Power
172
173
Protection System of Over Current Disturbance By Using
Sensor ACS712ELC-5A
Bambang Suprianto
Department of Electrical Engineering, State University of Surabaya [email protected]
Abstract - Protection system, is one of the most vital things in electricity. Protection system is used to maintain continuity of electrical power supply and secure either the equipment of electricity grid and the electric load or consumers due to a disturbance. Over current protection system by using sensor ACS712ELC- 5A is designed to fulfill the performance of the protection system. This research is aimed to (1) design over current protection system by using sensor ACS712ELC-5A, and (2) determine the accuracy of the over current protection system by using sensors ACS712ELC-5A.
The research method was experimental / descriptive research which was modified. The testing was performed by using ready-made miniature entitled
―Over Current Protection System by Using Sensor ACS712ELC-5A‖. The analysis used in this research is the analysis of the error factor, by using the formula , where this error occurs on the precision and thoroughness.
The results of this research indicate that: (1) over current protection system by using sensor ACS712ELC- 5A can function well in the protection system, (2) the accuracy of over current protection system using sensor ACS712ELC-5A is 94,8% in Bus A and 94,4% in Bus B.
Within these results, it appears that the system is well- functioned.
Index Terms - Accuracy System, Miniature, Protection System, Current System.
I. INTRODUCTION
Protection system is one of the most vital things in electricity. Protection system is used to maintain continuity of electrical power supply and secure either the equipment of electricity grid and the electric load or consumers due to a disturbance. In electrical installation, frequently, the equipment which will be installed by the installer in electrical installation can be damaged, either those equipments cannot function well, not matched with the standard, or how it works is not as expected. Those equipments are miniature circuit breaker (MCB) and automatic fuse.
MCB serves to limit the current supplied to the customers and secure it from over current and short circuit. MCB works using a bimetal thermal element wrapped by heating wire that is functioning when over current occurs which causes a rise in temperature of the conductors or equipments.
Over current protection is by using sensor ACS 706ELC. In this tool, there is sensor ACS706ELC-20
that can function to read the current which is being consumed. This research has an advantage in which it can perform more accurate securing against the interference of over currents than the conventional one, MCB.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Protection system is very helpful to:
1. Avoid or reduce damage to the equipments due to disturbances (abnormal condition of the operating system). The faster reaction of the protection device is used, the less the effect of disruption to the possibility of damage to the equipments.
2. Quickly localize the area that has been affected, as small as possible.
3. It can provide electrical services with high reliability to consumers and also good electrical quality.
4. It secures humans against the dangers caused by electricity.
MCB is the electrical installations safety from over current interference that may cause heat to conductors and equipments installed on the installation. MCB works by terminating installation channels from the source, the termination process is using thermal elements and electromagnetic elements.
The current sensor from ACS712 family is the solution to the current reading in the world of industrial, automotive, commercial, and communication systems. This sensor is typically used to control motors, electrical load detection, switched- mode power supplies and overload protection. This sensor has a reading with high precision, because there is a series of low-offset linear hall with a trajectory made of copper in it. The accuracy of the sensor readings are optimized by means of the installation of the components inside the conductor that generates a magnetic field with the hall transducer adjacently. Exactly, low proportional voltage will stabilize Bi CMOS Hall IC that has been created inside to get high accuracy by the manufacturer.
174 The research method was experimental / descriptive research which was modified. ―The research methods include non-hypothetical, so that the research step does not require the formulation of hypothesis, in which the data testing is compared to a criterion or standard that has been set formerly at the time of the preparation of the study design‖.
(Suharsimi, 1998:245).
A. System Definition
At this stage, things that are required in making protection system of over current disturbance using sensor ACS712ELC-5A, are: (1) light bulb, as the factor of over current disturbance. (2) sensor ACS712ELC-5A, as a detector of over current disturbance. (3) HRS4 relay which is used as an AC voltage switch
B. System Design
The system works starts from the reading of the flowing current in the grid to the sensor ACS712ELC-5A through pin 1 and pin 2 to pin 3 and pin 4. This current sensor output is in the form of an analog voltage linearly up and down. The greater the flowing current to the current sensor, the greater the voltage generated by the sensor, with the initial voltage sensor is 2.5 volts during the reading 0 Amperes.
The output of the sensor is filtered by using a series of tevenin as an inductance barrier in order to obtain appropriate voltage due to the sensor output voltage is still a sine wave. The output is then rectified, the result of the sensor output voltage rectification is subsequently strengthened by using non inverting Op-Amp. In addition as an amplifier, non inverting Op-Amp also serves as a shaper of the reference voltage at 0 volts when the current is 0 Amperes.
Op-Amp output is connected to the LM311 comparator to receive the appropriate voltage protection system. The comparator output is connected to TIP122 as a switch locker series of protection system. The composition of power supply circuit is composed of a DC jack, polar capacitors, ceramic capacitors and IC regulators 7805 and 7905.
IC Regulator 7805 is used so that the output voltage is precisely at 5V, and also regulator 7905 regulator is used so that the output voltage is precisely at 5V (see Figure 1).
Fig. 1 Circuit of Power Supply.
series of thevenin as an inductance barrier in order to obtain appropriate voltage due to the sensor output voltage is still a sine wave. The output is then rectified, the result of the sensor output voltage rectification is subsequently strengthened by using non inverting Op-Amp. In addition as an amplifier, non inverting Op-Amp also serves as a shaper of the reference voltage at 0 volts when the current is 0 Amperes (See fig. 2, 3 and fig. 4).
Fig. 2 Circuit of sensor ACS712ELC-5A.
Fig. 3 Circuit of Op-Amp LM741
The comparator output is connected to TIP122 as a switch locker series of protection system.
Fig. 4 Circuit of Comparator LM311
175
TABLE I
EXAMPLES OF OBSERVATION OF IMPOSITION
TABLE II
WORK VOLTAGE OF BREAKER SERIES OF ACLOAD
TABLE III
OBSERVATION RESULTS OF IMPOSITION ON BUS A
low values that trigger the working of the timer IC 555, when the comparator is high, IC 555 is not working, and when it is low, IC 555 will work that provides impulse to IC 4017, when it is in standby
pushed, the value is high (See fig. 5).
Fig. 5 Circuit of Locker
Relay HRS4 is used as a breaker that has a maximum current of 15A and a maximum voltage of 240 V. This relay serves as an AC voltage switch (See fig. 6).
Fig. 6 Circuit of Relay HRS4
IV. TESTING
Test is carried out by using a ready-made miniature entitled ―Prevention of Fire Building Protection System Due the Over Current Disturbance by Using Sensor ACS712ELC-5A.‖
The data analysis which was used was quantitative analysis.
176
TABLE IV
OBSERVATION RESULTS OF IMPOSITION ON BUS B
In this study, the research results are visualized through making tables and explanations.
V. DATA ANALYSIS
The analysis used in this research is the analysis of the error factor, where the error that may occur is regarding the accuracy and thoroughness. ―The accuracy is defined as a measurement of the ability to obtain a similar measurement results. By providing a specific value for a variable, precision is the level of measurement that show differences in the measurements results that are performed in sequence. Meanwhile, accuracy is the closest value to an instrument reading that is closer to the actual value of the measured variable‖
(Cooper, 1999:1). With the pattern is as follows:
In which:
Icount = Current calculation results, Ireal = Current measurement results
Fig. 7 Comparison Chart of the Measurement of Current Calculation and Tangible Current on Bus B
VI. DISCUSSION
At the validation system, the checking of tool working is performed wholly. This validation is done to prove that all of the components and the circuit have been as expected. The testing is using the load of an incandescent bulb @ 60 Watt in the test series 2-level protection in the setting for a bus at 1 Ampere and bus B at 2 Ampere. From Table 3 and Table 4, the performance of the system were observed, by doing an experiment with different current limits, with the available data used to calculate the % of the errors of the calculation results with observations or measurements by using the formula as follows (see Table 5). Table 5. The calculation of system performance in Bus A is done, and the result shows that errors average percentages are 5,2 %, so the protection precision accuracy is 94.8%. With this high accuracy, it can be said the system can work well. Table 6. The calculation of system performance in Bus B is done, and the result shows that errors average percentages are 5,6 %, so the protection precision accuracy is 94,4%. With this high accuracy, it can be said the system can work well.
TABLE V
ERROR PERCENTAGES OF IMPOSITION ON BUS A
TABLE VI
ERROR PERCENTAGES OF IMPOSITION ON BUS B
177 VII.CONCLUSION
Protection system of over current disturbance by using sensor-5A ACS712ELC can work well in the protection system. The accuracy of protection system by using sensor ACS712ELC-5A is 94.8%
on Bus A and 94.4% on Bus B. With this high accuracy, it appears that the system can work well.
It is advised to develop the microcontrollers so that it can summarize the work system comparator and locker circuits. Besides, LCD appearances have to be developed as a substitute for Analog Ammeter in order to increase the accuracy of measurement readings.
REFERENCES
[1] Allegro Micro Systems, Inc. 2012. Fully Integrated, Hall Effect-Based Linear Current Sensor IC with 2.1 kVRMS Isolation and a Low-Resistance Current Conductor.
Amerika Serikat : Allegro MicroSystems, Inc.
Hebat di Kapuk Muara‖ Kompas.com.
(html://Kompas.com. html, diakses 28 Februari 2013).
[3] Hani, Slamet. 2009. Proteksi Arus Lebih Dengan Menggunakan Sensor ACS 706ELC. Jurnal Teknologi, (Online), Vol. 2, No. 2, (http://jurtek.akprind.ac.id, diakses 28 Februari 2013).
[4] Kompas. 2013. ―Sistem Proteksi Tidak Sesuai Standar‖.
Kompas.com. (html://Kompas.com. html, diakses 28 Februari 2013).
[5] Listrik, Dunia. 2008. Dasar-dasar Sistem Proteksi. Artikel
Ilmiah (Online). (http://dunia-
listrik.blogspot.com/2008/11/dasar-dasar-sistem- proteksi.html.
[6] Natsir, M. t.t. Materi Kursus Peneraan kWh dan MCB.
Pandaan: P.T. PLN (PERSERO) UDIKLAT M.
[7] Penyusun, Tim. 2006. Panduan Penulisan dan Penilaian Skripsi Universitas Negeri Surabaya. Surabaya: University Press Unesa.
[8] Rohmah, Alfiyyatur. 2012. ―Selama 2012, Terjadi 1.008 Kebakaran di Jakarta‖. Kompas.com. (html://Kompas.com.
html, diakses 28 Februari 2013).
[9] Zulfikar, Viki. 2012. Aplikasi Modem Wavecom M1306B Q24 + RS232 dengan Website Sebagai Media Kontrol Motor Stepper dan Led 8 Bit Menggunakan Mikrokontroler Atmega 162. Skripsi tidak diterbitkan. Surabaya: JTE FT Unesa.
178
179
VLAN Performance Analysis With Direct Measuring and Simulation Method
Achmad Ubaidillah1, Dwi Kuswanto2, Artika Frida Nirmala2, Ida Kholida3
1 Electrical Engineering Department Madura Trunojoyo University
2 Informatics Engineering of Madura Trunojoyo University
3 Physics Education of Madura Islamic University [email protected]
Abstract - The computer network system has to be observed and evaluated continually to provide reliable service. In this paper, the computer network performance of Madura Trunojoyo University is measured with direct measuring to get the real data.
After that, it is simulated with Network Simulator 2 to make strong analysis about it‘s reliability.
The research result shows that the bandwidth has not been used maximally yet. Overload and congestion condition has not been reached. It is based on the linearity of measured troughput in three condition quite, average and busy. Beside that, the grouping consideration of quite, averege and busy condition of this paper that is based on customary date in quite, averege and busy is not appropriate. It is proven and shown from the nonlinearity of condition quite, average and busy to throughput values. Beside the grouping consideration, traffic condition and device specification also give influence to the result of measured data
Index Terms - Direct Measuring, Simulation, Performance, VLAN.
I. INTRODUCTION
Computer network system has to be managed, evaluate, and enhanced continually in order to provide good service and reliable performance. it is very important because the need of network service is getting higher and higher. So without that efforts, the quality of service can not handle the very fast development of network need.
The definition of performance in (Mohammad Iqbal, Dr., 2012) are :
1) According to DIN55350, Performance is value of quality and quantity of characteristic and main activity in one production.
2) According to ANSI, performance describes all characteristic of production or service to fullfil the need.
3) According to IEEE standard 729-1982, performance describes how far the need has been satisfied.
The computer network system in Madura Trunojoyo University has developed very fast. So do the users that are getting greater. It is very important to manage, evaluate and enhance the
service quality of computer network system of Madura Trunojoyo Madura. So, research by direct measuring method is needed to get the QoS data.
But this paper has hypotesis that the use of bandwidth is not reach overload and congestion condition. It gives difficulty to observe how reliable the network performance will be, especially in extreme overload condition. So, this paper also simulates the network system performance using Network Simulator 2 to observe how reliable the network performance will be, especially in extreme congestion condition by make it as bottle neck network system.
This research begins from (Achmad Ubaidillah Ms., 2012) that observes the computer network performance in Madura Trunojoyo University LAN based until February 2012. It uses metrix bit rate and bandwidth utility to measure the performance. While this research observes and measures the VLAN based computer network in Madura Trunojoyo University with direct measuring and simulation method. Throughput is used as metrix of the performance.
II. PERFORMANCE MEASURING METHOD
Aplication of computer network system needs some network management efforts like monitoring, evaluation, planning and service quality enhancement. Evaluation is applied based on monitoring result. From evaluation result, planning is arranged to enhance the quality of service. Metrix or parameter that is used in performance evaluation must be determined first.
Some of them that are usually used to evaluate a network system performance are delay, jitter (variation of delay), throughput, bandwidth utility, and blocking probability.
Measuring performance of computer network system can be applied in three methods :
1) Direct measuring, collecting experimental data from a system directly
2) Simulation, making model of observed system using computer technology
3) Pure Analysis, describing a system model analitically.
180 has high accuration and it can observe many problems to detail exploration. But it also has minus side especially in measuring instrument problem, parameter coverage that can be handled by the instrument until time improvidence problem.
Simulation method also has overplus especially it can control observation time scale, it does not need the real system, it can make comparations of system design alternative beside it can observe until detail exploration. But it also has minus side especially about sensitivity and accuracy of measured data when it is compared with the real system. So, it still needs validation process of the output data.
On the other side, pure analysis method also has overplus especially it can cover all level of the system easily, it can save the time and it easily studies tradeoff of the system. on the other hand it also has minus sides especially it just describes aproximation analysis of the system, so it become difficullt to develop the model. (Hendrawan, Dr., 2006).
III. METODOLOGY
Basically, the observation of network performance of this paper is devided into two step, direct measuring and simulation. For direct measuring, metrix that is used as output variable and the performance measurement is throughput.
While packet length is set as input variable. In the measuring, sampling process is taken in three buildings. They are Rektorat, Cakra and Teknik.
The measurring of that three building is done in three conditions, quite, average and busy. The grouping consideration of quite, averege and busy condition of this paper is based on customary date in quite, averege and busy. Sampling of the quite condition is taken on university student holidays.
Sampling of average condition is taken on campus normal days. While sampling of busy condition is taken when the students fill the online Study Planning Card.
The beginning hypothesis of the research assumes that overload and congestion condition of the network can not be reached. Therefore, simulation is choosen to make that condition. The simulation is made using Network Simulator 2. It is applied to simulate the real condition as a bottle neck network to observe and evaluate how reliable it will be especially in congestion condition. Figure 1 shows the simulated network topology.
University
IV. RESULT
This section shows result of the calculated throughput of VLAN based Madura Trunojoyo University network in three building (Rektorat, Cakra and Teknik) and three traffic condition (quite, average and busy), that is shown in table 1.
While the simulation result is shown by Fig 2.
TABLE I
THROUGHPUT RESULT OF THE DIRECT MEASURING
Condition Packet Length
Throughput (Mbps) Teknik Cakra Rektorat
Quite
100
byte 2,2 1,9 2,2
500
byte 8,4 8,0 8,5
1000 byte 16,4 15,7 16,1 1400 byte 22,9 20,8 21,4
Average 100
byte 1,5 0,9 2,2
500
byte 5,4 3,5 8,0
1000 byte 10,9 7,7 14,9
1400 byte 16,0 9,3 20,5
Busy
100
byte 2,2 1,3 2,2
500
byte 7,9 4,5 8,6
1000 byte 15,5 10,0 16,0 1400 byte 20,5 13,9 21,0
Fig. 2 Event time to terminal throughput in node 3 of simulation result
IV. DISCUSSION
Data of table 1 shows that the measured throughput increases as the increasing of the packet length. For example, the throughput values in quite condition on Rektorat are 2,2 Mbps for 100 byte packet length, 8,4 Mbps for 500 byte,